Everything You Need to Know WhenChoosing a New Pool or Spa
CONSUMER GUIDE
www.spasavic.com.au
CONTENTS2 SPASA CEO’s Message
2 Contents
3 Welcome
4 SPASA - The Industry Peak Body
5 Look for the SPASA Member Logo
6 SPASA FACT SHEETS6 The Starting Point
7 Safety Barriers
8 Legislation, Regulation and Contracts
10 Pool & Spa Safety
11 Water Balance
12 Water Conservation
13 Sanitisers
14 Salt Chlorinators
15 Ozonators & Ionisers
16 Filters
17 Solar Heating
18 Gas Pool Heating
19 Electrical Pool Heating
20 Covers & Blankets
21 Cleaning Systems
22 Chemical Controllers
23 Spa Maintenance
24 Water Features
25 Pool Lighting
26 Maintenance
27 Water Wise Behaviour
A WORD FROM OUR CEO
This publication was proudly written, edited, designed and printed in Victoria, Australia!
Published by SPASA Victoria • ABN 66 076 867 091 • www.spasavic.com.au
ISO 14001 EMS Accredited, paper from responsible sources • Printed January 2016
Reproduction of the contents of this book is strictly forbidden unless approved in writing by the Swimming Pool and Spa Association of Victoria.
The material contained in this publication has been compiled by the Swimming Pool & Spa Association of Victoria Ltd (SPASA Victoria) for the benefit of its readers. SPASA Victoria does not warrant or represent that the material is free from errors or omission, or that it is exhaustive. The material is provided without SPASA Victoria assuming a duty of care to readers. SPASA Victoria is not in the business of providing professional advice and gives no warranty, guarantee or representation about the accuracy, reliability or timeliness or otherwise, of the information contained in this publication. SPASA Victoria disclaims, to the full extent permitted by law, all warranties, representations or endorsements, express or implied, with regard to the material including but not limited to, all implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement. The material is made available on the understanding that SPASA Victoria and its employees and agents shall have no liability (including but not limited to liability by reason of negligence) to readers for any loss, damage, cost or expense whether direct, indirect, consequential or special, incurred by, or arising by reason of, any person using or relying on the material and whether caused by reason of any error, omission or misrepresentation in the material or otherwise. Readers of this publication are responsible for making their own assessment of the material and should verify all relevant representations, statements and information with their own professional advisers.
Congratulations on the decision to purchase a pool or spa, or maybe you’re a current owner looking to update.
Either way, your swimming pool is - or will shortly become - a very important part
of your family’s life. Put simply, a swimming pool or spa can enrich your life and in particular, your health.
Your local SPASA member is the most valuable resource available when embarking on the purchase of a spa or pool.
There are many technical and legal issues to consider: contracts, permits, warranties, fencing, insurance, pumps, filters, chemicals, etc. The best way for consumers to ensure a stress-free purchase is to use a proven industry leader, a SPASA member.
All members of the association are bound by a strict Code of Ethics and have specialist industry training and resources made available to ensure that the highest levels of professionalism are maintained.
Many changes are currently occurring with relation to pool and spa fencing and hydraulics - SPASA members have the most up-to-date information available around these laws. I strongly urge you to not use an unregistered builder / installer. You may be exposing yourself, and your family, to unforeseen liability and safety issues.
The pool and spa industry is an important part of the Victorian economy, employing up to 10,000 workers and generating $500 million in revenue annually. Pools and spas also add significant social value to our communities, and are an iconic feature of the Australian way of life.
To make a well informed decision, I encourage you to take the time to review the important information contained in this guide.
Brendan Watkins
Chief Executive Officer SPASA Victoria
Call SPASA for a free copy of our
Member Directory & Awards of
Excellence Showcase magazine, also
available online at spasavic.com.au
MEMBER DIRECTORY &2015 AWARDS OF EXCELLENCE
SHOWCASE
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2 • SPASA POOL & SPA BOOK 2014
A MESSAGE FROM THE CEO
Welcome to the SPASA Consumer Guide, filled with all the need-to-know information for prospective pool owners.
This publication is designed to ensure you, the consumer, has impartial and current advice to make an educated decision.
The Swimming Pool and Spa Asscciation of Victoria came into being in Victoria in 1961 when a small group of pool builders met to discuss their industry. It now covers the entire pool and spa industry across the state and includes: builders, retailers, manufacturers, fencing and service agents. The original aim was to establish standards of business ethics and product quality that would protect the pool and spa buyer and ensure their complete satisfaction.
SPASA seeks to avoid potential misunderstandings by helping prospective pool and spa buyers understand what’s involved in buying, renovating or maintaining a pool or spa. The SPASA Consumer Guide is the start of that process.
The following Fact Sheets outline the basic components of a pool or spa, their functions and their interactions.
They cover the key options and features, but they do not presume to judge which option is best for any particular installation. For that advice, you will need to consult your nearest SPASA member.
Nicole Livingstone, OAMSPASA AmbassadorTriple Olympic Swimmer & Triple Olympic Medallist
WELCOME
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 3
The Swimming Pool & Spa Association of Victoria’s mission
is to represent both SPASA members and the broader
swimming pool and spa industry to the general public,
government and relevant statutory bodies. The Association
strives to enhance its profile as a means of promoting the
significant health and social value of pool and spa use.
Our core goals are to ensure the viability of our members’
businesses and to promote the highest levels of
professionalism, ethical behaviour and standards within the
industry.
Both pool and spa owners’, and members’ interests, are
represented on many technical and government committees,
including Standards Australia, the Victorian Swimming Pool
& Spa Safety Committee and the Victorian Building Authority.
Among many others, we liaise closely with the Planning
& Water Ministers’ Offices, DSE, Lifesaving Victoria, Water
Authorities, Builder Warranty & Liability insurers, WorkSafe,
Kidsafe and the Department of Consumer Affairs – all of
which shape legislation and establish standards of workplace
practices, safety, energy and water use.
To maintain the highest standards SPASA conducts Industry
Training programs, trade events and publish member OHS
training and resource materials. SPASA also promotes the
important consumer-focused Water Neutral Pool Program.
The association promotes pool and spa use to consumers
in several ways, including annual consumer events and
communications.
Promoting member businesses, industry professionalism, safety & pool and spa use.
SPASA • TH E I N DUSTRY PEAK BODY
Standardised Construction
Contracts
The Water Neutral Pool
Program
6
Awards of Excellence Industry Training Program
Pool & Spa Expo
Show
Spa & Pool Show
Consumer Guide
Everything You Need to Know WhenChoosing a New Pool or Spa
CONSUMER GUIDE
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of Excellence Showcase
MEMBER DIRECTORY &2015 AWARDS OF EXCELLENCE
SHOWCASE
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SPASA App
SPASA
4 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
Proud member of
SPASA MEMBERS THE INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALSSPASA has a diverse membership – a member for all occasions.
Whether you are looking for a new swimming pool or spa, to
renovate or maintain your current pool, or to equip your pool
with a fence, cover or water tank there is a SPASA member to
assist you. SPASA members are at the forefront of the industry in
regards to their experience, professionalism and reputation.
Bound by the Association’s strict Code of Ethics, all SPASA
members have demonstrated a history of successful ethical
trading and knowledge appropriate to their membership category.
You should look for the SPASA member logo to ensure you are
dealing with an industry professional – we’ve taken the hard work
out of finding businesses that you can trust with your pool and
spa needs.
SPASA Pool Builder Members are pool
builders with appropriate experience,
practitioner registration and
insurances. Bound by the Association’s
Code of Ethics, SPASA Pool Builder
Members also agree to perform all work
in accordance with Australian Standards, and to meet all legal
requirements.
As part of the application process, SPASA Pool Builder Members
are vetted throughout the industry as to reputation and
professionalism. They are also required to demonstrate exemplary
trade and consumer references.
Only SPASA Pool Builder Members can issue you with a
SPASA Contract – the essential contract of the well informed
consumer. SPASA Pool Builder Members also have access to
the latest technical training, educational programs and industry
specific information to ensure their staff perform with technical
excellence.
M E M B E R
With access to quality training and the
latest industry information, SPASA Pool
Service Members are experienced,
knowledgeable and ready to assist you
at every step to maintain your pool or
spa in the optimum condition.
Our SPASA National Members have
industry interests in multiple states
across the country. Proudly, many of
the Association’s National Supplier /
Manufacturer Members are based in
Victoria, helping fuel a healthy rivalry in
the pursuit of industry excellence.
For a complete list of members see spasavic.com.au/member
SPASA Associate Members can supply
you with the final touches needed to
complete your pool or spa. Pavers,
tiles and water tanks are just some of
the specialised products and services
available through our Associate
Members.
Equipped with the latest regulatory
information from the Victorian Building
Authority, SPASA Pool Fencing Members
can supply you with compliant fencing and
balustrading to secure your pool or spa.
With access to quality training and
the latest industry information, SPASA
Pool Shop Members are experienced,
knowledgeable and ready to assist you
at every step to maintain your pool or
spa in the optimum condition.
At the forefront of the spa sector,
SPASA Spa Industry Members are
proven performers. You are likely to
see them exhibiting at the SPASA
consumer shows, selling you the latest
and greatest in spa technology.
Often behind the scenes but integral to
the smooth operation of your pool or spa
are the SPASA Supplier / Manufacturer
Members. It is their research and
development, innovative design and
quality products that allow you to enjoy
your pool or spa to the utmost.
Look for the SPASA Member logo.
CONSUMER GUIDE • 5
FACT SH E ET 1 • TH E STARTI NG POI NT
“Are You A Registered Building Practitioner?”The First Questions You Should Ask.
WHY USE A REGISTERED BUILDING PRACTITIONER?Every building project, no matter how big
or small, carries some sort of risk. By using
a Registered Building Practitioner you are
engaging a qualified, knowledgeable and
experienced professional.
If you are building a swimming pool or spa
valued over $5,000, the first question you
should always ask your builder is: “Are
you a Registered Building Practitioner?”
Being a Registered Building Practitioner is
a mandatory requirement of SPASA Pool
Builder membership.
You can check if your builder is registered
by calling the Victorian Building Authority on
1300 360 320 or use the ‘Find a
Practitioner’ menu at vba.vic.gov.au
DO SWIMMING POOLS AND SPAS NEED TO BE INSTALLED BY REGISTERED BUILDING PRACTITIONERS?
They should be, installing a swimming pool or spa involves a number of specialised trades and techniques.
By using a Registered Building Practitioner to undertake the work they must provide you with a major domestic building contract for work over $5,000. For work over $16,000 they must also provide domestic building insurance.
Many contracts can be confusing, or in the case of unregistered pool builders, you may even find there is no contract. Only SPASA Pool Builder Members can issue you with a SPASA Contract – a consumer friendly and easy to understand contract for the construction of your swimming pool or spa.
The SPASA Contract is tailored for pool and spa construction and provides the latest
consumer protection.
It is an offence for an unregistered builder to
carry out building work on a swimming pool or
spa where the contract is over $5,000.
For consumer caution / warnings on owner
builders, kit pools and unregistered builders
go to the media section of spasavic.com.au
DO YOU NEED A BUILDING PERMIT?Yes, all swimming pools and spas (both in ground and above ground) greater than 300mm in depth, require a building permit in order to undertake construction work.
A building permit is also required for installing and altering all swimming pool and spa safety barriers, including windows, doors and gates that provide access to a pool or spa area.
You should always check with your municipal or private building surveyor prior to undertaking any building work and obtain a copy of the building permit.
HOW DO YOU RESOLVE BUILDING ISSUES?Your relationship with your builder is like any other business relationship. It carries certain roles and responsibilities and, as a consumer, it is important to know where to go if problems arise. There is a range of services available to advise and assist you to resolve issues or disputes, should they arise. In the first instance you should contact your builder directly to discuss and rectify the problem.
Building Advice and Conciliation Victoria is a one-stop-shop for consumers and builders, providing free advice and assistance to resolve domestic building issues.
BACV is managed and delivered jointly by Consumer Affairs Victoria and the Victorian Building Authority. Available services include advice, conciliation and technical inspections of building work.
You can contact BACV on 1300 557 559 for free advice from trained staff.
Independent legal advice may be sought from the Law Institute on 03 9607 9550.
POOL BUILDER
6 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SH E ET 2 • SAFETY BARRI E RS
Pools & spas are great fun and very tempting for curious children. Every pool & spa must have a barrier and every child must be supervised.Pool and spa barriers are required by
legislation for any swimming pool or spa in
excess of 300mm in depth and must be
maintained for the life of the pool or spa.
The key elements of the relevant Australian
Standard, A.S. 1926.1-2012 are designed
to restrict access by unsupervised young
children, especially those under 5 years of
age, to the swimming pool area.
SAFETY BARRIERSEssentially, a safety barrier can be made of
any material that has a reasonable life span
when exposed to the likely conditions of
weather, pool chemicals, pollution, decay,
insects, salt water spray, impacts, etc.
Safety barriers must have an effective
perpendicular minimum height of 1.2
metres. Existing boundary fences can be
used as a safety barrier provided that they
are well maintained, at least 1800mm high
measured on the inside of the barrier to a
solid finished surface and have no climbable
elements within 900mm measured from the
top of the inside of the fence.
GATESThese must open outward only (away
from the pool area) and have an effective
perpendicular minimum height of 1.2 metres.
They must return to the closed position
and engage the latch automatically from
any position and not re-open without using
the manual release mechanism. The latch
release must be at least 1.5 metres above
ground level unless it (i) is inside the fence
(ii) can only be reached over or through
a fence higher than 1.2 metres or (iii) is
300mm below the fence top (no hand hole)
or at least 150mm away from the edge of
any hand hole opening. Latch releases less
than 1.5 metres above ground level must
be shielded so that no opening greater than
10mm is closer than 450mm. Any hand
hole shall be at least 1.2 metres above
ground level.
WALLSExternal walls of a building can be used as
swimming pool barriers so long as they do
not contain any doors opening into the pool
area and windows are treated to prevent
access to the pool area.
DOORS & WINDOWSDoors from a dwelling are prohibited from
opening into a swimming pool area. The only
exception is for doors opening directly to an
indoor swimming pool or spa.
Acceptable window fixing treatments are as
follows:
• Those totally enclosed by screw fixed security screens that can only be removed by the use of a tool.
• Those that are fixed so the window cannot open more than 100mm max.
• Those with a lowest opening panel not less than 1.8 above the ground level to the pool area.
• Those that have firm fixed metal fly-wire installed that is fixed to the building with fasteners that can only be removed by the use of a tool.
This is only a general summary of A.S 1926.1. Please refer to your local SPASA member or the VBA for more information.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 7
FACT SHEET 3 • LEGISLATION, REGULATION & CONTRACTS
Use the right people and ask the right questions.If there is one thing SPASA members know
a lot about, it’s building pools and spas. It’s
a complex process with a number of steps
to move through. There are also certain
legal requirements that must be met and it
is critical that your intended builder meets
them all. SPASA members stand ready to
help at every step, but it’s a good idea to
familiarise yourself with each one before
you start.
STEP 1: LOOK FOR THE SPASA POOL BUILDER MEMBER LOGO The SPASA Pool Builder Member logo
signifies you are dealing with a company
which is obliged to be registered, is suitably
experienced and insured, and which is a
current financial member of the industry
peak body.
SPASA Pool Builder
Members are the only
builders who can issue
a SPASA Pool & Spa
Construction Contract.
Based on the collective
experience of our
members the SPASA
Contract is detailed but easily understood
by the lay person, and it clearly explains
any exclusions.
STEP 2: MAKE SURE YOU ARE FULLY INSUREDState law requires that domestic building
insurance must be issued for all domestic
building work over $16,000 in total value.
SPASA recommends that you DO NOT
commence any work until your builder has
provided this insurance and you have the
certificate in your possession, or ask to
see the building permit and their builder’s
registration card. The purpose of this
insurance is to ensure that you end up with
a completed pool and / or spa, holding a 6
year structural warranty. Without it, you are
totally unprotected and exposed. And if you
sell your home you will be required by law
to provide this transferable insurance to the
purchaser.
STEP 3: ENSURE YOUR BUILDER IS REGISTERED AND LICENSEDTo provide protection for every person
having building works done, the Victorian
government has legislated that builders
undertaking work with a value over $5,000
must be registered with the Building
Practitioners Board. So, before signing a
contract please check if your builder is a
Registered Building Practitioner, by asking
to see their registration card, calling the
VBA on 1300 360 320 or using the ‘Find a
Practiitioner’ menu at vba.vic.gov.au
STEP 4: ASK IF A TOWN PLANNING PERMIT IS REQUIREDIt is possible that town planning overlays
may apply to the location of your proposed
pool or spa. If so, a town planning permit
for a swimming pool / spa at that address
may be required before a building permit
can be issued. Check with your local
council before commencing any work.
SPASA has successfully negotiated a
general exemption for pools and spas
where the following overlays apply: Design
Development Overlays and Neighbourhood
Character Overlays.
STEP 5: ASK IF A BUILDING PERMIT HAS BEEN ISSUEDPrior to the commencement of work, a
building permit from a Registered Building
Surveyor must be issued to the owner
with the registered builder’s details. The
purpose of this building permit is to ensure
that your pool meets all the applicable
requirements of your municipality, as well
as structural and safety requirements.
In order to obtain this building permit your
builder will need:
• Copy of the Certificate of Title.
• Copy of the block plan showing all existing buildings.
• A letter of authority for the builder to apply for a building permit on your behalf.
• A signed agreement to comply with the requirements to provide a safety barrier / pool fence.
M E M B E R
8 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
In addition to this, the Building Surveyor
will require:
• A copy of town planning permit (if applicable).
• A copy of the insurance certificate (from your pool builder).
Important Note: A certificate of final
inspection will be issued to the owner
with a copy to the builder when the final
pool inspection has been carried out and
approved.
STEP 6: SAFETY BARRIERSPool fencing / safety barriers are required
by legislation for any pool or spa with water
in excess of 300mm in depth and must be
in place prior to filling the pool or spa with
water. The key elements of the relevant
Australian Standard, A.S. 1926-2012 are
designed to deny access by unsupervised
young children, especially those under 5
years of age, to the swimming pool area.
There is an expanded discussion of the
fencing regulations on Fact Sheet 2 “Safety
Barriers”, but it is worth noting here that
fences and gates must have an effective
minimum perpendicular height of 1.2
metres. Existing standard paling fences
can be used provided they meet certain
conditions.
Gates must open away from the pool
enclosure and return to the closed position,
engaging the latch automatically.
Although walls of buildings can be used
as swimming pool safety barriers, child
resistant doors from the building are no
longer permitted for new pools. Windows
within external walls of dwellings are
permitted to open to the pool enclosure but
must be constructed in accordance with
the standard. Please refer to A.S 1926.1 for
the specific details of the safety barrier and
window requirements.
STEP 7: WATERWhen thinking of investing in a pool or
spa is to read up on our Water Neutral
Pool Program. The pleasure derived from
your pool need not impinge on water
catchments. In fact, a Water Neutral Pool
can provide you with a means of producing
thousands of litres of surplus water for use
around the home.
STEP 8: COMPLETIONOnce the pool construction is complete
according to the terms of your contract,
your warranty period begins. At that
point, your builder must issue you with a
Completion Certificate. However that is not
necessarily the end of the relationship. The
pool is under domestic builder’s insurance
for 6 years during which time you are able
to check with your builder if you have any
major concerns.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 9
FACT SH E ET 4 • POOL & SPA SAFETY
Enjoy your pool or spa, while always being conscious of safety.
A pool is just like any other type of playground and exercise equipment. Pool and spa owners can enjoy the benefits, but they also need to be safety conscious.
POOL AND SPA FENCINGSwimming pool regulations require that all swimming pools and spas in excess of 300mm of water must be fenced. Fences must be at least 1.2m high and separate the pool from residential buildings and neighbouring properties. Gates must be self-closing and self-latching, and open away from the pool.
Remember:
• Fencing requirements must be met prior to filling the pool.
• Fencing and gates should be checked periodically and must be maintained to ensure they continue to satisfy the regulations.
• Don’t leave furniture or other items that children can climb on near your pool fence or above-ground pool.
POOL COVERSPool covers are not designed to stop children getting into the pool. Rigid covers may provide a greater barrier but even they are not totally child-proof. Soft covers can give the illusion of being solid but if a child walks on them they will sag and create a pond deep enough to be dangerous.
When the pool is being used, the cover should never be left partially over the pool. If trapped under the cover a child may not be seen.
Remember, pool covers should never be considered a substitute for a fence or proper supervision.
SPASA GUIDELINESThe backyard swimming pool is an Australian icon that for many years has provided good times and healthy recreation for people of all ages.
While swimming pools allow us to get together with our friends and family to share fun, fitness and relaxation, they can also pose a risk. There are some easy to remember rules that need to be followed to ensure the safe use of swimming pools and spas at all times.
SPASA recommends these safety guidelines be followed at all times:
• Supervise children at all times around water. If you need to leave the pool or water area, even for a moment, take the child with you.
• Make sure your pool or spa has compliant fencing and child-proof locking gates. Always remember that a swimming pool fence is not a substitute for supervision.
• Don’t leave furniture or other items accessible that children can climb on near your pool or spa fence.
• Be aware that hair, bathing suit strings and tassels, or body parts can become entangled in an improperly covered drain or suction point.
• Display a resuscitation chart on your pool fence and take a CPR course so you will know what to do in an emergency.
• Familiarise children with water by taking them to swimming lessons at the local pool.
• Make sure all pool users are warned against sitting on, or covering, a drain or suction point. This can cause injury, or in extreme cases, death.
• Empty paddling pools, baths, basins, sinks and troughs when they are not in use.
• Never take your eyes off children when they are in or around water. It only takes a few seconds for a child to drown.
• Alcohol and swimming don’t mix. Never drink around water.
• Most backyard pools are too shallow for diving. Place “No Diving” signs prominently around your pool.
• Be aware that poorly designed pools and spas can create an entrapment hazard. Get a Registered Pool Builder or Building Surveyor to check your pool or spa to ensure safety, replace broken or missing suction covers and have anti-entrapment covers fitted if needed.
• Never put your head under water when in a spa.
The following websites are also recommended for more useful information:
www.royallifesaving.com.au/programs/home-pool-safety
www.kidsafevic.com.au
www.watersafety.vic.gov.au
www.lifesavingvictoria.com.au
www.vba.vic.gov.au
10 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SH E ET 5 • WATE R BALANCE
Like everything in nature, water will always strive to be in balance.
In a pool or spa, we need to help nature
achieve balance. Chemically balanced
and sanitised water provides a healthy
environment for your family and friends, but
untreated, or improperly treated water is not
quite so appealing.
When the chemicals are out of balance,
the water will aggressively seek to balance
itself by either attacking the pool surface,
corroding pool equipment, or forming scale
on various surfaces. This can be expensive
and it can also inhibit the sanitising process.
In simple terms, the pool owner should
balance the pool’s pH, its total alkalinity and
the calcium hardness.
MEASURING PHThe pH reading tells us whether the water
is acidic or alkaline and incorrect levels may
cause itchy skin, red eyes, etc. The pH level
ranges from 0 to 14, with 7.0 being neutral.
Values below 7.0 are acidic.
The Australian Standard for pool water is 7.0
to 7.8 with 7.2 to 7.6 recommended. SPASA
recommends 7.2 to 7.4 for fibreglass pools
and 7.2 to 7.6 for spas.
The pH level can change after heavy rain,
heavy pool usage, topping up the pool, or
adding chemicals, which in turn affects
sanitising. Sanitiser and pH levels should
be checked and adjusted frequently.
Regardless of the chlorination process used,
any pH drift above the recommended range
(7.2 to 7.6) will inhibit the sanitising effect of
your chlorine.
CALCIUM HARDNESSThis is a measure of the amount of dissolved calcium in your pool water. Depending on the other balance factors, the Australian Standard recommends a range of 80 to 500ppm. Both Total Alkalinity and Calcium Hardness need to be in balance. Calcium Hardness cannot usually be tested with the standard test kit so you will need to take a water sample to your nearest SPASA Pool Shop for testing.
In areas where calcium levels are not naturally high, you should only need to test about once a year – unless you are using Calcium Hypochlorite to sanitise your pool.
This chemical raises Calcium Hardness levels, so more frequent testing may be necessary. When adding chemicals, use small amounts, run the filter and test the effect after several hours. Adding large amounts of chemical to achieve large changes can result in large problems.
And always consult your authorised SPASA Pool Shop before buying chemicals or using
them in your pool.
TOTAL ALKALINITY (T.A.)This is a measure of bi-carbonates,
carbonates and hydroxides in the pool. The
Australian Standard recommends a range of
60 to 200 parts per million (ppm).
Usually, 120 to 160ppm in swimming pools
and 60 to 150ppm in spas is the accepted
range, depending on the other balance
factors. Consult your Pool Shop or Pool Builder
for the recommended level for your pool.
Low T.A. will lead to erosion of pool surfaces
and corrosion of equipment. It will also
cause the pH levels to be very unstable so
small additions of chemicals can result in
major shifts in pH. This is sometimes known
as “pH bounce”.
Adding buffer will RAISE the Total Alkalinity.
Adding acid to lower pH will also LOWER
Total Alkalinity. Topping up the pool will
change the Total Alkalinity depending on the
T.A. of the top-up water.
Acids lower the pH and Total Alkalinity
so these two chemical components need
to be adjusted together. And remember,
hydrochloric acid must always be diluted
(one part acid to ten parts of water) before
being added to the pool.
Always add acid to water, never water
to acid. Most importantly, always
check with your SPASA Pool
Builder, Pool Shop or technician
for advice on the best way to
maintain the T.A. in your pool.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 11
FACT SHEET 6 • WATER CONSERVATION
A pool may hold a lot of water, but it doesn’t need to consume very much.
SPASA has embarked on a significant sustainability campaign to guarantee a long-term future for pools and spas in Victoria.
Water conservation is a priority in the State of Victoria. The best thing a pool owner can do is install a new, or convert your existing pool to a Water Neutral Pool.
For full details go to: spasavic.com.au
If you already have a pool or are thinking about buying one, there are many ways to help conserve water. The average domestic swimming pool holds between 20,000 and 60,000 litres of water. Once it’s filled, it should only need topping up occasionally.
Just reducing the amount you top up, and the number of times you do it, can result in significant water savings. Water that is not filtered and balanced can become so contaminated it has to be drained away and replaced. That’s a waste. Poorly maintained pools may also require more frequent backwashing. So the best way to conserve water is to maintain the right chemical balance and ensure your filtration is adequate.
ADEQUATE FILTRATIONRun the filter for 8 to 10 hours a day in summer or whenever anyone is using the pool. This will skim surface leaves and dust away and keep the water clear and clean. Sand or DE filters are cleaned by reversing their flow to flush away any trapped material. This process is called ‘backwashing’, and is wasteful if done too often or for too long. Only continue backwashing until the sight glass provided is clear. See the Filters Fact Sheet No. 10 for more details.
CHEMICAL BALANCEMaintaining the correct water balance will avoid the need to empty and refill your pool, but you don’t have to be a scientist to correctly balance your pool. Just follow these three basic rules. First, adjust the Total Alkalinity level. Second, adjust the pH. Third, ensure the required amount of sanitiser is added either manually or by an automatic chlorinator.
See Fact Sheets No. 5 & 7 on Water Balance and Sanitation for more information and always consult your SPASA Member Pool Shop or service agent before handling chemicals.
CORRECT WATER LEVELThe water level should always remain about half way up the skimmer box opening. Overfilling the pool reduces the effectiveness of the skimmer.
POOL COVERS & WATER TANKSPool owners often invest in a pool cover to keep heating costs down. But these covers also dramatically reduce evaporation and water loss.
SPASA strongly endorses the installation of water tanks to provide adequate supplies of top up water.
LEAKSOne drip per second can waste 7,000 litres of water in a year and a steady dribble would drain the entire volume of water in the pool. All pools - especially older pools - need to be checked regularly for damp spots. Consult your SPASA Pool Shop Member or Service agent for a thorough audit of your entire water management system.
SAFETY SAVES WATER TOOAround a pool, children can become over excited and over confident. They should be supervised at all times when in the pool and their behaviour monitored. “Bombing” and general horseplay can cause accidents and waste a lot of water. Healthy exercise, or relaxation, is what the pool is for; excessive splashing will see many litres evaporate from the surrounding deck or paving.
To put all this in perspective, a pool contains a lot of water but it doesn’t consume very much – or at least it shouldn’t. Showering, watering the garden, washing the dishes all consume much more water. They send it into the ground or down the drain, whereas a pool or spa stores water for use over and over again.
SPASA
Learn about SPASA’s Water Neutral Pool program at: spasavic.com.au
12 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SH E ET 7 • SAN ITISE RS
Pools and spas require ongoing protection from their major pollutant – swimmers.
Bacteria will grow in any untreated body of
water. Swimmers are the primary source
along with top up water, leaves, grass, dust
etc - be aware that a large dog contributes
twenty times as much as a human.
Bacteria are a serious health risk and need
to be killed quickly and effectively. Adding a
sanitiser at recommended levels to the water
regularly will do just that.
Dead bacteria are removed by the filter
and the “residual sanitiser” left in the water
will kill any new bacteria. Most bacteria
will be killed when exposed to residual
sanitiser provided recommended levels are
maintained.
Water testing regularly and adding
the required amount of sanitiser will
maintain the required residual level. It is
recommended to test water prior to using
the pool or spa or at least weekly.
TYPES OF APPROVED SANITISERS:CHLORINE Chlorine is available in granular, liquid,
or tablet form and can be stabilised or
unstabilised. It can also be generated by
a salt-water chlorinator. Each form has its
features and benefits.
Granular chlorine is convenient, easy to
store and relatively cheap, but cannot be
dosed automatically. Liquid chlorine can be
dosed automatically, but is bulky, and has a
limited shelf life due to loss of strength over
time. All work effectively, so consult your
SPASA Pool Shop Member for expert advice.
Safety Note: Never mix chemicals - even
different types of chlorine - fire and / or
explosion may result.
SALT CHLORINATORSSalt chlorinators make chlorine, and come in
different sizes to suit different pools so select
one that is able to produce sufficient chlorine
for your needs. Even then, you may still need
to add extra chlorine from time to time to
maintain a satisfactory residual level.
CHLORINE FREE SANITISERSFor people who have developed an intolerance
to chlorine, or who live with Asthma, there are
sanitisers that do not contain chlorine and that
are registered by the Australian registration
authority, further details at www.apvma.gov.au.
These products include Biaguanide, Hydrogen
Peroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide with Silver
Nitrate (the latter two are liquids and can
be automatically dosed). The residual on
Hydrogen Peroxide based products is several
days.
STABILISERStabiliser (Isocyanuric Acid) is a chemical
added to the pool water to reduce the loss of
chlorine due to the sun’s UV rays. Stabiliser
can also be added manually to the pool, or
in stabilised chlorine. Check the level
of stabiliser in the water periodically.
Stabiliser is not consumed like
other chemicals in the pool,
so it can build up to levels
high enough to inhibit the
effectiveness of the chlorine.
Stabiliser is not required with the chlorine
free sanitisers.
CHLORINE ODOURA strong chlorine smell doesn’t mean too
much chlorine, it may mean too little.
Ammonia can produce chloramines and
these produce odour, sore eyes and itchy
skin. To remove them, add a boost of
“superchlorination”, but always consult your
authorised SPASA Pool Shop first.
HEATED POOLS AND SPASHeated pools and spas require more
sanitiser than non-heated pools because
sanitisers are consumed more quickly in hot
water.
Alternative methods of sanitising pools and
spas are available and are covered in Fact
Sheets 8 and 9. Always consult your local
SPASA members for expert advice on all
pool and spa chemicals.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 13
FACT SH E ET 8 • SALT CH LORI NATORS
People assume swimming or bathing in a salt chlorinated pool or spa must be like swimming in the sea, but it is quite different.Salt chlorination uses an electrolysis process
to produce chlorine from common salt
(Sodium Chloride) which has been added
to the pool or spa water in a measured
amount. The chlorine gas produced by this
process is soluble in water, and so dissolves
instantly to form Hypochlorous Acid which is
the sanitizer used to sterilize the pool or spa
water. Recent developments within the spa
industry have lead to the introduction of salt
water brominators as an additional option for
spa water disinfection.
A salt chlorinator consists of two major
components: the power supply, and the cell.
Recent developments with salt chlorinators
have seen the addition of an ORP probe
which regulates the amount of sanitiser
delivered to the pool or spa water
THE CELLThe cell is the component which pool water
passes through. A very low voltage electric
current is applied to electrodes inside the
cell, causing the electrolysis process to take
place. The electrodes are usually made from
titanium with exotic metal coatings applied
to their surface. Various sizes are available
to suit the pool size / chlorine demand.
THE POWER SUPPLYMost power supplies come with a number of
options: chlorine output control, time clock,
salt level indicators, etc. The power supply
must be matched to the correct size cell.
SELECTING A SUITABLE UNITThe correct salt chlorinator for your needs
will not only depend on the size of the
pool or spa. Larger pools do need larger
chlorinators but the bathing load also has
an impact – high usage consumes more
chlorine.
The size of the filtration system is also a
factor. Poor water flow will require longer
running time. In summer, or in a spa, high
water temperatures and strong sunlight
create an increase in chlorine demand.
HOW MUCH SALT?The amount of salt needed varies depending
on the type of chlorinator. Most models
require only weak salt solutions of between
0.3% to 0.7% (3000ppm to 7000ppm) to
effectively chlorinate a pool or spa.
These levels are between one fifth to one
tenth the level of salt in sea water. Follow the
manufacturer’s recommendations strictly
to avoid damage to the chlorinator and to
ensure adequate chlorine production.
Salt is not consumed in the electrolytic
process but will need to be topped up after
any water loss due to filter backwashing,
splash out, or overflow due to rainfall.
MAINTENANCEThere are maintenance free cells available.
Other cells will require periodic cleaning
to remove the calcium deposits that build
up on the electrodes during electrolysis.
Again, follow the manufacturer’s
instructions strictly to avoid damage to
the assembly.
OTHER CHEMICALSSalt chlorinated pools need to achieve the
same chemical balance as traditionally
chlorinated pools. Total Alkalinity, pH,
Calcium Hardness and chlorine levels
should be checked regularly. Chlorine
stabiliser (Isocyanuric Acid) should be
added to the pool or spa and maintained at
approximately 30ppm to 50ppm, to reduce
chlorine loss due to UV rays.
During periods of high pool usage it may
be necessary to manually supplement
with an alternative sanitiser to maintain
correct chlorine levels, and regular
superchlorination or shock dosing should be
carried out.
As with all chemical issues, check with your
local SPASA member for expert advice.
14 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SH E ET 9 • OZONATORS & ION ISE RS
Sky-blue gas? Heavy metal? There’s more than one way to sanitise a pool or spa.
Ozone is a sky-blue gas formed naturally
by the action of the sun’s ultraviolet rays
or when a large electrical discharge, like
lightning, passes through oxygen. It is a
relatively unstable, highly toxic gas which
decomposes to re-form oxygen and is very
effective against bacteria.
TASTELESS AND ODOURLESS OZONEUsed for many years in the USA and
Europe, ozone is the standard purifier in
both water bottling plants and in pools
approved by the Olympic Federation.
One of the most effective disinfectants and
oxidisers, ozone starts killing bacteria and
oxidising organic waste as soon as it is
injected into the circulation stream.
TOXIC TO MORE THAN BACTERIAAll traces of ozone must be consumed or
removed prior to it reaching the pool, so
small amounts of residual sanitiser like
chlorine or bromine must be used to provide
continuous protection within the pool.
If using ozone with chlorine, follow the
manufacturer’s recommendations on
maintaining pH. If using it with bromine, the
oxidising power of ozone will regenerate the
inactive bromine, reducing the consumption
of bromine product.
Due to its instability, ozone remains in the
water for only a short time and has no
effect on pH or water balance. Nor does it
contribute to Total Dissolved Solids. It can
even reduce the need for shock dosing.
OZONE GENERATORSRecent developments in technology have
enabled manufacturers to produce smaller,
more economical ozone generators more
suited to domestic pools and spas. These
units produce the gas in two ways. Passing
air over an ultra violet light source or
through a Corona Discharge chamber will
generate ozone.
The gas concentration produced in
both systems can vary, so follow the
manufacturer’s recommendations and select
the unit most suited to your pool or spa.
IONISING SILVER AND COPPERAncient Greeks found that water kept in
silver containers mysteriously purified,
and algae didn’t grow in copper water
pots. In the late 19th Century, water was
passed through various porous materials
impregnated with silver creating positive
ions and purifying it.
ELECTRIC HEAVY METALToday, an ion-generating device can be
installed in the circulation system. It’s made
up of an electrode assembly (a copper
electrode & a silver electrode), and
the electronic control unit that
supplies an electric current to
the electrodes. Electrolysis
then passes either silver or
copper ions into the water
where the silver disinfects
and the copper prevents
algae growth.
PURIFICATION AND BALANCEElectrolysis of metals does purify but it
does not chemically balance the water. See
SPASA Fact Sheet No.5 to correctly balance
the water. Silver and copper residual levels
can be measured; however the registration
authorities require maintaining a chlorine or
chlorine free disinfectant residual as well.
The metal ions kill algae and bacteria but they
do not oxidise organic waste. It is therefore
necessary to ‘shock treat’ or ‘super chlorinate’
the pool to oxidise any build up of organic
waste and maintain disinfecting action.
Note that dissolved metals may stain a pool
or spa, or discolour the water. Always keep
the copper and silver residual levels within
the manufactuer’s recommendations.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 15
FACT SH E ET 10 • F I LTE RS
Innovative designs and a focus on quality, make Australia a world leader in pool & spa filtration.
The task of the filtration system is to pump
the water from the pool, pass it through
some form of filter medium and return it to
the pool in pristine condition.
SAND FILTERSBy far the most popular option, these units
force pool water through a tank filled with
finely graded sand. As it passes through, the
impurities attach themselves to the grains
of sand. The larger particles are trapped at
the surface of the sand bed and the finest
particles are collected deep inside the bed
where the grains are more tightly packed.
BACKWASHINGOver time, the accumulated impurities will
restrict the flow through the filter and the
pressure gauge will indicate backwashing
is required. This process can be controlled
by the filter’s multiport valve. Once set to
‘backwash’ this valve will reverse the water
flow and send the unwanted particles down
the ‘waste’ line.
After a minute or so, the water should be
clear again. Usually a sight glass will allow
you to monitor the process. Some filters
even allow for automatic backwashing and
this ensures the filter is always at peak
efficiency, even if it has been left unattended
over winter for example.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH (DE) FILTERSThe water clarity achieved by a DE filter is
quite remarkable, but there is a downside.
DE filters are both more expensive to buy
and more work to maintain.
The DE medium is actually fossilised
diatoms, which are not unlike coral. When
crushed they create a very fine powder and
each grain has microscopic holes running
through it to trap even the finest particles.
It’s added to the filter by mixing with water
in a bucket and pouring the slurry into the
skimmer box.
Once inside the filter, dacron pads, septums
or tubes trap the DE material to form layers
or cakes of DE, and these cakes then begin
to trap the particles in the water flowing
through.
Backwashing is the same as it is for sand
filters but here the DE material is also
flushed away and a new slurry needs to be
added after the backwashing is complete.
For the system to operate efficiently, the
septums will also need to be removed and
hosed down once or twice a year. Pads can
clog at times and using granular chlorine
as a sanitiser can cause a calcium layer to
build up on the pads. So maintenance is
greater but the brilliant end result may be
well worth it.
CARTRIDGE FILTERSAs the name implies, these filters use a
man-made cartridge as the filter medium.
Folded into the tank like a concertina,
the filter material has a surprisingly large
surface area. The principle does not
involve a backwash line so they don’t need
connection to the sewer or waste line. This
makes them ideal for spas and areas where
disposal of waste is an issue.
They can be installed before the pump, and
if necessary inside an oversized skimmer
box when space is restricted. Cleaning is
simply a matter of removing the cartridge
and hosing it off, although having a second
cartridge to use while the clogged unit is
soaking overnight in a cartridge cleaning
solution is recommended.
There are many factors to consider when
selecting the type of filter that’s best for
any installation and it is wise to seek the
advice of a SPASA Pool Builder or Pool Shop
Member.
16 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SH E ET 11 • SOLAR H EATI NG
Increase the use of your pool by up to six months using the free energy of the sun.
Solar systems may vary, but the basic
principal remains the same. Pool water is
circulated through a series of tubes (the
collector) usually mounted on the roof,
where heat is absorbed and the heated
water is then returned to the pool. The
collector can be of either EPDM Rubber,
PVC / TPR material or UV stabilized
polypropylene and is usually supplied in
multi-tube “strips” or panels.
The amount of heat absorbed and the
resultant increase in pool temperature
depends on the size or area of collector
and number of tubes per square metre, the
location or positioning of collector and the
control system used.
SIZE OR AREAThe size of the collector is usually expressed
both in square metres, and as a percentage
of the surface area of the pool. Australian
Standard 3634 suggests a minimum
collector area equal to 60% of the surface
area of the pool, but only in ideal, hot
climate conditions. SPASA recommends
a minimum area of 80% for the majority
of installations. And if higher than average
water temperatures, or extended swimming
seasons are required, then a larger system
may be necessary.
Note that the “area” referred to in relation to
collector size is the area of actual collector
strip NOT the roof onto which it is placed.
LOCATION & ORIENTATIONCollectors (other than those on flat roofs)
should ideally be on north or west facing
roofs. If not, more collector area might be
needed. Avoid shade from objects ie. trees,
neighbouring houses, etc for at least six
hours every day.
PUMPING REQUIREMENTSYou can choose to use either the existing
pump or provide a dedicated pump. With an
existing pump remember:
a) the minimum flow rate for filtration must
be maintained.
b) the filter’s operating pressure should not
be pushed above the manufacturer’s
maximum.
c) the pump should have sufficient capacity
to handle the static head and friction
losses introduced by the addition of the
collector circuit.
The average solar system needs a flow
rate of at least 100 to 200 litres per minute
to operate effectively. So, in most cases a
dedicated solar pump is required.
Check the flow rate of the collector
when selecting your pump
as this will vary with the
diameter of the tubing
used.
To avoid blocking up the
collector with dirt and
debris, use a dedicated
pump with some form
of strainer.
SOLAR CONTROLLERSNobody knows when the sun will shine so
time clocks are of little use in solar heating
systems. Instead, a temperature-sensing
controller will operate the system only when
heat can be gained.
Using a pool blanket can increase the
benefits of solar pool heating. See SPASA
Fact Sheet No.14 on Covers & Blankets.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 17
FACT SH E ET 12 • GAS POOL H EATI NG
Increase your swimming season and the value of your investment.
The ideal pool temperature is around 25 to
28 degrees celsius, but this is very rarely
achieved naturally.
The average unheated water temperature
in most of Victoria is 13 degrees and only
reaches 18 – 20 degrees for short periods
during the swimming season. Gas heating
can quickly and efficiently heat your pool to
a comfortable temperature at any time.
Your swimming season can be as long as
you like, and the value gained from your
substantial investment in your pool will be
much greater.
Increased availability of natural gas and LPG
has made it a popular form of swimming
pool heating. It’s always available and can
be closely regulated so it’s ideal for use on
both pools and spas.
HEATER RATING (SIZING)The gas energy consumed by a gas heater
is measured in Megajoules (MJ), and the
energy output rating is in Kilowatts (kW).
Smaller heaters are in the range of 60
to 100MJ and range through 250 up to
500MJ. The output ranges from 15 to
110kW.
WHAT SIZE HEATER SHOULD YOU CHOOSE?Selecting the right heater depends on a
number of factors. You need to consider the
size of the pool and / or spa, the maximum
temperature you want and how long you are
willing to wait for it to heat up.
If you have a pool / spa combination
remember to consider both when deciding.
Spas usually need to be heated more
quickly and to a much higher temperature
than pools, so select a heater with this in
mind. If only a pool is being heated, it is not
as critical to heat it quickly, so perhaps a
smaller heater could be considered.
CONTROLSAll gas heaters are fitted with thermostatic
controls. These range from simple
mechanical thermostats to sophisticated
digital controls with temperature and status
read out. Heaters connected to pools
and spas must have a safety high limit
thermostatic control with a maximum set
temperature of 42 degrees.
Controls range from the basic to the very
sophisticated. Seek expert advice and
consider your budget, lifestyle and most
importantly, what will best match the way
you want to use your pool and / or spa.
INDOOR OR OUTDOORINSTALLATIONHeaters can be installed indoors but require
special fluing and may require additional
ventilation specifically designed to suit the
size and type of heater to be used. Never
install a heater designed for outdoors
inside unless the appropriate flue is fitted
in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
Heaters should always be installed on a
stable, non-combustible base, preferably a
minimum of 50mm above ground level.
Spa blowers must be located a minimum of
1.5m from outdoor gas heaters, and never in
the same plant room as indoor gas heaters
unless separate ventilation is provided.
COST EFFECTIVE ANDCONVENIENTGas pool and spa heaters are very cost
efficient. Running costs are relatively
inexpensive. On pools, these can be further
reduced, in summer, by incorporating a
solar heating system and, all year round by
using a pool blanket to stop overnight heat
loss.
See SPASA Fact Sheet No.14 on Covers &
Blankets.
18 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SHEET 13 • ELECTRICAL POOL HEATING
Heat pumps are super efficient - just 2kW of electricity can produce 6 to 10kW of heat.
Heat pumps have been used for pool
heating for many years, although mainly for
commercial users. The lowering cost of the
technology sees it now playing a far more
significant role for the home pool owner.
For the technically minded, heat pumps
gather heat from the surrounding
atmosphere by drawing heat through the
unit - it is then transferred to the refrigerant
where the temperature is increased by
compressing the refrigerant.
That heat is then transferred to the pool
water. In this way, heat pumps are a
powered form of solar heating.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS THE KEYElectric heat pumps are extremely energy
efficient. They consume very little electrical
energy to operate, and produce much more
in the form of heat. For example, if a heat
pump consumes 2kW of electricity it will
produce 6 to 10kW of heat energy.
SIZINGPool Heat Pumps range from 6kW to 300kW
output. Which one suits your application
will depend on careful consideration of the
following factors:
• Location – local climatic conditions will have a bearing on performance.
• Target temperature – it’s your choice, however as a guide: - exercise and / or fun pool 24 to 28 degrees C - therapeutic exercise 28 to 35 degrees C - spa pool 34 to 38 degrees C
• Pool volume – the amount of water to be heated can be determined by multiplying the surface area in square metres by the average depth (including wading areas and spa).
• Shading and exposure to wind – these can effect the heat losses and gains of heated water.
• Pool position – indoor or outdoor.
• Swimming season – do you want to swim all year round or just extend the season?
INSTALLATIONHeat pumps are usually installed outdoors
since they extract heat energy from the
surrounding air. If installed indoors, they
require large volumes of intake air, and
the discharge of chilled air must be vented
outside away from the unit. Positioning
of the heat pump should be carefully
considered so that noise levels create
minimal disturbance.
Plumbing can be included as part of the
pump / filter network, or as a separate
heating circuit. Average size domestic
installations generally require a single-
phase electrical connection. Larger pools
may require three phase power. Where
available, time-of-use or off-peak electricity
tariff connection will further reduce running
costs.
CONTROLAll heat pumps should have some form
of flow control device to prevent the unit
operating without adequate water flow. All
are thermometrically controlled with either
analogue dial type units to microprocessed
digital devices. These types all control the
pool temperature to your desired setting with
the digital devices displaying the settings
more clearly.
Some manufacturers also provide additional
controls including time clock and / or pump
interlock to ensure the most economical
operation of the heat pump / pool pump.
The addition of a pool blanket is strongly
recommended. See SPASA Fact Sheet
No.14 on Covers & Blankets.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 19
FACT SH E ET 14 • COVE RS & BLAN KETS
A cover can save water, reduce heat loss and keep out leaves & debris.
A pool and spa cover performs a multitude
of tasks. Stopping evaporation and keeping
the pool and spa clean are the most
obvious. They can keep out the dirt, dust,
airborne micro-organisms and even the
sunlight that promotes algal growth. Some
covers can actively warm the pool while
others aid in heat retention.
SAVING WATERAll covers will significantly reduce
evaporation and are highly recommended.
KEEPING IT CLEAN
In winter, high winds blow debris into the
pool and in autumn leaves from overhanging
trees can fall into an uncovered pool.
Almost all covers and blankets will help keep
this material out of the pool. Mesh covers
are specifically designed for it. They allow
rain water to pass through while leaves
and other debris are trapped. The mesh
is lightweight, strong and held in place by
anchor ropes.
BUBBLE BLANKETSThe most common pool covers are blankets
of tiny, transparent bubbles that are
designed to trap sunlight and warm the
pool. At night a floating bubble blanket also
reduces evaporation thereby reducing heat
loss and chemical consumption.
As bubble blankets are regularly moved on
and off the pool, a roller is very useful.
And once on the roller, their solar efficiency
is so great they need to be covered if they’re
out in the sun to stop them overheating.
THERMAL BLANKETSThermal blankets are designed to insulate
the pool overnight by reducing evaporation
and convection heat loss. They can reduce
pool heating time and costs by reducing the
time it takes to reheat a pool in the morning.
Less evaporation also saves water and
chemical consumption. It can also reduce
condensation on indoor pools. They are not
as thick as a bubble blanket, but a roller is
still almost mandatory.
SLAT COVERSThe latest covers are made up of slats that
roll out onto the pool surface very much
like a horizontal garage roller door. When
fully extended across the pool the slats lock
together to form a barrier that can support
the weight of a small child or a small pet.
Another variation achieves much the same
result using a sturdy material supported
by metal rods at regular intervals. Being
thermal insulators, both these options also
operate like a thermal blanket, in that
they reduce overnight heat loss
and evaporation.
Slatted covers are usually installed during
construction. They are built into an
underground pit at one end of the pool and
appear and disappear through a slot that is
the full width of the pool. They can also be
retro-fitted to existing pools.
20 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SH E ET 15 • CLEAN I NG SYSTE MS
A sparkling clean swimming pool is a joy, and with today’s technology,it’s no chore to keep it that way.There are a number of different types of
cleaning systems, and it’s a matter of choice
to find the one that fits your requirements
and your budget.
You could of course, choose to manually
vacuum your pool on a regular basis - but by
far the most popular choice today is to use
one of the many portable cleaning systems
or a built in cleaning & circulation system.
Broadly, these can be broken into four
categories.
1. Suction Cleaners
2. Pressure Cleaners
3. Electric Self-Propelled Cleaners
4. Built-in In-Floor Systems
SUCTION CLEANERSIn most cases, these systems are designed
to plug into the pool’s skimmer box, and are
powered by the filter pump. They vacuum
the floor in a random pattern, picking-up
debris, and placing it in the skimmer basket,
for later emptying.
Most manufacturers usually recommend
they be removed during swimming times.
PRESSURE CLEANERSThese cleaners are designed in most cases
to use a separate boost pump. They take
some of the filtered water from the pool
return line, boost the pressure, and return
it to the cleaning system. This filtered high-
pressure water is then used to jet into every
corner of the pool. They use venture action
to vacuum debris into a bag or their own
body for later emptying. This method puts
no load on the filter system which makes
it especially useful in very leafy situations.
Most manufacturers recommend they be
removed during swimming times also.
ELECTRIC SELF-PROPELLEDCLEANERSAs the name suggests, these cleaners are
independent devices, operating under their
own low voltage power. They travel the entire
floor of the pool, sweeping and vacuuming
debris, which they pick up and carry in their
own body. They have their own pump and
drive motor as well as a small built-in filter,
which cleans the water before returning it
back into the pool.
This type of cleaner is more suited to
commercial pool operators, as they can
install them at night, after the pool has been
closed for the day, and remove them the
following day.
IN-FLOOR CLEANING SYSTEMSAn in-floor cleaning system is central to
a low maintenance pool - the ultimate in
pool ownership. Not only do they clean the
entire pool, including steps, seats and swim
out areas, they improve heat distribution,
chemical distribution and general
circulation.
Some in-floor cleaning systems
require a separate pump,
while the most energy
efficient systems operate
from a single pump in
conjunction with the
pool’s filtering system.
All in-floor systems pump water through a
valve to sequential groups of pop-up floor
and step nozzles. Water returns to the pool
through these nozzles and directs debris
towards collection points for removal.
The decision to install an in-floor cleaning
system must be made well in advance.
Systems are built into concrete and
fibreglass pools during construction and
should only be installed by accredited
builders backed by a reputable system with
computer designed plans.
Once installed, an in-floor cleaning system is
virtually maintenance free and will keep your
pool spotless. Some pool owners prefer to
turn the system off during swimming.
However, there is no requirement to do so,
as there are no hoses in the pool.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 21
FACT SH E ET 16 • CH E M ICAL CONTROLLE RS
Automatic controllers can now monitor and adjust pool chemical balance with a high degree of accuracy.
Automatic Chemical Controllers are
designed to take the potential for human
error out of the chemical management of a
pool or spa.
They automatically measure and accurately
control the set levels of sanitiser (chlorine or
bromine) and pH balance, the two chemical
components of pool & spa water that require
constant attention.
Manufacturers claim that they reduce
waterborne infections and that constant
small doses mean no chemical smell or
taste. Backwash water can then be used for
watering your garden or lawn.
AUTOMATIC CONTROLConditions in and outside the pool or spa
are always changing and that affects the
demand for sanitiser and pH balance. On
hot, windy days, when the pool or spa is full
of people, the demand for sanitiser is far
greater than on a cool overcast day with only
one person in the pool or spa.
Chemical controllers are truly automatic.
They are programmed to consistently
monitor and maintain chlorine and pH levels
at all times whilst the system is running.
SET-POINTSMost modern controllers are very user
friendly. You can usually adjust the set
points by pressing a touch pad button on a
clearly marked faceplate. These set points
are the levels you select to achieve the
correct chlorine and pH level in your pool
or spa. Once the levels are set, the unit will
automatically maintain those set levels.
PROBES AND SENSORSSome controllers use two sensors, one for
chlorine (ORP) measurement and the other
for pH.
Others combine both into one probe
containing both the ORP and pH sensor.
In both cases the probes sense sanitiser
levels, pH and transmit these signals to the
controller.
DOSING SYSTEMSChlorine and acid, which are readily
available from pool shops, are injected
into the water either by dosing pumps or
solenoid valves.
DOSING PUMPSGenerally, peristaltic pumps are used. They
employ a squeeze tube system and the
tube will eventually need to be replaced.
With higher pressures there can be issues
with the injection point back pressure.
Diaphragm pumps are more expensive but
can inject into higher pressure applications
and are claimed to be more reliable,
especially with automatic bleed valves fitted.
SOLENOID VALVESThese are very reliable and low
maintenance, with only two moving parts.
They require suction to operate. Installation
is before the filter, on the suction side of the
circulating pump, or after by using a venture
system.
MAINTENANCEThe modern Automatic Chemical Controllers
are very low in maintenance requirements.
If an adjustment or calibration of the unit
is required, this can be easily carried out
by untrained persons by just following the
prompts on the controller screen. Probes
do not generally require regular cleaning in
domestic situations.
22 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SH E ET 17 • SPA MAI NTE NANCE
Regular maintenance and common sense will ensure the full benefits of your personal spa.
A spa pool can enrich your life. They can ease tired and aching joints and muscles. And observing just a few simple rules should ensure that you always feel better for the experience.
Spa owners must aways put safety first, please refer to Fact Sheet 2 & 4.
HEALTHY GUIDELINES• Keep the temperature below 40 degrees.
A range of 26 to 36 degrees is ideal.
• Children must be supervised at all times when either in or near the spa or hot tub.
• Spa use should be restricted to approx 20 minutes to avoid stress.
• Never put your head under the water.
• If you have any physical ailments, see your doctor before using a spa or hot tub.
• People with heart or blood pressure problems and pregnant women should seek a doctor’s permission beforehand.
• It is extremely important to ensure alcohol is never consumed while using the spa.
HEALTHY WATERIt’s best to change the water every three to four months, or replace about one-third of the volume every three to four weeks.
Being hot changes the treatment regime for spa pool water. Properly applied, chemicals will keep it clean and healthy eradicating all viruses, bacteria and algae.
Your Spa retailer or local SPASA Pool Shop can provide a test kit and advice on its use.
It’s best to test the water before each use or weekly when not used. Always allow one hour before using the spa after adding chemicals to the water. Regularly check Total Alkalinity, pH and sanitiser (Chlorine or Bromine) levels.
TOTAL ALKALINITYThe range is between 60 to 150ppm (parts per million), with 80 to 120ppm recommended.
TESTING PHThe pH level measures acidity or alkalinity and it is measured on a scale of 1 to 14 with 7.0 being neutral. Below 7.0 is acidic, and above is alkaline. Incorrect pH levels can cause poor chlorine or Bromine efficiency, eye and skin irritations, corrosion of metal fittings, cloudy water and the formation of scale on the pool walls and fittings.
It should be above 7.0 when measured at room temperature to avoid possible corrosion of equipment, and lower than 7.8 to ensure sanitiser efficiency. The recommended range is 7.2 to 7.6. It can be increased by adding soda ash and reduced by adding acid, always test again after one hour.
SANITISINGChlorine or Bromine can keep your spa free of harmful micro-organisms. Ozone may also be used, but there is no residual so chlorine or Bromine must be used in conjunction with it.
Salt water chlorinators are generally designed to chlorinate swimming pool water volumes and may produce excessive chlorine when used on spas. If choosing a salt chlorinator, ensure it is designed and sized to produce the correct level of chlorine required to sanitise a spa.
CHLORINE FREE SANITISERSFor people who have developed an intolerance to chlorine, or who live with Asthma, there are sanitisers that do not contain chlorine and that are registered by the Australian registration
authority, further details at www.apvma.gov.au. These products include Biaguanide, Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide with Silver Nitrate (the latter two are liquids and can be automatically dosed) The residual on Hydrogen Peroxide based products is several days.
CHEMICAL DOSAGEThe amount of disinfectant required depends on water temperature and on how many people use it and how often. Very hot water consumes the sanitiser very quickly so check the level regularly when in use. Chlorine must be kept at 2 to 3ppm, Bromine at 3 to 4ppm and Hydrogen Peroxide 100ppm.
After heavy use, the water should be shock dosed with sanitiser or chlorine free oxidiser weekly.
Be sure to check the level again before use. And if the spa or hot tub is not being used, add sanitiser every day to prevent contamination.
GENERAL MAINTENANCEIt is important to keep the filter and pump clean. Clean the filter regularly and empty hair and lint from the pump as often as required.
Store chemicals in a cool dry place and always OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. Never mix chemicals together and never add water to chemicals - only add chemicals to water.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 23
FACT SH E ET 18 • WATE R FEATU RES
Today’s pools are created with more than just swimming in mind. With a little imagination and some professional guidance you too can create your own oasis.The soothing sights and sounds of running
water have been intriguing people for
generations. Even before Roman times, man
has been inventing ways to move water to
create beautiful effects.
Today, these effects are created by two
types of water feature – the waterfall and the
fountain – and with modern technology, the
only limitation today is your imagination.
The number of “off the shelf” devices now
available gives the domestic swimming pool
owner a vast range of options.
WATERFALLSProbably the most popular water feature
today is still the waterfall. These can be
installed in raised walls or rock mounds,
and are the ideal way to draw attention away
from those less attractive features of the
backyard - the boundary fence, the service
area, the clothes line, etc.
Many of the smaller waterfalls will run off
the filter pump. So there are no additional
running costs. Larger features may require
separate pumps to operate.
Manufacturers of the “off the shelf” units
can provide the flow rates required so you
can design the perfect system for your
requirements.
Waterfalls can be divided into two
categories.
The more formal or structured systems
involve a sheet or fingers of water that
cascade in a very controlled and stylized
manner. Most commonly, the water falls
from a long pre-fabricated slot, or from holes
in a wall, down into the pool.
The less formal type or natural waterfalls
are constructed in situ and involve water
tumbling over rocks into the pool.
FOUNTAINSThere are numerous forms and styles of
fountains today. Some of the more formal,
cascading systems may require a separate
section to be added on to the pool.
However there are many single or multiple
stream water jets that can be mounted in
the pool wall, or even in the pool coping.
These styles can be made to arch up, over
and into the pool, creating both a stunning
visual effect and the relaxing sound of
tumbling water.
24 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
FACT SH E ET 19 • POOL L IG HTI NG
Enjoying your pool shouldn’t be limited to daylight hours. Maximize your investment by installing pool lights.
Many of us do not have time to swim during
daylight hours. Installing underwater pool
lights allows you to swim safely and enjoy
your recreation time in the pool at night.
Your pool and spa are a feature in
your garden. Without lights, your pool
feature becomes a black hole at night.
A comfortable ambience can be created
using lighting. At night your pool can be
transformed from a swimming centre to a
tranquil, relaxing entertaining area.
WHAT LIGHTS ARE AVAILABLE?Underwater lights are available in two styles.
You can install a Surface Mounted Light or a
Flush Mounted Light, commonly known as
a Niche.
The Surface Mounted Light is installed on
the side of the pool wall. Which brand of
light you choose will help to indicate how far
the light will protrude from the pool wall.
The Flush Mounted Light is installed inside
the pool wall and exposes only the face-plate
of the light, therefore it sits flush against
the pool wall with minimal protrusion. It
is always advisable to discuss which style
of light is suitable for your pool with your
chosen SPASA member.
HALOGEN VS LED Once you have chosen the exterior of your
light you will then need to decide whether the
pool light internals should be a Halogen globe
or an LED. Light output for either of the above
varies according to the brand of light, and
should be discussed in detail with the SPASA
member, light manufacturer or builder.
The difference between the two: When
choosing Halogen lights, a higher wattage
always produces a brighter light - the only
way to produce more light is to use more
power. By comparison, one of the key
benefits of high quality LED technology
is the ability to deliver more light while
using less power (compared to Halogen
technology).
As technology evolves, lights are becoming
brighter while their energy consumption
remains the same or even reduces.
Therefore, it is possible for an advanced
10W LED light to have a noticeably higher
light output than a less advanced 20W LED
light. The technical term for this is Luminous
Efficacy – how many lumens of light are
produced for every Watt of power used. A
common mistake is selecting an LED light
based on lumens or watts alone. LED light
selection should be based on Luminous
Efficacy to ensure that you get both a bright
and efficient LED for your application.
MORE INFORMATION All underwater lights require a waterproof
rating of IPX8 and new installations must not
exceed 12V A/C or 30V D/C.
Your light must be water cooled at all
times. It must never be turned on
unless it is completely submerged
in water, otherwise damage will
occur. Cable size and cable
length have an effect on voltage.
Extending or reducing supplied
cable lengths can alter the
performance of the light. If you
are unsure contact the light
manufacturer.
Always ensure your lights are positioned,
installed and accessible, leaving enough
cable length behind the light for ease of
servicing. The depth of the light should be
between 300 to 400mm from the top of
the coping, any deeper will make the light
difficult to service.
Use your pool light at least fifteen minutes
per week. This will aid in removing any
excess moisture within the light cavity and
increase the longevity of your globe.
Positioning and quantity of lights is
important. Safety for swimmers at night
should be taken into consideration when
positioning your lights. To maximize and
create pleasing effects seek advice from
the underwater light manufacturer or your
chosen SPASA Pool Builder Member.
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 25
FACT SH E ET 20 • MAI NTE NANCE
Consider a regular maintenance program as insurance to protect the life of your pool and equipment.
A regular maintenance program can provide
the following benefits to the new pool owner.
PREVENTIONRegular check-ups or visits allow the pool
shop and service department to come to
you. This is usually done on a monthly basis,
but can be as frequent as fortnightly and
weekly during the peak swimming season.
Generally it is organised as required to
achieve the best possible performance
for your pool water quality and equipment
function.
Make sure the Pool Service technician that
performs your regular maintenance visit is
SPASA trained and qualified to service and
repair your pool or spa investment.
Filtration equipment performance and new
finish protection can be enhanced with
regular check-ups, to correct faults before
expensive replacement is required.
HEALTHY LONG LIFECorrect water balance and salt levels are
required to maintain healthy water for
bather comfort, sanitiser performance
and equipment protection. Many new
rendered pool interior finishes require
strict chemical level control to ensure the
maximum life expectancy and good looks
are retained. Regular visits by a SPASA
trained pool technician will achieve this
task and will provide the correct mineral
and salt additions, “no more and no less”
to save wastage and the storage of bulk and
hazardous chemicals.
Your maintenance visits can be tailored to
the use of the pool and spa. You may choose
to increase visits during the swimming
season to achieve maximum use, but still
maintain regular visits during the off season
when neglect can cause unseen equipment
and interior pool surface damage.
ALWAYS READYYour new swimming pool and spa is
an entertainment area; your family and
friends deserve to have a healthy and safe
environment to enjoy for the maximum time
weather conditions allow.
The pool can be kept in tip top condition, so
it is always ready when the hot weather hits
or the special pool party is arranged.
The best advice on heating your pool is
readily available to save time and money,
but most importantly to get the most use
from your pool and spa.
Pool systems are becoming more
sophisticated with automatic control units,
heating systems, and filtration and dosing
systems installed. Regular check-ups like
your car maintenance, ensure that the
chance of breakdown is dramatically
reduced. However, if something does
fail, attention is usually super
quick, as your SPASA trained
pool professional is intimately
acquainted with your system’s
operation and is dedicated to
return the pool back to full
operation.
POOL SERVICE
P O O L S H O P
26 • SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE
Ideas for how you can actively conserve water while still enjoying your swimming pool or spa.
SPASA has developed the Water
Neutral Pool Program as an
industry “best practice” guide
for consumers. A Water Neutral
Pool utilises both water saving
and water harvesting devices to
ensure that it is water-wise.
Purchasing a new pool that is
Water Neutral, or retro-fitting an
existing pool, will generate real cost savings
through reduced chemical, water and
energy use.
The Water Neutral Pool Program is
explained on Page 12 or check out the full
story at: spasavic.com.au
It’s not as challenging as you may think,
all you need is a tank, pool cover and a
backwash minimising system.
HOW CAN I PREVENT EVAPORATION?Evaporation is a major cause of water loss
from your swimming pool. It is important to
remember that most evaporation occurs in
the early evening and can be prevented by
covering the pool’s surface.
COVER YOUR POOLThis lowers the pool’s temperature,
decreasing evaporation while also preventing
debris from falling on the pool surface. By
preventing sunlight from penetrating the
water, you will also reduce the amount of
chemicals needed to keep the pool clean.
Pool covers are generally more expensive
than blankets. They cover the whole pool,
preventing up to 95% of evaporation,
compared with a blanket where there may
be gaps between a blanket and the edge of
a pool.
Pool blankets are an affordable option,
available in bubble plastic or foam, which
float on the surface of the water.
Liquid pool covers are another alternative
available for those who don’t want to hide
their pool water with a cover or blanket. The
chemical forms a barrier on the surface of
the water which inhibits evaporation by up
to 40%.
INCREASE SHADE By covering the pool area with shade you
can further reduce evaporation as well as
protecting swimmers from sunburn.
PREVENT WIND EXPOSURE Wind contributes to evaporation. To reduce
water loss, adjust the landscape around
your pool with walls and hedges that create
shelter from the wind.
TANK TO POOL SYSTEMSInstalling a rainwater tank is a great way
to reduce the use of mains water in your
swimming pool. For more information on
rainwater tanks visit savewater.com.au
Rainwater diverters are an inexpensive
alternative to installing a tank. They attach
to a downpipe and can be used to divert
rainwater into your swimming pool. You
should consult a plumber about storm water
diversion.
WHAT TYPE OF FILTER SHOULD I USE?Sand filters require backwashing which, if
you backwash every week in summer, can
use up to 5000L of water every year. It is
recommended that you purchase a cartridge
filter if you are installing a new pool or
replacing the filter. Cartridge filters do not
require backwashing to be cleaned so they
use less water. If you are not at a stage
where you can change to a cartridge filter,
there are secondary filter systems which
will allow you to return water used in back
flushing to the swimming pool.
HOW CAN I PREVENT LOSS OF WATER FROM SPLASHING?Avoid overfilling your pool. The water level
should be about half way up the skimmer
box opening for the filter to function
properly.
MAINTENANCE• Backwash only when necessary.
• Check regularly for cracks and leaks.
• Keep the pool and filters clean to reduce frequency of filter backwashing.
• If acid has been used to clean the pool, the water should be neutralised.
HOW CAN POOL CHEMICALS SAVE WATER?By maintaining the correct balance of
chemicals in your pool year round, you will
prevent your pool water from going green
over winter. This means you won’t need
to empty and refill the pool in spring. And
will also prevent you from having to discard
polluted water.
SPASA
SPASA CONSUMER GUIDE • 27
www.spasavic.com.au
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