Clinical Assessment of Lower Urinary Tract
Dysfunction
Hann-Chorng KuoDepartment of UrologyBuddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Storage symptoms Frequency, Urgency, Nocturia Incontinence Suprapubic fullness and pain Empty symptoms Hesitancy, Intermittency, Small caliber, Dysuria, Residual urine sensation
Urinary Incontinence Stress incontinence Urge incontinence Total incontinence Overflow incontinence Giggle incontinence Nocturnal enuresis
Voiding Diary
Physical Examination Abdominal physical examination Bladder, Operation scar Perineal examination Cystocele, Rectocele, Uterine prolapse Urine leakage on cough, fistula Vaginal mucosa, Vaginal tenderness Neurological examination B-C Reflex, PFM contractility, Anal tone
Sensory dermatomes of perineum & extremities
Clinical investigation of Lower urinary tract dysfunction
Urethral sounding Prostatic fluid examination Ultrasound examination Pad weighing test Cystourethroscopy Potassium chloride test
Urethral Sounding
Prostatic Massage andExpressed prostatic secretion
Prostatitis Acute bacterial prostatitis Chronic bacterial prostatitis Abacterial prostatitis Prostatodynia (perineal pain syndrome) Using available symptom score or index
to assess symptomatology
Symptomatology of Prostatitis Pelvic pain syndrome Disturbance in urination Disturbance in sexual function Depression Disturbance in intimate relationships
Diagnosis of Prostatitis Expressed prostatic secretions show nu
merous WBC and macrophage Abnormal EPS: WBC>10 or 15/HPF After massage U/A: WBC >10/HPF Calcification in prostatic ultrasound Elevated prostatic specific antigen Increased EPS PH (>7.8)
Ultrasound Examination in Male LUTS Prostate enlargement is not indicator of
BOO in men with LUTS Transition zone index provides a better
indicator for BOO Bladder neck dysfunction Trabeculated bladder Low residual urine
Prostatic Configuration in Transrectal ultrasound
Prostatic enlargement Benign prostatic enlargement Prostatic cancer
Correlation of TZI with Prostate volume & Qmax
Clinical Prostate ScoreUroflowmetry (mL/s) Voided volume (mL)
Qmax ≥ 15 -1 ≥250 0
10 < Qmax < 15 0 <250 1
Qmax ≤ 10 1 TPV (mL)
Flow pattern ≤20 0
Normal -1 >20 but <40 1
Compressive obstructive 1 ≥40 2
Constrictive obstructive 2 TZI
Intermittent 2 ≤0.3 -1
Residual urine (mL) >03 but 0.5 1
<100 0 ≥0.5 2
≥ 100 2 Median lobe enlargement
Key:Abbreviation as in Tables I and Ⅲ
Presence 2
Absence 0
Urethral Ultrasound in SUI and Frequency Urgency Syndrome
Measurement of Bladder Neck Hypermobility in Frequency Urgency Syndrome in Women
Bladder Neck Descent in Women with LUTS
N PVL(cm) PVA(degrees)
Resting Straining Increment Resting Straining Increment*
SUI 191 2.05±0.69 2.20±0.48 0.15±0.58 34.6±23.4 66.5±28.6 31.9±19.9
FUS 78 2.05±0.39 2.11±0.43 0.06±0.20 18.4±19.2 37.4±29.1 19.0±17.6
ASYM 27 2.08±0.33 2.13±0.31 0.05±0.20 8.2±10.6 20.7±23.2 12.6±16.7
ANOVA NS NS NS P<0.05 P0.05 P<0.05
Bladder Neck Incompetence in Frequency Urgency Syndrome
Bladder Neck Incompetence and Hypermobility
Measurement of External Sphincter Volume in SUI
Different Urethral Structure
Urethral Ultrasound in ISD and Cystocele
Striated Urethral Sphincter in SUI and Cystocele
Patients NCross-Sectional
Area(mm2)
Smooth Muscle Component
(mm2)
Striated Muscle Component
(mm2)
A.Non-SUI 51 104.4 ±35.6 46.1±22.5 58.3±27.3
B.SUI 60 86.7 ±29.9 43.9±19.0 42.8±20.7
Cystocele* (9) 75.7 ±23.1 37.9±12.2 37.8±22.8
Statistics A vs B:P=0.005 NS A vs B: P=0.001
Female Urethral Incompetence
Bladder neck incompetence Urethral incompetence
Assessing Pubococcygeus muscle function Inspection Perineum buldging downward Vaginal introitus opens Anus everted Performing straining or coughing Contraction of pubococcygeus m.
Cystocele and Prolapse
Assessing Pubococcygeus muscle function Palpation In normal vagina, resistance is met in all
direction by finger palpation The atrophied pubococcygeus m. is not
easily palpated with little resistance One third of women have a good volunta
ry contraction function
Voluntary Contraction of Pelvic Floor Muscles
Pad Weighing Test for Stress Urinary Incontinence Provide semi-objective
measurement of urine loss 1 hr, 2 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr test Drink 500ml, walking & stair
climbing 30 min, standing up 10x, coughing 10x, running 1 min, bending 5x, wash hands 1 min
Pad weight gain by 1 gm
Laboratory examinations Urinalysis & urine culture- evidence of p
us cells and bacteria in urine Blood chemistry, blood sugar- azotemia,
diabetes may cause polyuria, detrusor underactivity
KUB- a lower ureteral stone cause storage symptoms and empty symptoms
Office Urodynamic Study Uroflowmetry Postvoid residual urine (PVR) Cystometry with or without EMG Potassium chloride test
Uroflowmetry – Parameters
Uroflowmetry – Intermittent flow
Uroflowmetry – Straining flow
Uroflowmetry – Low contractility
Uroflowmetry – Obstructive flow
Voiding Cystometry (Pressure flow study) Filling cystometry cannot diagnose 24%
of the patients with LUTS Patients with voiding symptoms should
undergo pressure flow study Detrusor underactivity, bladder outlet o
bstruction, postvoid detrusor contraction, occult neuropathic detrusor overactivity
Multi-channel Pressure Flow Study
Relationship of Pressure & Flow
Cystometry – after contraction
Pressure flow study – DHIC
Pressure flow study–Cystocele and BOO in woman
Low contractility & low flow
SCI & NVD – Type 1 DESD
DI & voluntary PFM contraction
Idiopathic detrusor overactivity in Storage phase
Detrusor overactivityin contracted bladder
Neurogenic detrusor overactivity in CVA patient
Provoked Detrusor overactivity in storage phase
Potassium Test A test for urothelium leak syndrome 40mL of 0.4M KCL was infused into the
bladder following normal saline Record the pain scale after KCl test: nil,
burning, tingling, dull pain, sharp pain, urgency
Acute and irradiation cystitis: 100% Interstitial cystitis: 80%
Increased Bladder sensation after KCl infusion
Potassium sensitivity test in women with frequency urgency and IC
In 196 women with frequency urgency and/or pain, 138 had a positive KCl test (70.4%)
128 women with a positive KCl test, 44 (34.4%)proven IC and 84 non-IC
A positive KCl test indicates urothelial leak but not characteristic IC, nor can bladder pain predict IC
Postvoid Residual Volume Estimated immediately after voiding Transabdominal ultrasound provides a
ccurate volume estimation Diuresis may falsely increase PVR Patient might not void completely due t
o embarrassment Do not forget PVR in clinical assessmen
t of LUTS
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