COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL IN BROILERS:CHANGES AND ADAPTATIONS -
ARE WE REALLY MAKING PROGRESS?
KENNETH W. BAFUNDO, PH.D. PHIBRO ANIMAL HEALTH
USA: DISEASES OF GREATEST CONCERN
1987 1991 1995 1999
AIR SAC IBD AIR SAC J-VIRUS
IBD AIR SAC BRONCH- ITIS
COCCI
ENTER- ITIS
ASCITES COCCI INF. PROCESS
COCCI LEG PROBS.
IBD BRONCH- ITIS
Coccidiosis: Ranking Among Subclinical Diseases of Broilers
H. Cervantes, 2002 Proc. Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp. 220-223
COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL: TRADITIONAL POINTS
OF EMPHASIS
• MANAGING THE DISEASE THROUGH EFFECTIVE ANTICOCCIDIAL USAGE
• MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE • MINIMIZE LESIONS • MAXIMIZE PROFITABILITY
COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL:RECENT POINTS OF EMPHASIS
• COST OF PRODUCTION • SIGNIFICANT POLICY SHIFTS
– EU: ANTIBIOTIC BANS • ARE IONOPHORES NEXT???
• RE-IMMERGENCE OF NECROTIC ENTERITIS • LIVE COCCI VACCINES IN BROILERS • IONOPHORE ANTICOCCIDIALS FOR NE
CONTROL
COST OF PRODUCTION
• AGRI-STATS AND INDUSTRY NEEDS – QUANTIFIES ALL ASPECTS OF
PRODUCTION – YARDSTICK AMONG COMPETITORS – INPUT COST IS A PRIMARY CRITERION – BIRD HEALTH AND OVERALL
PROFITABILITY ARE SECONDARY
ANTICOCCIDIAL DATA
GENERATED BY AGRISTATS, INC. • ~155 INTERGRATOR MILLS IN U.S.A. • 90% SUBMIT PRODUCTION DATA • AGRISTATS PROCESSES DATA,
PROVIDES SUMMARIES TO INDUSTRY, ETC.
• SOME ‘EXPERIMENTAL ERROR’ INVOLVED
USA: Quarterly Salinomycin Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
USA: Quarterly Monensin Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
USA: Quarterly Narasin Use1997-2001 (pounds x 106)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
USA: Quarterly Semduramicin Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
USA: Quarterly Lasalocid Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
USA: Quarterly Nicarbazin Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)
USA: Quarterly Maxiban Usage 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr
LEAST-COST RECOMMENDATIONS
• LOW DOSAGES • MINIMAL FEEDING TIME • EXTENDED WITHDRAWALS • RELIANCE UPON IMMUNITY
A COMMON LEAST COST EXAMPLE: TO DAY 16 DAY 17 TO 28 AFTER 28
SALINOMYCIN ------------------- 44 PPM 55 PPM WD
Theoretical "Bell Curve" of Coccidiosis
Inci
denc
e of
Le
sion
s
0
1.5
3
4.5
6
Days of Age7 14 21 28 35 42 49 54
LEAST-COST TO TRADITIONAL
• AGRISTATS – NICARBAZIN BASED SHUTTLES
HAVE MORE THAN DOUBLED (225%) FROM 2002 TO 2003.
– MEDICATED FEED HAS INCREASED INCREMENTALLY FROM 2002 TO 2003.
FROM LEAST-COST TO TRADITIONAL
• FROM: STRAIGHT SALINOMYCIN – 44 TO 55 PPM
• TO: NICARBAZIN 125 ! IONOPHORE – WINTER 2003 (DEC. TO MARCH) – MULTIPLE COMPANIES – OVER 1 BILLION BIRDS FED
FROM LEAST-COST TO TRADITIONAL
• RESULTS (ACROSS INDUSTRY): – GENERALLY, 3 POINT IMPROVEMENT IN F/G
• E.G. 1.87 ! 1.84; 5 lb. CHICKEN • 0.15 lbs./ BIRD @ $130 US/TON
– FEED SAVINGS: ~ $10,000,000 – NICARBAZIN COST: ~$650,000
• NET FEED SAVINGS: ~ $9,000,000
STRATEGIC USE OF ANTICOCCIDIALS
• STRAIGHT PROGRAMS
• SHUTTLE PROGRAMS
• ROTATIONAL PROGRAMS
RATIONALE FOR SHUTTLE PROGRAMS
• IMPROVE FLOCK PERFORMANCE • MAINTAIN EFFICACY • REDUCE LESION SCORES • REDUCE RESISTANCE
DEVELOPMENT • IMPROVE PROFITABILITY
RELIABILITY OF SHUTTLE PROGRAMS
• STARTER FEEDS
– NICARBAZIN – NICARB COMBOS – OCCASIONALLY,
OTHER CHEMICALS
• GROWER FEEDS
– IONOPHORES
LENGTH OF ROTATION PROGRAMS IN MONTHS
3-D Column 1% USERS
ROTATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
• THREE WELL-DESIGNED PROGRAMS PER YEAR
• STRATEGIC MIX OF STRAIGHT AND SHUTTLES PROGRAMS
• SEASONALLY STRUCTURED • PLANNED • WELL-MONITORED
NECROTIC ENTERITIS
NECROTIC ENTERITIS IN BROILERS
• CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS – GRAM POSITIVE – SPORE FORMING – TOXIN PRODUCING – NECROTIZING LESIONS AFFECT GUT
STRENGTH – AFFECT CARCASS CONTAMINATION
– MORTALITY – OPPORTUNISTIC
• COCCIDIOSIS, ETC., CERTAIN FEEDSTUFFS
NECROTIC ENTERITIS IN BROILERS
• CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS – MOST COMMON IN EU – > 40% OF EU BROILER FLOCKS TREATED
• AMOXYCILLIN, AMPICILLIN
• USE OF IONOPHORES TO HELP CONTROL NE
USE OF THERAPEUTIC ANTIBIOTICS IN POULTRY: UK
0
6
12
18
24
1999 2000
24
11
>118%
13 tons
IONOPHORES AND NE:DENMARK
IONOPHORE USAGE HAS INCREASED >184% SINCE THE
ANTIBIOTIC BAN IN 1998.
Animal Pharm, August 2, 2002
COCCIDIOSIS AND NE IN BROILERS: EU
IONOPHORES WILL BE BANNED FOR GROWTH PROMOTION IN 2006!
WILL THE EU BAN IONOPHORES FOR THE CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS IN
BROILERS?
IONOPHORES IN THE EU
• IONOPHORES ARE ANTIBIOTICS • CURRENT STATUS IS UNDER REVIEW • NEW GUIDELINES BY 2008 • IF CHANGES OCCUR, WILL AFFECT
OTHER BROILER PRODUCTION AREAS (E.G. LATIN AMERICA, THAILAND, ETC).
LIVE OOCYST VACCINES
APPLICATION FOR BROILERS AND BREEDER PULLETS
LIVE COCCIDIOSIS VACCINES
• LIVE VACCINES HAVE THE CAPACITY TO INTRODUCE DRUG SENSITIVE STRAINS OF COCCIDIA INTO A BROILER PRODUCTION FACILITY
• NOW USE BY SOME AS A ROTATION OPTION
LIVE OOCYST VACCINES
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS: • ADMINISTRATION OF THE VACCINE • LITTER TYPE AND DEPTH • PARTIAL HOUSE BROODING • MANAGEMENT • PROCESSING AGE (BIRD WEIGHT) • NECROTIC ENTERITIS • ANTIBIOTIC USAGE
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESS OF A VACCINATION
PROGRAM• THE GREATEST SINGLE FACTOR
INFLUENCING THE SUCCESS OF THE VACCINATION PROGRAM IS ENSURING ALL BIRDS ARE EXPOSED TO THE OOCYSTS IN THE VACCINE. – WATER, FEED, EYE SPRAY, GELATIN
‘PUCK’, COARSE SPRAY – IN OVO APPLICATIONS?
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESS OF A
VACCINATION PROGRAM
• PULLET AND BROILER VACCINES ARE DIFFERENT • USE THE APPROPRIATE VACCINE!
• TAKE EXTRA CARE TO BE SURE THAT ALL BIRDS ARE PROPERLY EXPOSED
• AMPROLIUM MAY BE REQUIRED TO LIMIT COCCIDIAL INFECTIONS
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
VACCINATION PROGRAMS
• PARTIAL HOUSE BROODING • NUTRITION
– WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS MAY HELP
• MANAGEMENT – LITTER MANAGEMENT – BUILD-UP LITTER – LITTER MOISTURE – VENTILATION – WATER MANAGEMENT
POTENTIAL VACCINE IMPROVEMENTS
• ADDITIONAL EMPHASIS ON LIVE OOCYST VACCINES
• IMPROVING OOCYST VIABILITY • CUSTOMIZING VACCINE SPECIES • IN OVO APPLICATIONS
CHANGES AFFECTING THE FUTURE OF COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL
• REGULATORY ISSUES AND THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
• EFFECT ON PHARMACEUTICAL INTEREST – RESEARCH SLOWED DRAMATICALLY – REJECTION OF ANY ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY
• CONTINUED EMPHASIS ON EXISTING PRODUCTS
MANAGEMENT AND COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL
MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR BROILERS
• TEMPERATURE: ZONE OF THERMAL NEUTRALITY
• AIR QUALITY: SUFFICIENT TO PREVENT RESPIRATORY STRESS/INSULT
• NUTRIENT QUALITY AND AVAILABILITY • LITTER QUALITY: LIMIT VIABILITY OF
INFECTIOUS AGENTS • STABLE HEALTH PROGRAMS
MANAGEMENT AND COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL
• FEED AND FEED QUALITY • ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
• AIR QUALITY • MOISTURE REMOVAL • FEED AND WATER MANAGEMENT • STRESS • BIRD DENSITY • LITTER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL
• EFFECTIVE VIRAL VACCINATION • IBD, MAREK’S, IB
• CHICK QUALITY • DOWN TIME
COCCIDIOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
“FARM, GROWER, HOUSE MANAGEMENT IS THE PRIMARY FACTOR IN DETERMINING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ANTI-COCCIDIAL PROGRAM.”
M.K. ECKMAN, 1995
COCCIDIOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
“THE GREATEST OPPORTUNITITES FOR IMPROVED FLOCK PERFORMANCE CONTINUE TO LIE IN PROVIDING THE OPTIMAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC POTENTIAL IN BROILER PROGENY THAT ARE SELECTED FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS IN MEAT PRODUCTION.”
M.K. ECKMAN, 1996
ARE WE REALLY MAKING PROGRESS?
PROGRESS?
• YES, ALTHOUGH INCREMENTAL • THE PENDULUM IS SWINGING
BACK TOWARD THE CENTER. • AFTER EXPERIMENTING, WE ARE
RE-LEARNING • WE NEED TO CONTINUE THE
PROCESS
PROGRESS IN THE FACE OF CHALLENGE
• SIGNIFICANT REGULATORY CHALLENGES • INFLUENCE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
EFFORTS • LIMIT AVAILABILITY OF NEW AND OLD
TECHNOLOGIES • MAGNIFY THE IMPORTANCE OF OUR
EXISTING PRODUCTS • REQUIRE PRUDENT CURRENT USAGE
Top Related