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Page 1: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary

Observations

R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at

UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland, and R. Mewaldt at Caltech

Page 2: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Krucker and Lin 2002

Page 3: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Electron -3He-rich SEP events

- ~1000s/year at solar maximum

- dominated by: - electrons of ~0.1 (!) to ~100 keV energy

- 3He ~10s keV/nuc to ~MeV/nucx10-x104 (!) enhancements

- heavy nuclei: Fe, Mg, Si, S enhancements- high charge states

- associated with:

- small flares/coronal microflares - Type III radio bursts - Impulsive soft X-ray bursts (so also called

Impulsive SEP events)

Page 4: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

L=v(t-to) or L/v=t-to ~0.05 MeV/nuc -1/v of 3He (Mason & Mazur)

~1.5 MeV/nuc - 1/v for Electrons /

Electrons 0.14–13 keV

Electrons 20 – 350 keV Ions ~ 0.5 – 1 MeV

Page 5: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,
Page 6: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,
Page 7: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Electron spectrum at 1AUTypical electron spectrum can be fitted with broken power law:

Break around: 30-100 keVSteeper at higher energies

Oakley, Krucker, & Lin 2004

Page 8: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Comparing spectraPHOTON SPECTRA:Power law fit to HXR spectra averaged over peak

ELECTRON SPECTRA:Power law fit to peak flux

Assuming power spectra:

THIN: = – 1THICK: = + 1

RESULTS:1) correlation seen2) values are between

Page 9: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Wang, Krucker, Lin, & Gosling, 2005

Page 10: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Wang, Krucker, Lin, & Gosling 2005

Page 11: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Wang, Krucker, Lin, & Gosling 2005

Page 12: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Wang, Krucker, Lin, & Gosling 2005

Page 13: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

The Sun is the most energetic particle accelerator in the solar system:

- Ions up to ~ 10s of GeV - Electrons up to ~100s of MeV

Acceleration to these energies occurs in transient energy releases, in two (!) processes:

- Large Solar Flares, in the lower corona

- Fast Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), in the inner heliosphere, ~2-40 solar radii

Page 14: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,
Page 15: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,
Page 16: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

X-Class Flare of 2002 July 23

• 00:27:20–00:43:20 UT• GOES X4.8• Location: S13E72

(Lin et al. 2003)

Page 17: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,
Page 18: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

RHESSI Gamma-Ray Flares2002 July 23 X4.8

2003 June 17 M6.9

2003 October 28 X17

2003 October 29 X10

2003 November 2

X8.3

2003 November 3

X3.9

2004 November 10

X2.5

2005 January 15 X2.6

2005 January 17 X3.8

2005 January 19 X1.3

2005 January 20 X7.1

Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI)

Page 19: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Mewaldt et al 2005

Page 20: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

(Mewaldt et al. 2005)

Page 21: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Oct. 28, 2003, RHESSI solar count spectrum from 11:06:20 – 11:10:04 (Smith et al. 2004, Share et al. 2004)

e+ - e- n-capture

bremsstrahlung

narrow linesbroad lines

Page 22: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Murphy 2004

Page 23: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

Energetic Proton Power-law Exponents

28 Oct 03 2 Nov 03

S16E08 S15W56

γ-ray lines Energy range γ-ray (SEP) γ-ray (SEP)

Ne/C+O 2-20 MeV 2.0-3.2 (1.3) 1.6-3.2 (1.7)

e+/C+O 10-50 MeV 2.2-3.3 (2.0) 2.3-3.3 (2.8)

n-capt/C+O 10-100 MeV 2.8-3.8 (2.5) 2.8-3.8 (3.0)

Page 24: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,
Page 25: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

GOES soft X-rays

RHESSI 2.2 MeV line

RHESSI 100-200 keV

RHESSI hard X-rays

WIND/WAVES radio

WIND/3DP electrons

Page 26: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

20 Jan 05 FlareRHESSI Gamma-ray Spectrum - 20 Jan 05 Flare

Page 27: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,
Page 28: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

In the Jan 20 Event the high energy particle-intensities reach Earth just minutes after the x-rays from the flare

Page 29: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

RHESSI X-ray imaging during HXR peak:

X-ray imaging

Two ribbon flare with HXR footpoints (contours) with thermal loop (image)

Page 30: Constraints on Particle Acceleration from Interplanetary Observations R. P. Lin together with L. Wang, S. Krucker at UC Berkeley, G Mason at U. Maryland,

TimingRed line (06:48UT):Solar release time derived from onsets at 1 AU assuming first arriving particles travel with the speed of light along L=1.2 AU

LASCO (06:54UT): Around ~3 solar radii; lines show height assuming a constant velocity.For v=2500km/s, CME could be at ~1.5 solar radius at particle release time.

Red crosses:Rising SXR loops (top of SXI emission)

2.2 MeV peaks at 06:47:30UTHXRs peak at 06:45:00UT