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Chapter 5Digestive System
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Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.
Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs.
Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.
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Chapter 5Lesson 5.1
Background Assessment
What is the difference between the small and large intestine?
What are the three functions of the digestive system? Describe each function.
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Introduction
Digestive or gastrointestinal system
performs three main functions: digestion absorption elimination
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Organs of the Digestive System
The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.
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Oral Cavity
Major parts of the oral cavity
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Anatomy of a tooth
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Salivary glands
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Pharynx
Deglutition
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Esophagus/Stomach
Parts of the stomach
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Small Intestine
Parts of the small intestine
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Small Intestine (cont’d.)
Villi in the lining of the small intestine
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Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestine
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)
Bilirubin pathway from bloodstream to elimination in feces
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)
Besides producing bile and
releasing bilirubin, the liver: helps maintain normal blood glucose
levels manufactures blood proteins
necessary for clotting removes toxins and poisons from the
blood
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)
The pancreas and its functions
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Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus
Food Pathway through the GI Tract
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology
Examples of Combining Forms
Combining Form Meaning Terminology
bucc/o cheek buccal mucosa
celi/o belly, abdomen celiac
dent/l tooth dentibuccal
esophag/o esophagus esophageal
sialaden/o salivary gland sialadenitis
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)
Three types of anastomoses
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)
Examples of Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Terminology
-ase enzyme lipase
-chezia defecation hematochezia
-iasis abnormal condition choledocholithiasis
-prandial meal postprandial
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Chapter 5Lesson 5.2
Critical Thinking ?
Frank, who is 72 yr. old, comes into the ER department with rectal bleeding. What could be the problem? What dietary changes can reduce the risk of this problem?
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Critical Thinking ?
Alexandra has chronic heartburn. What could be causing the heartburn? What is the name for the condition? What can be done to treat it? What could happen if it isn’t treated?
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Pathology of the Digestive System
Examples of symptoms: anorexia - lack of appetite eructation - gas expelled from the
stomach through the mouth steatorrhea - fat in the feces; frothy,
foul-smelling fecal matter ascites - abnormal accumulation of
fluid in the abdomen
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Pathological Conditions
Oral Cavity and Teeth aphthous stomatitis - inflammation of
the mouth with small, painful ulcers dental caries - tooth decay
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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract esophageal varices - swollen,
varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract achalasia - failure of the lower esophagus
sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract colonic polyposis - polyps (benign
growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
diverticulosis - abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall
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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)
LowerGastrointestinalTract anal fistula -
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
colonic polyposis
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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas cirrhosis - chronic degenerative
disease of the liver viral hepatitis - inflammation of the
liver caused by a virus
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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas cholelithiasis -
gallstones in the gallbladder
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