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NationalSecurity
Policymaking
Chapter 20
Edwards, Wattenberg, and LineberryGovernment in America: People, Politics, and
PolicyFourteenth Edition
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ANCIENT GREEK / ROMANS& DE TOCQUEVILLE THOUGHT
DEMOCRACIES WOULD FAILAT FOREIGN POLICY
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WHO CONTROLS
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY?
THE CONSTITUTIONPRESIDENT & CONGRESS
SHARE FOREIGN POLICY POWERS
THE REALITY…THE PRESIDENT DOMINATES
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THE PRESIDENTCOMMANDER – IN CHIEF
CONGRESSPOWER TO DECLARE WAR
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PERSIAN GULF I (IRAQ) -NOT A WARAFGHANISTAN – NOT A WARIRAQ – NOT A WAR
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Instruments of Foreign Policy
Three types of tools: (UNILATERAL)1=Military: oldest and still used
2=Economic: becoming more powerful
3=Diplomatic: the quietest of the tools
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World Stage (MULTILATERAL)– Other Nations– International Organizations
• United Nations (UN):
– Regional Organizations• NATO and EU
– Multinational Corporations• Standard Oil, Google, GM
– Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)• Greenpeace or Amnesty International
– Individuals
Actors on Foreign Policy
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The Policymakers– The President
– The Diplomats• Secretary of State
– The National Security Establishment• Secretary of Defense• Joint Chiefs of Staff• NSC• CIA
– Congress
– Public Opinion ?
The Policymakers of Foreign Policy
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The Role of Congress in Foreign Policy
Conduct oversight investigations.
Ratify treaties.
Approve appointments.
Make appropriations.
Use powers under War Powers Act.
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THE WAR POWERS ACT
TROOPS ON FOREIGN SOIL
48 hrs POTUS MUST TELL
CONGRESS
PRES MUST GET CONGRESSIONAL OK
OR WITHDRAW IN 60 DAYS
CONSTITIUTIONAL? (NEVER TESTED)
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Theories of Foreign Policy
Isolationism, or avoiding foreign entanglement.
Unilateralism, or acting without consulting
others.
Moralism, or placing an emphasis on morality.
Pragmatism, or taking advantage of situations
for gain.
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Isolationism– George Washington
• Farewell address
Manifest Destiney– USA control from sea to sea
American Foreign Policy: History
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A personification of the United States, leads civilization westward with American settlers, stringing
telegraph wire as she sweeps west; she holds a school book. The different stages of economic activity of
the pioneers are highlighted
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Imperialism / Expansionism– Caribbean– Central America– Pacific
World War I (1914-1918)– Ended the policy of isolationism (?)
American Foreign Policy: History
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The Cold War– Containment Abroad
– Anti-Communism at Home (McCarthyism)
– The Swelling of the Pentagon•Arms race
– The Korean War
– The Vietnam War
American Foreign Policy: History
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Figure 19.1- Cold War Alliances
Back
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American Foreign Policy: History
The Era of Détente (1970s)
– Détente: relax tensions between superpowers
– Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
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American Foreign Policy: History
The Reagan Rearmament (1980s)– Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star
Wars”)
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American Foreign Policy: History
The ‘New World Order’– Post Cold War
War on Terrorism – Post 9/11
•Taliban•al-Qaeda• Osama bin Laden
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WAR ON TERROR2001-2011
WAR ON TERROR2003-2010
PIRATES2007-2011
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Twenty-First Century Challenges
Promoting democracy in the Middle East.
Resolving conditions in Iraq and
Afghanistan.
Identifying transnational threats to peace.
Awareness of technological warfare.
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The Politics of Defense Policy
Defense Spending– ~1/5 to ~ 1/2 of the federal budget
– Conservatives argue against budget cuts
– Liberals argue for budget cuts
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The International EconomyInterdependency
Actions of one nation affects many
International TradeTariffs
NAFTA and GATT
Balance of TradeRatio of what is paid for imports to what is earned for
exports
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The International Economy
Energy – USA imports about 60 percent, of the oil we
use.
– Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
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The International Economy
Foreign AidForeign aid used to stabilize friendly
nationsA substantial percentage is military
Foreign aid has never been popular with Americans
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2004-6 GOV’T TSUNAMI AID GIVENCountry
GDP In BillionsAid (total) in
Millions % of GDP
1 Australia 518.4 1,322 0.255
2 Liechtenstein 0.825 1.2 0.145
3 Qatar 17.47 25 0.14
4 Norway 221.6 265.1 0.119
5 Netherlands 512 509.1 0.0994
6 Canada 834.4 743.68 0.089
7Republic of
Ireland 148.6 117.94 0.079
8 Sweden 300.8 230.9 0.077
9 Finland 162 89.5 0.055
10 Hong Kong 158.6 85.89 0.054
11 Saudi Arabia 188.5 97.5 0.052
12 Switzerland 309.5 157.9 0.051
13 Denmark 212.4 100.9 0.0475
14 Germany 2400 1,071 0.0446
15 United Kingdom 1795 795.2 0.0443
16 Taiwan 293.2 [84] 110 0.038
17 United Arab Em. 70.96 25 0.035
18 United States 10,880 2,8750.026 (Govt
0.0086)
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Summary
The United States has maintained a sizeable defense capability, from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism.Nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and international economy dictate U.S. foreign policy and international involvement.
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