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Clearing Wreckage To Inject U4 SFP
Cooling Water
1
Debris Was Blocking
Pumper Access to SFPDebris Cleared For Pumper
By Manual Tank-BulldozerL. Barrett Consulting LLC
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Established Pool Recirculation Cooling
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Release Periods Based On Site Gamma
Levels
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U2 Internal Explosion?
U3 Gray Smoke?
U3 Explosion?
U3 White Smoke?
uSv/h@Gate@1
Km
U1 Explosion?
U4 Building Explosion?
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Establishing Core Recirculation Cooling
In Early July
Turbine
Building
Need Water RecirculationSystem To Stop Feed & Bleed
Venting & Radioactive Water
Creation~30M gallons High Rad Water
4
Cable/Pipe Tunnels Leakage
L. Barrett Consulting LLC
New Chemical/Radiological
Purification SystemWater
Purificatio
n
Reactor
Vessel Leak
Primary
ContainmentLeak
Intake Strctrs
Heat
Sea
Damaged Reactor Building
Flooded Basement
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Recirc Core Cooling
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Current Primary Containment Integrity
Oxygen-Hydrogen Risk
7
Hydrogen & Steam Atmosphere
Currently In Primary Containments
As System Cools May Draw Air with
Oxygen Back Into the Containment
and Could Become Explosive
Currently Injecting Inert nitrogen to
Prevent Oxygen In-leakage, however
Unit 3 has significant containment
leakage
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Current Primary Containment Integrity
Seismic Risk
8
Primary Containments are Partially
Flooded with Core Feed Water Outflow
Well Beyond Design Basis Levels
Earthquake Aftershocks Add
Increased Dynamic Stress to Higher
than Design Static Stress
Reactor Building Structure Has Likely
Been Degraded by Explosions and
initial Earthquake To an Unknown
Degree
Containment Integrity Margins being
Evaluated
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Current Unit 4 Reactor Building
Structural Integrity Seismic Risk
9
Explosions Have Weaken RB Structure
A Large Earthquake Aftershock May
Cause Building Failure
Keeping Pool Water Level at a
Minimum to reduce Loads
Adding
Steel &
Concreteunder PoolHigh
Gamma
Field
Causing
DelaysL. Barrett Consulting LLC
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Gather Data Inside Reactor Buildings
10
Adapted Military Drones With
Thermal & Radiation Capabilities L. Barrett Consulting LLC
Inside Reactor Buildings
~1-100R/Hr & U2 High Vapor
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Working Conditions are ChallengingRestoring Power In High Radiation & Contaminated Areas
11L. Barrett Consulting LLC
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Control Room Power Restoration
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Before Power Restored After Power Restored
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Working In Contaminated Buildings
13
Entering Waste
Processing Building
Worker Showing TB Basement
Floor Water Level
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Reactor Building Air FiltrationAccess to Calibrate Reactor Water Level Instrumentation
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U2 Reactor Building Conditions
L. Barrett Consulting LLC 15Water 4M deep in Basement
Ground RB Floor
Robots First
Personnel Second
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U3 Reactor Building Conditions
L. Barrett Consulting LLC 16
Reducing 5-18R/hr Gamma Fields
For N2 Containment Injection
Robotic Vacuum Cleaner
50-20mm Steel Plate Floor Shielding
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Airborne Mitigation
17L. Barrett Consulting LLC
Dust Suppression Resin Application
Unit 1 Fabric Enclosure55M High & 47M X 42M
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Unit 1 Canopy Design/Construction Process
L. Barrett Consulting LLC 18
Laser Measure Existing Building Laser Image New Enclosure
Construction Sequence PlaningMockup Const Training
New Fast Const Concepts
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Minimizing Building Rain In Leakage
Unit 1 Turbine Building RoofPatchTo Reduce Radioactive Water Overflow
Current Rainy Season: Typhoon Ma On with 4 last week
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Contaminated Water Accumulating
Feed & Bleed Core Cooling Flushed Large
Amounts of Highly Radioactive Water into
Building Basements
Approximately 30 Million Gallons Now
Approximately 25 Million Curies
Increasing at ~100,000 gallons per day
Rainy Season Adding More
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Effluent Release Flow PathsReactor Building-Turbine Building-Intake -Sea
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Contaminated Water ContainmentOverflow from U2 Reactor Bldg to Turbine Bldg to
Intake Structure Wall Crack to Sea~ 27,000 Ci Cs-137 Released this Path 4/1-6
-Reference Chernobyl was 2MCi Cs-137 released
22
Leak Reduced 11-04-04
Leak Sealed 11-04-06
Sodium Silicate Injection
Non-Safety Grade
intake Structure
Radioactive Water
Leak 11-04-02
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Contaminated Water ContainmentHow the Intake Wall Crack Leak was Stopped
23
Leak Sealed 11-04-06
Sodium Silicate InjectionCable Chase Path
Other Similar Leakage Paths To SealL. Barrett Consulting LLC
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Sealing Other Leakage Paths to Sea
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Concreting One of ~37 Cable & Pipe Chase Paths
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Mitigate Basement Leakage Into
Groundwater Paths To Sea
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Planning Underground Barrier Walls to Bed Rock
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Water Retention Tank FarmsUnderground Tanks Under Construction
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Accident Water Management
27
Silt Fence
20-50 Million Gallons Of Highly Radioactive Water To Be Transferred To Onsite Tankage
Relative
Low Activity
Released
Sluice Gates
&
Zeolite Bags
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Water Release MitigationContain/Retard Intake Structure Cs/Sr
Contamination
28
Zeolite Bags To Adsorb Cs/SrSluice Gate to Minimize Outflow
To OceanL. Barrett Consulting LLC
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Water Release MitigationSilt Fence to Retard Cs/Sr Release to Sea
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Process Intake Canal Water Through
Zeolite Beds to Remove Released Cesium
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US Fresh Water Barge On Site-April
31
Japanese Tow Operators
Japanese ship hauling US Navy water barge
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New Water Barge On Site-June
32
2.5 Million Gallon Capacity BargeL. Barrett Consulting LLC
A id W T Pl
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Accident Water Treatment Plans
~30 Million Gallons in Basements
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1200T/day (330Kgal/day or 200gpm) Rate Goal with 1E3 DF Startup Late June
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Water Recirculation Processing Plan
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Four Stage System
1. Oil Removal: Toshiba
2. Cesium Removal: Kurion3. Fission Products Removal: AREVA
4. Salt Removal: Hitachi
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Oil Removal
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Separator InternalsSeparator Unit
Cesium Removal Stage
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Cesium Removal Stage
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Individual Zeolite Beds
Shielded Skids
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Fission Product Precipitation Stage
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Installed Co-Precipitation UnitChemical Injection Tanks
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Process System Locations
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Water Tank & Systems Locations
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Water Processing Difficulties
With First Kurion/AREVA System
Many Systems Leaks & Issues
~60% Capacity
High Rad Sludge Management Challenges Will Emerge
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New Water Processing System
Simplified Active Water Retrieve and Recovery System (SARRY)
Toshiba Lead
2 Lines of 8 Larger (24Ton) Zeolite/Silicate Filter Beds to
replace/augment Initial Kurion/AREVA System
Planned August Operation
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Site Needs Extensive Decon
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Debris Hotspots100R/hr
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Decontamination Cleanup Solids
45
Remote Debris Removal
-90R/Hr Concrete Piece
Remote Debris Transporter
With Solid Waste Container
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Onsite Solid Storage Area
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~300+ 4M3 Containers to June
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Solid Waste Handling Equipment
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Shielded Fork Lift Remote Controlled Equipment
i l ili i
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On Site Personnel Facilities
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Change House
Shielded Work Areas
Rest Areas
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Personnel Exposures
~4,000 Onsite Personnel
Most are < 100 mSv (10R)
~100 are >100mSv (10R) < 250mSv (25R)
~6 are ~ 500-600mSv (50 to 60R)
Over Exposures
Internal Ingestions Issue
More Likely
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Off i i
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Offsite impacts
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Offsite Cs/Sr Contamination
School Playground Dose
Remediation
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H F li & R ti
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Human Feelings & Reactions
53L. Barrett Consulting LLC
TEPCO ROADMAP SEQUENCE 06-17
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C t & E i I
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Current & Emerging Issues Maintain Sustainable Closed Cooling
After Shock Structural Integrity Containment Degradation
High Rad Water Containment~30+ Million Gallons
Highly Rad Water Processing Sludge ~1,000R/hr range
20-100 Mega Curie Amounts (TMI~1MCi)
Impact Site Recovery
Building Containment/Filtration
Offsite Remediation Management Restructure
Regulatory Restructure
Finance?
L. Barrett Consulting LLC 55
I t l A id t R Ph
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Internal Accident Recovery Phases
1. Energy Heat Rejection Control
1. Much Improved with Closed Residual Heat Removal
Gas Release Control/Mitigation1. Containments
2. Filtration1. Liquid Release Control/Mitigation
1. Control Highly Radioactive Water in Basements
2. Initially Contain in Tanks
3. Create Effective Purification Systems
2. Solids/Contamination Control Materials Management1. Contain/package
2. Store/transport
3. Dispose56L. Barrett Consulting LLC
E t l Ph Of A id t
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External Phases Of Accident
Plant Accident Recovery Period Impossible Information Demands
Stabilize/Remediate/Recover/Protect
Hours-Days-Weeks-Months-Years-Decades
Environmental Impact Period Public Perception/Impacts/Remediation (Offsite) Weeks-Months-Years
Societal/Institutional Reactions Period Cultural Political
Policy
Financial
Management57L. Barrett Consulting LLC
Personal Fukushima Observations
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Personal Fukushima Observations
Not a Public Health Catastrophe Radiological Impacts Inconsequential Compared to Earthquake/Tsunami Impacts
Is An Industrial Plant Catastrophe Caused By A Natural Disaster The Tsunami was the Main Safety Issue
Three Melted Cores & Severely Damaged & Contaminated Buildings
Units 1-4 Complete Loss, Units 5 &6 Technically Recoverable
Cleanup Long & Expensive, but Technically Achievable (Much Larger than TMI)
Energy Dissipation is Getting Better, but Safety Challenges Aftershock Safety
System & Containment Degradation
Building Access Difficult
Environmental Release Mitigation is a Growing Challenge Water & Airborne Radioactive Effluents
Onsite & Offsite Environmental Impact Mitigation
Multiple Management, Social, Political & Economic Issues Ahead E.G. Waste & Spent Fuel Disposition Pathways
Lessons Learned Ahead58L. Barrett Consulting LLC
Personal U.S. Nuclear Safety Observations
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e so a U S uc ea Sa ety Obse at o s Current Reactors Have Adequate Safety Margins
U.S. Tsunami Risks are Limited To Only A Few U.S. Sites
Past Risk Informed Severe Accident Improvements HaveAlready Addressed Many Fukushima Issues
Station Blackout & 911 Improvements
Systematic, Methodical, & Risk Informed Fukushima
Lessons Learned Evaluations Are Appropriate Industry
NRC
Resist Quick Fix Emotional Reactions
Continuous Improvement Culture Will Further Strengthen U.S. Capabilities
Lessons Learned From TMI Lessons Learned TMI Lessons Learned Greatly Improved US Nuclear Safety and Productivity
Most Painful Lessons are the Most Teachable
Fukushima Lessons Should Improve Safety and Advance Global & U.S. NuclearEnergy As Three Mile Island Lessons Learned Did Thirty Years Ago.
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L k H B tt
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Lake H. [email protected]
Lake Barrett is a part time independent consultant in the energy field. He hasworked in the nuclear energy and nuclear materials management areas for over 4decades, most recently as the former head of the US Department of Energys Officeof Civilian Nuclear Waste Management which is responsible for implementing theUnited Sates programs for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste, asmandated by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. In that capacity, he led the complexscientific Yucca Mountain Geologic Repository program through the statutory siteselection process culminating with the Presidential site designation and followingsuccessful House and Senate votes.
He also served at U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, where he was directlyinvolved with the early response to the Three Mile Island reactor accident andbecame the Site Director, responsible for regulatory programs during thestabilization, recovery, and cleanup of the damaged reactor. He also has hadextensive managerial and engineering experiences in DOEs Defence Programs andprivate industry at both Bechtel Power Corporation, with commercial nuclear powerplants, and Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics with nuclear reactor andsubmarine systems design, operation, and decommissioning.
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