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Lawnumber:23/2010
THECOPYRIGHT&RELATEDRIGHTSACT
CourtesytranslationprovidedbyWIPO,2011
SECTION:1
INTRODUCTION
Introductionandname:1. (a) ThisActprotectsthecopyrightsandrelatedrightsinthe
Maldivesandstipulatestheactionsandpenaltiesresultingfrom
infringementof
these.
(b) ThisActshallbereferredastheCopyright&RelatedRights
Act.
ApplicationoftheAct: 2. (a) Uponcomingintoeffect,thisActwillprotecttheworks
producedinMaldivesandtheworksproducedbysignatoriesof
internationalconventionswhichMaldivesispartyto.
(b) WorksthatwereproducedbeforethisActcameintoforcewill
beprotected
under
the
following
circumstances.
(1)Thedurationforwhichtheworkwasprotectedunderany
regulation,priortothisActcomingintoforce,hasnotexpired;
or
(2)Thedurationofsuchworksprotectedbylegislationofa
signatorytowhichMaldivesispartytohasnotexpired.
(c) Whencalculatingthedurationofcopyrightandrelatedrights
forthisSection(b),theregistrationdate,ifregistered,shallbe
thedatetheworkwasregisteredandifnotregistered,shallbe
thedateonwhichtheworkwasfirstmadeavailabletothe
public.
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SECTION2
COPYRIGHTS
WORKSPROTECTEDUNDERTHISACT
3.The
following
types
of
works
stated
below
have
been
protected
under
this
Act.
(a) Literaryandartisticworksthatfallunderintellectualandprofessionaldomain,andparticularly
thefollowingworks:
(1) Books,pamphlets,articlesandotherwritings;
(2) Academic,literaryandartisticspeechesandaddresses;
(3)Drama,musicals,stageperformances,choreography,stepsandotherpresentations
andotherworksforstageproductions;
(4)Poems,songs,tunes,andothermusicalproducts:
(5)Featurefilms,documentaryfilms,drama,videosongsandothervideovisual
presentationsandworks:
(6)Worksofartandarchitecture:
(7)Photographicworks;
(8)Worksofappliedarts;
(9)Illustrations,charts,plans,sketchesandthreedimensionalworksrelatedto
geography,topography,architectureorscience;
(10)Computerprograms(evenifrepresentedassourcecodesorobjectcodes).
(b) UnderthisAct,worksshallbeprotectedbythesolefactoftheircreation,irrespectiveoftheir
modeorformofexpression,aswellasoftheircontent,qualityandpurpose.
DERIVATIVEWORKS
4.(a) ThefollowingderivativeworksshallalsobeprotectedunderthisAct.
(1)Translations,adaptations,arrangementsandothertransformationsor
modificationsofworks;
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(2)Collectionsofworks,collectionsofdata(databases)inwhateverform,and
collectionsofexpressionsoffolklorethatareoriginalbyselectionor
arrangement.
(b) TheprotectionofanyworkreferredtoinSubsection(a)shallnotinanywayaffectany
protectionof
pre
existing
work
or
expression
of
folklore
incorporated
in
or
utilized
for
the
making
of
suchawork.
ORIGINALITYOFWORKS
5. TheprotectionofanyproductorworksreferredtoinSections3and4ofthisRegulationshall
onlyextendtooriginallycreatedproductsorwork.
WORKSNOTPROTECTED
6. NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection3and4,noprotectionshallextendunderthis
Regulationto:
(a)anyidea,procedure,system,methodofoperation,concept,principle,discoveryor
meredata,evenifexpressed,described,explained,illustratedorembodiedinawork;
and
(b)anyofficialtextofalegislative,administrativeorlegalnature,aswellasanyofficial
translationofsuchdocuments.
REGISTRATIONOFCOPYRIGHT
7.(a) ThisActdoesnotdeemitcompulsoryforpartiestoregistertheirworkinaGovernment
authorityin
order
to
gain
protection
under
this
Act.
However,
the
Act
allows
those
parties
who
desiretoregistersuchworks,toberegisteredintheallocatedGovernmentauthority.
(b) Asper(a)ofthisSection,therightsofthoseworksnotregisteredwillnotbeaffectedinanyway
bynotchoosingtoseekregistrationofcopyrights.Themainpurposeofsucharegistrationisto
provideameansforarightholdertoconveyinacourtjudgmentthattheworkishiscreation.
(c) (a)ofhisSectionallowstheallocatedGovernmentauthoritytolevyaregistrationfeetoregister
copyrightsunderthisAct.
REGISTEREDCOPYRIGHTWORKSTOBEFIXEDINAMEDIUM
8. (a) AllworksregisteredunderthisActhastobefixedinamediumtoberegistered.
HowevertherightsofartistsasstipulatedinSection2willnotbeaffectedduetothe
conditionsimposedbythissubject.
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(b) Programsthatcanbecopiedautomaticallyfortherepairandmaintenanceof
computersarenotfixed,butthesenotbeingfixedshallnotaffectcopyrightsunderthis
Act.
(c) AnypersonwhodoesnotdesiretoregisteraworkunderthisActbutwantstoprovein
acourt
of
law
that
it
is
his
own
work,
can
fix
the
work
in
amedium
and
post
the
work
throughregisteredposttohispersonaladdress.Howeverselfpostedpackagescanonly
beadmittedasevidenceinsuchacourtoflaw,ifthepostisunopenedandintact,andif
thedateofpostagecanbedeterminedfromthecoverofthepost.
AUTHORSRIGHTS
9. (a) Unlesswrittenandspecifiedotherwise,thecopyrightofaworkbelongstothe
authorofthework.
(b) Unlesswrittenandspecifiedunderacontract,theauthorhastherightto
publishand
or
determine
how
his
work
shall
be
published.
(c) Unlesswrittenandspecifiedunderacontract,theauthorofaworkhastheright
toexploithisworkforeconomicpurposesanduseitforcommercialgain.
ECONOMICRIGHTS
10.(a) SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection13to20,theexclusiverighttocarryoutortoauthorizethe
followingactsinrelationtotheworkrestswiththeauthororthecopyrightholder.
(1)reproduction
of
the
work;
(2)translationofthework;
(3)adaptationortransformationofthework;
(4)thedistributiontothepublicbysale,rental,publiclendingorotherwiseofthe
originaloracopyoftheworkthathasnotalreadybeenauthorizedbytheownerof
copyrightforthesametoanotherparty.
(5)rentalorpubliclendingoftheoriginaloracopyofanaudiovisualwork,awork
includedinasoundrecording,acomputerprogram,adatabaseoramusicalworkinthe
formofnotation,irrespectiveoftheownershipoftheoriginalorcopyconcerned;
(6)publicdisplayoftheoriginaloracopyofthework;
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(7)publicperformanceofthework;
(8)broadcastingofthework;
(9)publicizingoftheworkthroughothercommunicativemedia.
(b) Therightsofrentalandlendingunderitem(a)of(5)donotapplytorentalorlendingof
computerprogramswheretheprogramitselfisnotthemainobjectoftherentalorlending.
MORALRIGHTS
11.(a) Independentofhiseconomicrights,andevenwhereheisnolongertheownerofthesaid
rights,theauthorofaworkisentitledto:
(1) Therighttohavehisnameindicatedprominentlyonthecopiesofhisproduct
andinanypublicuseofhiswork;
(2) Therighttonothavehisnameindicatedonthecopiesofhisproductandin
publicuseofhiswork,andtherighttouseapseudonym;and
(3) therighttoobjecttoanydistortionofhisworkwhichcouldcausedamagetohis
honororreputationandtherighttoobjecttoanyunjustifiedmodificationsofhiswork.
(b) NoneoftherightsmentionedintheSubsection(a)shallbetransferredtoanotherpersonduring
thelifeoftheauthor.However,theaforementionedrightscanbetransferredbytestamentary
dispositionorbyoperationoflawfollowingthedeathoftheauthor.
(c) TheauthormaywaivealloranyofthemoralrightsmentioninSubsection(a),providedthatitis
clearlyspecifiedinwritingtherightorrightswaivedandthecircumstancesthewaiveris
applicableto,andprovidedfurtherthatanywaiveroftherightunderitem(3)ofSubsection(a)
specifiesthenatureandextentofthemodification.
(d)
Followingthe
death
of
the
author,
the
physical
person
or
the
legal
entity
upon
whom
the
rights
restcanactasper(c)ofthisRegulation.
PRIVATEREPRODUCTIONFORPERSONALPURPOSES
12.(a) NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(a)(1),andsubjecttotheprovisionsofSubsection
(b), theprivatereproductionofapublishedworkinasinglecopyshallbepermittedwithoutthe
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authorizationoftheauthororownerofcopyright,wherethereproductionismadebyaperson
exclusivelyforhisownpersonalpurposes.
(b)ThepermissionunderSubsection(a)shallnotextendtothefollowing.
(1)tothereproductionofaworkofarchitectureintheformofbuildingorotherconstruction;
(2)toreproductionintheformofthewholeorasubstantialpartofabookorofamusicalwork
intheformofnotation;
(3)toreproductionofthewholeorasubstantialpartofadatabaseindigitalform;
(4)toreproductionofacomputerprogram,exceptasprovidedinSection18ofthisregulation;
and
(5)toreproductionofanyworkincaseswherereproductionwouldaffectthenormal
proceedingstheworkmaygenerateandcouldprejudicethelegitimateinterestsoftheauthor
orotherownerofthecopyright.
(6)toreproductionoffeaturefilms,documentaryfilms,dramas,videosongsandother
audiovisualpresentationscreatedforcommercialuse.
TEMPORARYREPRODUCTION
13. NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(a)(1),thetemporaryreproductionofaworkshall
bepermittedifallthefollowingconditionsaremet;
(a) thereproductionismadeintheprocessofadigitaltransmissionoftheworkorwhile
makingadigitallystoredworkperceptible,
(b) thereproductionis byapersonorentitywiththeauthorizationoftheownerof
copyrightorisentitledtoitbylaw.
(c) itisanaccessorytothattransmissionormakingperceptible,thatoccursduringthe
normaloperationoftheequipmentusedandresultsintheautomaticdeletionofthe
copywithoutenablingtheretrievaloftheworkforanyotherpurposethanthose
specifiedinitems(a)and(b).
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QUOTATION
14.(a) NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(a)(1),thereproduction,intheformof
quotation,ofashortpartofapublishedworkshallbepermittedwithoutauthorization
of
the
author
or
other
owner
of
copyright,
provided
that
the
reproduction
is
compatible
withfairpracticeanddoesnotexceedtheextentjustifiedbythepurpose.
(b) Thequotationshallbeaccompaniedbyanindicationofsource,thenameoftheauthor,
andformofpublicationasfaraspracticableoftheprovisionsspecifiedin(a)ofthis
Section.
REPRODUCTIONFORTEACHING
15.
(a)
Notwithstanding
the
provisions
of
Section
10
(a)
(1),
a
limited
portion
of
a
published
workcanbereproducedandpresentedasaquotationwithouttheauthorizationofthe
authororotherownerofcopyright,providedthatsuchreproductioniscompatiblewith
fairpracticeanddoesnotexceedtheextentjustifiedbythepurpose;
(b) Thereproductionshallbeaccompaniedbyanindicationofsource,thenameofthe
author,andformofpublicationasfaraspracticableoftheprovisionsspecifiedin(a)of
thisSection.
REPROGRAPHICREPRODUCTION
BY
LIBRARIES
AND
ARCHIVES
16. NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(a)(1),anylibraryorarchivewhoseactivitiesdonot
servedirectorindirectcommercialgainmay,withouttheauthorizationoftheauthororotherownerof
copyright,makeasinglecopyoftheworkbyreprographicreproductioninthefollowingways.
(a) wheretheworkreproducedisapublishedarticle,othershortworkorshortextractofawork,
andwherethepurposeofthereproductionistosatisfytherequestofaparticularperson,
providedthat;
(1) thelibraryorarchiveissatisfiedthatthecopywillbeusedsolelyforthepurposeof
study,scholarshiporprivateresearch,
(2) theactofreproductionisanisolatedcaseoccurring,ifrepeated,onseparateand
unrelatedoccasions,and
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(3) thereisnocollectivelicenseavailablethatis,offeredbyacollectiveadministration
organizationofwhichthelibraryorarchiveisorshouldbeaware,underwhichsuch
copiescanbemade;or
(b)
Where
the
copy
is
made
in
order
to
preserve
and
if
necessary,
replace
a
copy
or
to
replace
a
copywhichhasbeenlost,destroyedorrenderedunusableinthepermanentcollectionof
anothersimilarlibraryorarchive,providedthatitisimpossibletoobtainsuchacopyunder
reasonableconditions,andprovidedfurtherthattheactofreprographicreproductionisan
isolatedcaseoccurring,ifrepeated,onseparateandunrelatedoccasions.
REPRODUCTION,BROADCASTINGANDOTHERCOMMUNICATIONTOTHEPUBLICFORINFORMATORY
PURPOSES
17.
Notwithstandingthe
provisions
of
Section
10
(a),
(8)
and
(9),
the
following
acts
shall
be
permittedinrespectofaworkwithouttheauthorizationoftheauthorortheotherownerof
thecopyright,subjecttotheobligationtoindicatethesourceandthenameoftheauthorasfar
aspracticable:
(a) thereproductioninanewspaperorperiodical,thebroadcastingorothercommunicationto
thepublicofanarticlepublishedinanewspaperorperiodicaloncurrenteconomic,politicalor
religioustopicsorabroadcastworkofthesamecharacter.Thispermissionshallnotapply
wherethe
right
to
authorize
reproduction,
broadcasting
or
other
communication
to
the
public
is
expresslyreservedonthecopiesbytheauthororotherownerofcopyright,orinconnection
withbroadcastingorothercommunicationtothepublicofthework;
(b)thereproductioninanewspaperorperiodical,thebroadcastingorothercommunicationto
thepublic ofapoliticalspeech,alecture,sermonorotherworkofsimilarnature deliveredin
public,oraspeechdeliveredduringlegalproceedings,totheextentjustifiedbythepurposeof
providingcurrentinformation;and
(c)forthepurposeofreportingcurrentevents,thereproductionandthebroadcastingorother
communicationtothepublicofshortexcerptsofaworkseenorheardinthecourseofsuch
events,totheextentjustifiedbythepurpose.
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REPRODUCTIONANDADAPTATIONOFCOMPUTERPROGRAMS
18. (a)NotwithstandingSection10(a)(1)and(3),thereproduction,inasinglecopy,orthe
adaptationofacomputerprogrambythelawfulownerofacopyofthatcomputerprogram
shall
be
permitted
without
the
authorization
of
the
author
or
other
owner
of
copyright,
providedthatthecopyoradaptationisnecessaryforthefollowing.
(1) foruseofthecomputerprogramwithacomputer,forthepurposeandextent
forwhichthecomputerprogramhasbeenobtained;or
(2) forarchivalpurposesandforthereplacementofthelawfullyownedcopyofthe
computerprogramintheeventthatthesaidcopyofthecomputerprogramis
lost,destroyedorrenderedunusable.
(b)Nocopyoradaptationofacomputerprogramshallbeusedforanypurposeotherthan
thosespecifiedin(a)ofthisSection.Intheeventthatcontinuedpossessionofthecopyofthe
computerprogramceasestobelawful,therelevantgovernmentauthorityhasthepowerto
destroyanysuchcopyoradaptationwithoutcompensation.
DISPLAYOFWORKS
19. NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofSection10(6) of(a),thepublicdisplayoforiginalsorcopies
ofworks
shall
be
permitted
without
the
authorization
of
the
author,
provided
that
the
display
is
madeotherthanbymeansofafilm,slide,televisionimageorotherwiseonscreenorbymeans
ofanyotherdeviseorprocess,andprovidedfurtherthattheworkhasbeenpublishedorthe
originalorthecopydisplayedhasbeensold,givenawayorotherwisetransferredtoanother
personbytheauthororhissuccessorintitle.
DURATIONOFCOPYRIGHT
20. (a) Subjectto(b),(c),(d)and(e),theeconomicandmoralrightsshallbeprotectedduring
thelifeoftheauthorandforfullfiftyyearsafterhisdeath.
(b) Inthecaseofcoandjointauthorship,theeconomicandmoralrightsshallbeprotected
underthisRegulation,duringthelifeofthelastsurvivingauthorandforfullfiftyyearsafterhis
death.
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(c)Inthecaseofcollectivework,otherthanaworkofappliedart,andinthecaseofan
audiovisualwork,theeconomicandmoralrightsshallbeprotectedforfiftyyearsfromthedate
onwhichtheworkwaseithermade,firstmadeavailabletothepublic,orfirstpublished,
whicheverdateislatest.
(d)Inthecaseofaworkpublishedanonymouslyorunderapseudonym,theeconomicand
moralrightsshallbeprotectedforfiftyyearsfromthedateonwhichtheworkwaswithermade,
firstmadeavailabletothepublicorfirstpublished,whicheverdateisthelatest.Providedwhere
theauthorsidentityisrevealedorisnolongerdoubtfulbeforetheexpirationofthesaidperiod,
theprovisionsofsubsection(a)or(b)shallapply.
(e)Inthecaseofaworkofappliedart,theeconomicandmoralrightsshallbeprotectedfor
twenty
five
years
from
the
making
of
the
work.
(f)Allperiodsmentionedintheprecedingsubsectionsshallruntotheendofthecalendaryear
inwhichitwouldotherwiseexpire
ORIGINALOWNERSHIPOFECONOMICRIGHTS
21. (a) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsubsections(a)to(e),theoriginalowneroftheeconomic
rightsistheauthorwhohascreatedthework.
(b)In
the
case
of
awork
of
joint
authorship,
the
co
authors
shall
be
the
original
owners
of
the
economicrights.If,however,aworkofjointauthorshipconsistsofpartsthatcanbeused
separatelyandtheauthorofeachpartcanbeidentified,theauthorofeachpartshallbethe
originalowneroftheeconomicrightsinthepartthathehascreated.
(c)Inthecaseofacollectivework,theindividualorlegalentityunderwhoseinitiativeand
directionwhichtheworkhasbeencreatedshallbetheoriginalowneroftheeconomicrights.
(d)Inthecaseofworkcreatedbyanauthoremployedbyanindividualorlegalentityinthe
courseofhisemployment,theoriginalowneroftheeconomicrightsshallbe,unlessprovided
otherwiseinacontract,theemployer.
(e)Inthecaseofaudiovisualwork,theoriginalowneroftheeconomicrightsshallbethe
producer,unlessprovidedotherwiseinacontract.Thecoauthorsoftheaudiovisualworkandif
thenewproductionincorporatedanadaptationofapreexistingwork,therightsofauthors
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shallbeprotectedtotheextentoftheircontributionortotheextenttotheireconomicrights
areprotected.
PRESUMPTIONOFAUTHORSHIPANDREPRESENTATIONOFTHEAUTHOR
22. (a) Intheabsenceofprooftothecontrary,thepersonwhosenameisindicatedasthe
authoronaworkintheusualmannershallbepresumedtobetheauthorofthework.This
provisionshallbeapplicableevenifthenameisapseudonym,wherethepseudonymleavesno
doubtastotheidentityoftheauthor.
(b) Incaseofananonymousorpseudonymouswork,subjecttotheprovisioninthelatter
partof(a)ofthisSection,thepublisherwhosenameappearsontheworkshall,intheabsence
ofprooftothecontrary,bepresumedtorepresenttheauthorand,inthiscapacity,shallbe
entitledto
exercise
and
enforce
the
moral
and
economic
rights
of
the
author.
This
presumption
shallceasetoapplywhentheauthorrevealshisidentity.
ASSIGNMENTANDLICENSEOFAUTHORSRIGHTS
23. (a) Theeconomicrightsofanauthorcanbeassignableinwholeorinparttoanotherparty.
(b) Anyassignmentofaneconomicright,andanylicensetodoanactsubjectto
authorizationbytheauthororotherownerofcopyright,shallbeinwritingsignedbythe
assignorand
the
assignee,
or
by
the
licenser
and
the
licensee.
(c) Inthecaseofanassignmentinwholeorinpartofanyeconomicright,orofalicenseto
doanactisauthorizedbytheauthororotherownerofcopyright,itshallnotbepresumedto
includetheassignmentorlicenseofanyotherrightsnotexplicitlyreferredinit.
THEORGANIZATIONTHATREPRESENTSTHEOWNERSOFCOPYRIGHT
24. AspertheprovisionsofthisRegulation,anorganizationcanbecreatedtorepresenttheowners
ofcopyright.
The
organization
that
represents
the
owners
of
copyright
shall
be
one
jointly
createdbyownersofcopyrightsandrelatedrights,orpotentialownersofcopyrightsand
relatedrights,ortheagentsofsaidowners,orpotentialagentsoftheseowners.The
organizationshallworktogetherandnegotiatewiththerelevantbodies,oneofthemain
objectsofwhichwouldbetoissuelicensesforotherpartiestoaccesstheworksprotected
underthisRegulation.
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SECTION3
PROTECTIONOFPERFORMERS,PRODUCERSOFSOUNDRECORDINGANDBROADCASTING
ORGANIZATIONS
ACTSREQUIRINGAUTHORIZATIONOFPERFORMERS
25.(a) SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection29,aperformershallhavetheexclusiverighttocarryoutor
authorizeanyofthefollowingacts:
(1)thebroadcastingorothercommunicationtothepublicofhisperformance,exceptwherethe
broadcastingorothercommunication;
(a) ismadefromafixationoftheperformance,otherthanafixationmadeunder
theterms
of
Section
29
or
otherwise
made
without
the
authorization
of
the
performeror
(b) isarebroadcastingmadeorauthorizedbytheorganizationinitially
broadcastingtheperformance;
(2)thefixationofhisunfixedperformance:
(3)thedirectorindirectreproductionofafixationofhisperformance,inanymannerorform;
(4)thefirstmakingavailabletothepublicofafixationofhisperformance,orcopiesofit,
throughsaleorothertransferorownership;
(5)rentaltothepublicorpubliclendingofafixationofhisperformance,orcopiesofit,
irrespectiveoftheownershipofthecopyrentedorlent;and
(6)themakingavailabletothepublicofhisfixedperformance,bywireorwirelessmeans,in
suchawaythatmembersofthepublicmayaccessthemfromaplaceoratatimeindividually
chosenby
them.
(b) Oncetheperformerhasauthorizedtheincorporationofhisperformanceinanaudiovisual
fixation,theprovisionsofsubsection(a)shallceasetobeapplicable.
(c) Independentoftheperformerseconomicrightsandevenafterthetransferofthoserights,the
performershall,withregardtohisliveperformancesandfixationofperformances,havethe
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righttoclaimtobeidentifiedastheperformerofsaidperformance;andtoobjecttoany
distortionormodificationofhisperformancesthatwouldbeprejudicialtohisreputation.The
provisionsofsubsections(b)and(c)ofSection11applyinconsiderationoftheeventtothe
rightsgrantedunderthissubsection.
(d) Indrawingupcontractsbyperformers,notermsinthisSectionshalldeprivethemoftheright
toagreeontermsandconditionsmorefavourablefortheminregardtotheirperformances.
(e) TherightsunderthisSectionshallbeprotecteduntiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryear
followingtheyearinwhichtheperformancewasfixedinaphonogram,orintheabsenceof
suchafixation,fromtheendoftheyearinwhichtheperformancetookplace.
ACTSREQUIRINGAUTHORIZATIONOFPRODUCERSOFSOUNDRECORDINGS
26. (a) SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection29,aproducerofasoundrecordingshallhavethe
exclusiverighttocarryoutortoauthorizeanyofthefollowingacts:
(1) directorindirectreproductionofsoundrecordinginanymannerorform;
(2) themakingavailabletothepublicbysaleorothertransferofownership,ofthe
originalorcopiesofthesoundrecordingthathasnotalreadybeensubjecttoa
distributionauthorizedbytheproducer;
(3) rentaltothepublicorpubliclendingofacopyofthesoundrecording,
irrespectiveoftheownershipofthecopyrentedorlent;
(4) themakingavailabletothepublicofthesoundrecording,bywireorwireless
means,insuchawaythatmembersofthepublicmayaccessitfromaplaceoratatime
individuallychosenbythem.
(b) TherightsunderSubsection(a)shallbeprotectedfromthepublicationofthesound
recordinguntil
the
end
of
the
fiftieth
calendar
year
following
the
year
of
publication
or,
ifthesoundrecordinghasnotbeenpublishedfromthefixationofthesoundrecording
untiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryear,followingtheyearoffixation.
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EQUITABLEREMUNERATIONFORUSEOFSOUNDRECORDING
27. (a)Ifasoundrecordingpublishedforcommercialpurposes,orareproductionofsuchrecording
isuseddirectlyforbroadcastingorothercommunicationtothepublic,orispubliclyperformed,
a
single
equitable
remuneration
for
the
performer
or
performers
and
the
producer
of
the
sound
recordingshallbepaidbytheusertotheproducer.
(b)Unlessotherwiseagreedbetweentheperformersandtheproducer,halfoftheamount
receivedbytheproducerunderSubsection(a)shallbepaidbytheproducertotheproducerto
theperformerorperformers.
(c)TherighttoequitableremunerationunderthisSectionshallbeginfromthedateof
publicationofthesoundrecordinguntiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryearfollowingtheyear
ofpublication
or,
if
sound
recording
has
not
been
published
from
the
date
of
fixation
of
the
soundrecordinguntiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryearfollowingtheyearoffixation.
(d)ForthepurposesofthisSection,soundrecordingsthathavebeenmadeavailabletothe
publicbywireorwirelessmeansinsuchawaythatmembersofthepublicmayaccessthem
fromaplaceandatatimeindividuallychosenbythemshallberegardedashavingbeen
publishedforcommercialpurposes.
ACTSREQUIRINGAUTHORIZATIONOFTHEBROADCASTINGORGANIZATIONS
28. (a) SubjecttotheprovisionsofSection29abroadcastingorganizationshallhavethe
exclusiverighttocarryoutortoauthorizeanyofthefollowingacts:
(1) therebroadcastingofitsbroadcast;
(2) thecommunicationtothepublicofitsbroadcast;
(3) thefixationofitsbroadcast;and
(4) thereproductionofitsbroadcast.
(b) TherightsunderthisSectionshallbeprotectedfromthemomentwhenthe
broadcastingtakesplaceuntiltheendofthefiftiethcalendaryear.
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WORKSNOTPROTECTED
29. Section25,26,27and28shallnotapplywheretheactsreferredtointhosesectionsarerelated
to
(a) usingshortexcerptsforreportingcurrenteventstotheextentjustifiedbythepurpose
ofprovidingcurrentinformation;
(b) reproductionsolelyforscientificresearch;
(c) reproductionsolelyforthepurposeoffacefaceteachingactivities,exceptfor
performances andphonogramswhichhavebeenpublishedasteachingorinstructional
materials;and
(d)
caseswhere,
under
Section
2,
awork
can
be
used
without
the
authorization
of
the
authororotherownerofcopyright.
SECTION4
ENFORCEMENTOFRIGHTS
MEASURES
30. (a) ThecourthavingjurisdictionofcivilactionarisingunderthisRegulation,shallhavethe
authority,toactasperlawandorderandfairpracticeonthefollowing.
(1) tograntinjunctionstoprohibitthecommitting,orcontinuationofcommitting,
ofinfringementofanyrightprotectedunderthisRegulation;and
(2) toorderimpoundingofcopiesofworksorsoundrecordingssuspectedofbeing
madeorimportedwithouttheauthorizationofanownerofanyrightprotected
underthisregulation.
(b) ForrelevantGovernmentauthoritiestocheck,investigateandtakenecessarystepsas
percivilandcriminalproceduresofthecountryininstanceswherethereisreasontosuspect
infringementoftherightsprotectedunderthisAct.
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31.CIVILREMEDIES
(a) TheownerofanyrightprotectedunderthisRegulationwhoserighthasbeeninfringed
shallbeentitledtopayment,bytheinfringer,ofdamagesforthepropertyandthe
prejudice
sustained
as
a
consequence
of
infringement,
as
well
as
the
payment
of
expensescausedbytheseacts,inclusiveoflegalcostsincurredinobtainingthe
damages.
(b) Theamountofdamagesspecifiedin(a)ofthisSectionshallbefixedafterassessingthe
extentofdamagessufferedbytheowneroftheright,aswellastheinfringersprofits
attributabletotheinfringement.
(c) Wheretheinfringerdidnotknoworhadnowayofknowingthathewasengagedin
infringingactivity,
the
court
may
limit
damages
to
the
profits
of
the
infringer
attributabletotheinfringement.
(d) Whereinfringingcopiesexist,andiftheownersofrightsdonotrequestotherwise,the
courtshallhavetheauthoritytoorderthedestructionofthosecopiesinamanner
whichdoesnotharmtherightholder.Thisprovisionshallnotbeapplicabletocopies
whichwereacquiredbyathirdpartyingoodfaith,withnointentionofinfringingofthe
rightsofanyone.
(e) Wherethereisreasontobelievethatthereisdangerthatamaterialmaybeusedto
commitorcontinuetocommitactsofinfringementagainsttherightsofanindividual,
thecourtshall,ordertheirdestructionororderthemtobereturnedtotheownerofthe
right.
(f) Wherethereisreasontobelievethatthereisadangerthatactsofinfringementmaybe
continued,thecourthastheauthoritytoordersuchactsnotbecommitted.Further,if
theorder
is
not
respected,
the
court
shall
fix
afine
of
between
10.000/
(ten
thousand)
Rufiyaaand300,000/ (threelaks)Rufiyaa,whichshallbepaiddependingontheextent
oftheviolation.
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JUDICIALMEASURES
32. (a) DeliberateorinadvertentinfringementofanyrightsprotectedunderthisRegulationwill
resultinalevyofafinebetween50,000/ (fiftythousand)Rufiyaaand 300,000/ (Three
hundredthousand)
Rufiyaa
by
the
court.
The
amount
of
fine
shall
be
fixed
based
on
the
damagesincurredtotherightholderorofthedamagesthatareforeseentoincuron
therightholder.
(b) Ifanyinfringerwhowasproventohaveinfringedarightstatedin(a)ofthisSection,
commitsanysubsequentinfringementswithin5(five)yearsofthefirstinfringement,
thecourthasthepowertolevytwotimesthehighestamountoffineasstatedin
subsection(a).
(c) Duringjudicialproceedings,andifcivilproceedingsasstatedinsubsection(30)
and(31)ofthisSectionhasnotbeencompleted,theproceedingsforcivildamagescan
alsobecontinuedwiththejudicialproceedings.
MEASURES,REMEDIESANDSANCTIONSAGAINSTABUSESINRESPECTOFTECHNICALMEANSOF
PROTECTIONANDRIGHTSMANAGEMENTINFORMATION
33.(a)The
following
acts
shall
be
considered
unlawful
and
in
the
application
of
Sections
30,
31
and
32,
shallbeconsideredasinfringementsofrightsprotectedunderthisRegulation:
(1) Themanufactureforsaleorrentalofanydeviceormeansspecificallydesignedor
adaptedtopreventanydeviceormeansintendedtoimpairthequalityofcopiesmade
orpreventmakingcopies;
(2) Themanufactureforsaleorrentalofanydeviceormeansthatfacilitateorenablethe
receptionof
an
encrypted
program,
which
is
broadcast
or
transmitted
through
satellite,
orotherwisecommunicatedtothepublic,bythosewhoarenotentitledtoreceivethe
program;
(3) Theremovalormodificationofanyelectronicrightsmanagementinformationwithout
authorization;
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(4) Unauthorizeddistribution,importfordistribution,broadcasting,communicationtothe
publicormakingavailabletothepublic,ofworks,performances,soundrecordingsor
broadcasts,knowingorhavingreasontoknowthatelectronicrightsmanagement
informationhasbeenremovedormodifiedwithoutauthority.
(b) Ifanypartyconductsanyactsstatedinsubsection(a)ofthisSection,itshallbeconsideredas
aninfringementofcopyrightorrelatedrightsandtheinfringerwillbefinedanamountbetween
1000/ (onethousand)Rufiyaaand100,000/ (onehundredthousand)Rufiyaa.Therightholder
alsohastheoptiontotakeactionundersanctionsprovidedforinSections30and31ofthisAct.
SECTION5
MISCELLENEOUS
SCOPEOFAPPLICATION
34.(a) TheprovisionsofthisActconcerningtheprotectionofliteraryandartisticworksshallapplyto;
(1) worksofauthorswhoarenationalsof,orresideintheRepublicofMaldives;
(2) worksthatareeligibleforprotectionintheRepublicofMaldivesinaccordancewithany
internationalconventionorinternationalagreementtowhichtheRepublicofMaldives
ispartyto.
(3) audiovisualworksofproducerswhohavehisheadofficeestablishedinorisaresident
oftheRepublicofMaldives;and
(4) architecturalworksintheRepublicofMaldivesandotherartisticworksincorporatedin
buildingsandotherstructureslocatedintheRepublicofMaldives.
(b) TheprovisionsofthisActshallprotecttheworksofthefollowingperformers:
(1)
performerswho
are
nationals
of
the
Republic
of
Maldives;
(2) performerswhoarenationalsofRepublicofMaldivesbutwhoseperformances;
(a) takeplacewithintheterritoryoftheRepublicofMaldives;or
(b) areincorporatedinsoundrecordingsthatareprotectedunderthisAct;or
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(c) havenotbeenfixedinasoundrecordingbutareincludedinbroadcast
qualifyingforprotectionunderthisAct.
(c)TheprovisionsofthisActprotectthefollowingsoundrecordings;
(1) soundrecordingsproducedbynationalsoftheRepublicofMaldives;
(2) soundrecordingsfirstfixedintheRepublicofMaldives;
(3) soundrecordingsfirstpublishedintheRepublicofMaldives.
(d)TheprovisionsofthisActprotectthefollowingbroadcasts;
(1) broadcastsofbroadcastorganizations,theheadofficesofwhicharesituatedin
theRepublicofMaldives;and
(2) broadcaststransmittedfromtransmitterssituatedintheRepublicofMaldives
(e) TheprovisionsinthisActshallalsoapplytoperformers,producersofsoundrecordingsand
broadcastingorganizationsthatareeligibleforprotectioninaccordancewithanyinternational
conventionotherinternationalagreementtowhichtheRepublicofMaldivesispartyto.
WORKSPROTECTEDBEFORETHEACTCAMEINTOFORCE
35.(a)
Works
that
were
produced
before
this
Act
came
into
force
will
be
protected
under
the
following
circumstances.
(1)Thedurationforwhichtheworkwasprotectedunderanyregulation,priortothisActcame
intoforce,hasnotexpired.
(2)ThedurationofsuchworksprotectedbylegislationofasignatorytowhichMaldivesisparty
tohasnotexpired.
(b)WhencalculatingthedurationofcopyrightandrelatedrightsforthisSection,theregistrationdate,if
registered,shallbethedatetheworkwasregisteredandifnotregistered,shallbethedateonwhich
theworkwasfirstmadeavailabletothepublic.
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WORKSNOTINCLUDED
36. Protectionofliteraryandartisticworks,performers,producersofsoundrecordingsand
broadcastingorganizations,books,pamphlets,articles,libraryandarchivematerials,teachingaidsand
other
writings
produced
before
this
Act
came
into
force
ceases
to
have
effect.
APPLICATIONOFINTERNATIONALTREATIES
37.TheprovisionsofanyinternationaltreatiesoncopyrightandrelatedrightstowhichtheRepublicof
Maldivesisparty,shallapplytomattersspecifiedinthisActand,incaseofconflictbetweenthetwo,
theprovisionsoftheinternationaltreatyshallprevailoverthisAct.
ENACTMENTANDENFORCEMENTOFREGULATIONSUNDERTHEACT
38.The
regulations
governing
the
implementation
of
this
Act
shall
be
formulated
within
six
(6)
months
ofthisActcomingintoforce.TheRegulationshallbepromulgatedbytheMinistrydesignatedbythe
PresidentoftheRepublicofMaldives.
DATEACTCOMESINTOFORCE
39.ThisActshallcomeintoforceuponpassingfromtheParliamentandratificationoftheActbythe
Presidentandonbeinggazetted.TheActshallbefullycompliedwith,within180(onehundredand
eighty)daysofratification.
ACTSBEINGREPEALED
40.OncethisActcomesintoforce,thefollowingRegulationsstatedinAnnex1ofthisAct,ActNumber
6/2008(GeneralRegulationsAct),willberepealed.
(a)Regulationnumber51,(TheRegulationgoverningbooksproducedintheMaldives)
(b)Regulationnumber52,(TheRegulationgoverningapprovalofsongsandpoetry)
(c)Regulationnumber53,(TheRegulationgoverningregistrationoforiginalmusicandmusical
compilations)
(d)Regulationnumber54,(TheRegulationgoverningtheregistrationofaudioalbums).
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INTERPRETATIONS
41.ForthepurposeofthisAct,thefollowingtermshavethefollowingmeaning:
Reproductiverights,orreproductionisstatedtomean;
(a) iftheeconomicrightsareavailabletotheauthor,thensuchrights,
(b) iftheeconomicrightsaretransferredtoanotherperson(s)orlegalentities,
otherthantheauthor,thensuchrights,
Notationmeansmusicwrittentobeperformed;
Rightsmanagementinformationisanyinformationwhichidentifiestheworksspecifiedunderthis
Regulation,theauthorsofthework,theperformer,theperformanceoftheperformer,thesound
recording,theproducerofthesoundrecording,thebroadcast,thebroadcaster,andinformationthat
identifiestherightsandtheownerofanyrightunderthisAct,orinformationaboutthetermsand
conditionsofuseofthework,theperformance,thesoundrecordingorthebroadcast.Ifsuchnumbers
orcodesrepresentsuchinformation,thesearealsoincludedinthemeaningofthisterm.
Broadcastingisthecommunicationofawork,aperformanceorasoundrecordingtothepublicby
wirelesstransmission,includingtransmissionbysatellite.
Rentalis
the
transfer
of
the
possession
of
the
original
or
acopy
of
awork
or
sound
recording
for
a
particularperiodoftimeforprofitmakingpurposes;
Acomputerisanelectronicorsimilardevicehavinginformationprocessingcapabilities;
Computerprogramisasetofinstructionsexpressedinwords,codes,schemesorinanyotherform,
whichisenablesacomputertoperformorachieveaparticulartaskorresult;
Acollectiveworkisaworkcreatedbytwoormorepersonsattheinitiativeandunderthedirectionof
aperson
or
legal
entity,
with
the
understanding
that
it
will
presented
by
the
person
or
entity
under
his
ownnameandthattheidentityofthecontributingpersonswillnotbeindicated;
Anexpressionoffolkloreisacreationofgroupsorindividualswhichrepresentsagroupstraditions,
itsculturalandsocialidentity,itsstandardsandvaluesthataretransmittedorally,byimitationorby
othermeans,including:
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(a) Folktales,folkpoetry,andfolkriddles;
(b) Folksongsandinstrumentalfolkmusic;
(c) Folkdancesandfolkplays;
(d) Productionsoffolkartsinparticular,drawings,paintings,carvings,sculptures,poetry,terra
cotta,mosaic,woodwork,metalware,jewelry,handicrafts,costumes,andindigenous
textiles.
AworkisanyliteraryorartisticworkunderSections3(a)and4(a).
Anartisticworkproducedtofacilitateanotherworkisanyworkthatisproducedeitherbyhandor
mechanicallytofacilitateanotherwork.
Reproductionismakingofoneormorecopiesofaworkorsoundrecordinginanymannerorform,
includingany
permanent
or
temporary
storage
of
the
work
or
sound
recording
in
electronic
form.
Anaudiovisualworkisaworkthatconsistsofaseriesofrelatedimageswithmotion,withorwithout
accompanyingsounds,whicharemadevisible.
Soundrecordingisanyexclusivelyauralfixationofthesoundsofaperformanceorofothersounds,or
ofarepresentationofsounds,regardlessofthemethodbywhichthesoundsarefixedorthemediumin
whichthesoundsareembodied.Audiovisualworksandsoundtracksthathaveafixationofsoundsand
imagesarenotincludedinthemeaningofthisterm.
EconomicrightsaretherightsmentionedinSection10;
MoralrightsaretherightsmentionedinSection11;
Authoristhepersonwhohascreatedthework;
Performersaresingers,musicians,andotherpersons,whosing,deliver,playin,orotherwiseperform
literaryandartisticandculturalworks.
Fixationmeanstheembodimentofsounds,oroftherepresentationofit,fromwhichtheycanbe
perceived,reproducedortransmittedthroughadevice;
Aphotographicworkisarecordingoflightorotherradiationonanymediumonwhichanimageis
producedorfromwhichanimagemaybeproduced,irrespectiveofthechemical,electronicorother
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techniquesbywhichsuchrecordingismade.Astillpictureextractedfromanaudiovisualworkwillnot
beconsideredasaphotographicwork,butasanaudiovisualwork.
Aworkofjointauthorshipisaworktothecreationofwhichtwoormoreauthorshavecontributed,
provided
the
work
does
not
qualify
as
a
collective
work
as
stated
in
the
interpretation
above;
Performmeansanypresentationbyanartist;
Performancemeanssongs,music,drama,andotherdramaticmusical,literaryandculturalworks.
Theproducerofanaudiovisualworkorasoundrecordingisthepersonorlegalentitythatundertakes
theinitiativeandresponsibilityforthemakingoftheaudiovisualworkorsoundrecording;
Publicperformanceiswhereaperformancecanbeperceivedataplaceoratplaceswherepersons
outsidethe
normal
circle
of
the
family
and
its
closest
acquaintances
are
or
can
be
present,
irrespective
ofwhethertheyareorcanbepresentatthesameplaceandtime,oratdifferentplacesand/ortimes,
withoutintendingitbeacommunicationtothepublicasspecifiedinthisSection,inthefollowingways:
(a) Inthecaseofaworkotherthananaudiovisualwork,therecitation,playing,dancing,acting
orotherwiseperformingthework,eitherdirectlyorbymeansofanydeviceorprocess;
(b) Inthecaseofanaudiovisualwork,theshowingofimagesinsequenceandofthemakingof
accompanyingsoundsaudible;and
(c)
Inthe
case
of
sound
recording,
making
the
recording
sounds
audible.
Communicationtothepublicisthetransmissionbywireorwithoutwireoftheimagesorsounds,or
both,ofawork,aperformance,asoundrecordingorabroadcast insuchawaythat imagesorsounds
canbeperceivedbypersonsoutsidethenormalcircleofafamilyanditsclosestsocialacquaintancesat
a place or places so distant from the place where the transmission originates that, without the
transmission,the imagesorsoundswouldnotbeperceivableand further, irrespectiveofwhetherthe
personscan receive the imagesor soundsat the sameplaceand time,oratdifferentplacesand/or
timesindividually
chosen
by
them;
Publicdisplayistheshowingoftheoriginaloracopyoftheworkwhereitcanbeperceivedataplace
oratplaceswherepersonsoutsidethenormalcircleofthefamilyanditsclosestacquaintancesareor
canbepresent,irrespectiveofwhethertheyareorcanbepresentatthesameplaceandtime,orat
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