Cotton Nematode Cotton Nematode ManagementManagement
Jimmy R. Rich and Mike Donahoe Jimmy R. Rich and Mike Donahoe
Nematode Nematode FactsFacts
Nematodes are HighlyNematodes are HighlyUnderrated PestsUnderrated Pests
Most numerous animal (s) in the world Most numerous animal (s) in the world Are the second most in number of Are the second most in number of
animal speciesanimal species Over 6000 known plant-parasitic Over 6000 known plant-parasitic
speciesspecies Nematodes attack all crop plantsNematodes attack all crop plants Present in greater than 90% of Present in greater than 90% of
Florida cotton Florida cotton
Nematode AnatomyNematode Anatomy
Nematodes in RootsNematodes in Roots
Plant-Parasitic Nematode Plant-Parasitic Nematode Stylet (Spear)Stylet (Spear)
Plant Nematode FactsPlant Nematode Facts
Mainly plant root parasitesMainly plant root parasites Very small - mostly microscopicVery small - mostly microscopic Five life stages (plus egg) Five life stages (plus egg) Mostly wormlike in shapeMostly wormlike in shape Some female nematodes swollenSome female nematodes swollen Life cycle - every 20-30 daysLife cycle - every 20-30 days Female produces 300-400 eggsFemale produces 300-400 eggs Over one season - 1 female = 8 billion Over one season - 1 female = 8 billion
and more nematodes (hence the and more nematodes (hence the problem!!) problem!!)
Nematodes Nematodes in in Florida Florida CottonCotton
Major Florida CottonMajor Florida Cotton Nematode Pests Nematode Pests
In order of importance:In order of importance:
Southern Root-Knot Nematode, Southern Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognita
Reniform NematodeReniform Nematode
Rotylenchulus reniformisRotylenchulus reniformis
Sting NematodeSting Nematode
Belonolaimus longicaudatusBelonolaimus longicaudatus
North Florida CottonNorth Florida CottonNematode Survey 2004Nematode Survey 2004
A survey was conducted in three A survey was conducted in three counties: Santa Rosa, Escambia, and counties: Santa Rosa, Escambia, and OkaloosaOkaloosa
Cotton fields randomly chosen by agentsCotton fields randomly chosen by agents Survey included 61 soil samples Survey included 61 soil samples
in about 35 fieldsin about 35 fields Sample represented 10-12 soil Sample represented 10-12 soil
cores taken in 15-20 acres each cores taken in 15-20 acres each
Cotton Nematode Survey Cotton Nematode Survey 20042004
NematodeNematode Sample Sample content (%)content (%)
Root-KnotRoot-Knot 4848
ReniformReniform 4242
NoneNone 1010
Damaging Nematode Levels Damaging Nematode Levels
for Following Year Cottonfor Following Year Cotton
CountyCountyYesYes LikelyLikely NoNo
--------- Sample, % --------- Sample, % ------------------
OkaloosaOkaloosa 4545 2727 2727
EscambiaEscambia 4646 2929 2525
Santa Santa RosaRosa
5858 3535 88
AverageAverage 5050 3030 2020
Plant and Plant and Root Root Damage Damage SymptomsSymptoms
Premature wilting in spots on Premature wilting in spots on plant or field ie spotsplant or field ie spots
Leaf yellowing (some)Leaf yellowing (some)Plant stunting (stunted Plant stunting (stunted
growth)growth) Irregular (oval) Irregular (oval)
symptom patternssymptom patternsRow patterns rarely evidentRow patterns rarely evidentNutrient deficiency symptomsNutrient deficiency symptoms
Foliar Damage SymptomsFoliar Damage Symptoms Water and Nutrient Stress Water and Nutrient Stress
Cotton Field AbandonedCotton Field AbandonedDue to Nematode DamageDue to Nematode Damage
Young Cotton StuntedYoung Cotton Stunted by Nematodes by Nematodes
Nematode Damage Nematode Damage Following Following
Soil Type ChangeSoil Type Change
Damage on Damage on Maturing CottonMaturing Cotton
Purpling of Cotton LeavesPurpling of Cotton Leaves by Reniform Nematodes by Reniform Nematodes
Plant Root DamagePlant Root Damage
Stunted rootsStunted rootsFewer feeder rootsFewer feeder rootsRoot galling and swellingRoot galling and swellingRoot cell death or cell Root cell death or cell
malfunctionmalfunctionOpenings for disease organismsOpenings for disease organisms
Root-Knot Nematode Root-Knot Nematode Galling Galling
on Roots, Not Very on Roots, Not Very ApparentApparent
Female Root-Knot with Female Root-Knot with Eggs, Root is the Size of a Eggs, Root is the Size of a
PinheadPinhead
Reniform Nematode Reniform Nematode Females Females
Always Outside Root, No Always Outside Root, No Root GallingRoot Galling
Nematode Damage Nematode Damage SymptomsSymptoms
When damage symptoms are When damage symptoms are observed in the field, losses have observed in the field, losses have been occurringbeen occurring over several years over several years
Most times nematodes cause Most times nematodes cause economic losses without obvious economic losses without obvious symptomssymptoms
Comparison of Nematode Comparison of Nematode Damage Symptoms on Damage Symptoms on
CottonCottonRoot-KnotRoot-Knot ReniformReniform
Galled rootsGalled roots No gallingNo galling
Little leaf Little leaf discoloringdiscoloring
Leaf purplingLeaf purpling
Irregular patchesIrregular patches General declineGeneral decline
Patches obviousPatches obvious Less obviousLess obvious
Sands, loamsSands, loams Loams, claysLoams, clays
Lower numbersLower numbers Higher numbersHigher numbers
Nematode Nematode Problem Problem
AssessmentAssessment
Know Your NematodesKnow Your Nematodes
Each nematode species is Each nematode species is ‘different’‘different’
Management techniques Management techniques should be ‘nematode specific’ should be ‘nematode specific’
Rotations must be planned for Rotations must be planned for ‘key’ nematode pests ‘key’ nematode pests
Nematicide rates can be Nematicide rates can be adjusted for nematode speciesadjusted for nematode species
Problem IdentificationProblem Identification
Foliar symptoms – stunted ovals/declineFoliar symptoms – stunted ovals/decline Root symptoms – roots galled/stuntedRoot symptoms – roots galled/stunted Cropping history – declining yields and Cropping history – declining yields and
previous host cropsprevious host crops Laboratory analysis – which nematode Laboratory analysis – which nematode
type and numbers are present type and numbers are present
Nematode Soil Samples Nematode Soil Samples Problem IDProblem ID
Take anytime during crop maturity and Take anytime during crop maturity and prior to planting, best time is prior to planting, best time is soon after soon after harvestharvest
Can take samples for nematodes when Can take samples for nematodes when collecting soil fertility samplescollecting soil fertility samples
Split soil samples, one for nematode Split soil samples, one for nematode analysis and one for fertility (1 pint each)analysis and one for fertility (1 pint each)
Remember Remember extra careextra care is required for is required for nematode samples nematode samples
Handling Nematode Handling Nematode Soil SamplesSoil Samples
Sample 8-10” deep if possibleSample 8-10” deep if possible Sample only in moist soils – Sample only in moist soils – Not Not
dry or wetdry or wet Only use plastic bags which Only use plastic bags which
prevents soil dryingprevents soil drying Do not allow samples to become Do not allow samples to become
hot or coldhot or cold
Tools for taking nematode Tools for taking nematode soil samplessoil samples
Choice of sampling Choice of sampling toolstools
Plastic bagPlastic bag
Permanent ink Permanent ink marker marker
BucketBucket
Ten Acre Sampling Ten Acre Sampling PatternsPatterns
(Take 15 To 20 Cores)(Take 15 To 20 Cores)
Centered Grid Intersected Grid
Zig ZagRandom
Managing Managing Cotton Cotton
NematodesNematodes
Management MethodsManagement Methods
NEMATICIDES NEMATICIDES RotationRotationSanitation Sanitation ResistanceResistance
Cotton NematicidesCotton Nematicides
Temik 15G - Bayer Temik 15G - Bayer CropScienceCropScience
Telone II - Dow AgroSciencesTelone II - Dow AgroSciences
Nemacur - Bayer CropScienceNemacur - Bayer CropScience (cancellation notice for 2007)(cancellation notice for 2007)
Temik 15G Product Temik 15G Product InformationInformation
Sold only as a 15% granular formulation
Formulation usually clay based
Used at-planting as a band or in-furrow
Pinhead square side dress applications can also be made
Temik 15G rarely kills nematodes (mainly paralyzes them)
Telone II Product Telone II Product Information Information
Sold as liquid Sold as liquid formulation onlyformulation only
Movement by fumigant Movement by fumigant action in the soil action in the soil
Applied preplant Applied preplant injected to 14 inches injected to 14 inches depth (do not apply in depth (do not apply in clay subsoil)clay subsoil)
Usually applied with a Usually applied with a single in-row chisel in single in-row chisel in cottoncotton
Telone II kills Telone II kills nematodes on contactnematodes on contact
Telone and Temik Are Telone and Temik Are Restricted Use Restricted Use
PesticidesPesticides Reminder - both products have specific Reminder - both products have specific
use restrictions!!use restrictions!! Temik has special reporting and use Temik has special reporting and use
requirements in Floridarequirements in Florida Temik 15G forms and other Temik 15G forms and other
requirements requirements can be found at FDACS Web Site - can be found at FDACS Web Site - http://www.safepesticideuse.comhttp://www.safepesticideuse.com
Florida Cotton Nematicide Florida Cotton Nematicide RecommendationsRecommendations
Temik 15GTemik 15G (In Furrow) (In Furrow) Root-knot nematode – 7 lb./ARoot-knot nematode – 7 lb./A Reniform nematode – 5 lb./AReniform nematode – 5 lb./A
Telone IITelone II (In Row, Single Chisel) (In Row, Single Chisel) Root-knot nematode – 4-5 Root-knot nematode – 4-5
gal./Agal./A Reniform nematode – 3 gal./A Reniform nematode – 3 gal./A
Comparative Cotton Comparative Cotton Yields Recommended Yields Recommended
RatesRates
Telone IITelone II (in-row application) (in-row application) Root-knot – 1 gal = Minimum 50 lb. Root-knot – 1 gal = Minimum 50 lb.
lint/Alint/A Reniform – 1 gal = Minimum 35 lb. Reniform – 1 gal = Minimum 35 lb.
lint/Alint/A
Temik 15GTemik 15G (at-planting application) (at-planting application) Root-knot & reniform – 1 lb. formulationRoot-knot & reniform – 1 lb. formulation = 8-10 lb. lint/A (variable)= 8-10 lb. lint/A (variable)
Farmer Field Farmer Field DemonstrationDemonstration
No Treatment Telone II
‘‘Other’ NematicidesOther’ Nematicides
Mocap – Bayer CropScienceMocap – Bayer CropScienceVydate - DuPontVydate - DuPontCounter - BASFCounter - BASFFuradanFuradan - FMC - FMC Vapam – AmVac CorporationVapam – AmVac CorporationChlor-O-Pic - Hendrix and DialChlor-O-Pic - Hendrix and Dial
Management MethodsManagement Methods
NematicidesNematicidesROTATION ROTATION Sanitation Sanitation ResistanceResistance
Rotation Rotation Know what nematode(s) are present Know what nematode(s) are present Use poor or nonhosts crops and Use poor or nonhosts crops and
rotate for at least two yearsrotate for at least two years Consider using a nematicide Consider using a nematicide
if rotating only one year if rotating only one year Reniform nematode rotation: Reniform nematode rotation:
corn, sorghum, and peanuts corn, sorghum, and peanuts are nonhosts; tobacco and are nonhosts; tobacco and soybeans are poor to moderate soybeans are poor to moderate hosts. Cucurbits are good hosts.hosts. Cucurbits are good hosts.
Root-knot nematodes have a wide Root-knot nematodes have a wide host range (see Cotton Management host range (see Cotton Management Guide for host list). Guide for host list).
Management MethodsManagement Methods
NematicidesNematicidesRotationRotationSANITATION SANITATION ResistanceResistance
Sanitation NotesSanitation Notes Control weeds, many are nematode Control weeds, many are nematode
hosts including Morningglory, hosts including Morningglory, Florida Pusley, Tropical Spiderwort, Florida Pusley, Tropical Spiderwort, Nut Sedge, etc.Nut Sedge, etc.
Prevent crop regrowth in peanut Prevent crop regrowth in peanut and cotton to stop nematode and cotton to stop nematode population increase in the fall population increase in the fall
Perennial grass rotation Perennial grass rotation (bahiagrass) does not work with (bahiagrass) does not work with weed hosts presentweed hosts present
Nematode Weed Hosts in Nematode Weed Hosts in Bahiagrass PastureBahiagrass Pasture
Frequently Frequently Asked Asked
QuestionsQuestions
Is GPS/GIS Variable Rate Is GPS/GIS Variable Rate Nematicide Application Nematicide Application
Feasible?Feasible?This is ‘doable’ technologyThis is ‘doable’ technology Is it economical?Is it economical? System Needs:System Needs:
Accurate nematode population Accurate nematode population distribution map of a field, distribution map of a field, alternatively, a yield monitor map alternatively, a yield monitor map linked to nematode populationslinked to nematode populations
Programmed GPS unit programmed Programmed GPS unit programmed for nematicide rate based on the for nematicide rate based on the nematode distribution mapnematode distribution map
Equipment suitable for nematicide Equipment suitable for nematicide rate adjustment rate adjustment
What Is The Link Between What Is The Link Between Nematodes And Fusarium Nematodes And Fusarium
Wilt In Cotton?Wilt In Cotton? Fusarium is a soilborne fungus that Fusarium is a soilborne fungus that
causes cotton to wilt and die.causes cotton to wilt and die. Most cotton varieties have Fusarium wilt Most cotton varieties have Fusarium wilt
resistance thanks to efforts by breeders.resistance thanks to efforts by breeders. However, when nematodes are present, However, when nematodes are present,
they break this Fusarium wilt resistance.they break this Fusarium wilt resistance. Thus, two problems result, nematode Thus, two problems result, nematode
damage and Fusarium wilt in cotton.damage and Fusarium wilt in cotton.
Cotton and Peanut Cotton and Peanut RotationRotation
Cotton is attached by the southern root-knot Cotton is attached by the southern root-knot and reniform nematodes.and reniform nematodes.
Peanut is affected by the peanut root-knot and Peanut is affected by the peanut root-knot and lesion nematodes.lesion nematodes.
This makes for a good rotation to reduce This makes for a good rotation to reduce nematode problems in each crop.nematode problems in each crop.However, do not use the same crop two years However, do not use the same crop two years
in a row.in a row.Cotton, peanut, cotton, peanut are better Cotton, peanut, cotton, peanut are better
rotations but must be supplemented with low rotations but must be supplemented with low nematicide rates.nematicide rates.
The best rotation is adding another crop in The best rotation is adding another crop in the sequence – corn (sorghum), soybean the sequence – corn (sorghum), soybean (resistant), or perennial grass crops.(resistant), or perennial grass crops.
Additional Additional InformationInformation
Visit the UF/IFAS EDIS Web Visit the UF/IFAS EDIS Web Site -Site -http://edis.ifas.ufl.eduhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu
Search for ‘Cotton Search for ‘Cotton Nematodes’Nematodes’
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