_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers?
__________________________ How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?
TAXONOMY
CHARACTERISTICS
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago.
(300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE
Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html
Problems?1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s
2 groups (plants or animals) Ex: Bacteria Fungi
Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpghttp://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg
Problems?2. Common names can be misleading
Sea cucumber sounds like a plant
but… it’s an animal!
Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish
Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg
Problems?3. Common names vary from
place to place
Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal
Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg
Problems?4. Same organisms have different
names in different countries.
ChipmunkStreifenhornchen (German)Tamia (Italian)Ardilla listada (Spanish)
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
Solution?Some early scientists devised
scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN.
RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis
RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-
mucronatis
PROBLEMS?Names too hard and long to remember!
“oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles”
Names don’t show relationships between different animals
Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!
Devised a new classification system based on _________________
(Organism’s form and structure)
(1707-1778)
MORPHOLOGY
Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg
Linnaeus’s System
Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels
Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________
HIERARCHY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
KingdomPhylum
Class Order
Family Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leohttp://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2 name naming system)
• 1st name = _______________– Always capitalized
•2nd name = _________________–Always lower case
•Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.
GENUS NAME
SPECIES IDENTIFIER
UNDERLINED ITALICS
Binomial Nomenclature
Vampire batDesmodus rotundus
Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus
Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg
So what do we use now?
Still use Linnaeus’s system:
but we have added more _____________KINGDOMS
Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.
MODERN TAXONOMY
MODERN TAXONOMYorganizes living things in the context of _________________Evolution
http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg
MODERN TAXONOMY
Fossil recordMorphology
Scientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms:1. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________4. ______________________5. ______________________
EmbryologyChromosomesMacromolecules (DNA & proteins)
1. FOSSIL RECORD
Evolutionary history = _____________PHYLOGENY
We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record.
http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif
2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function
Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
MORPHOLOGY_________________ characteristics: same embryological origin
(may have similar structure and function) EX: __________________________
HOMOLOGOUS
Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________.
Bat wing & human arm
Recent common ancestor
Bat wing and human armdevelop from same embryonic structures
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
MORPHOLOGYANALOGOUS______________ characteristics:may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin
EX: _______________________Bird wing & butterfly wing
ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately.Organisms ________________________.NOT CLOSELY RELATED
Bird wing and butterfly winghave evolved with similar function BUTdifferent structureinside.
Insects and birds NOT closely related!
ANALOGOUSSTRUCTURES
http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html
http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg
3. EMBRYOLOGY
Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related
4. CHROMOSOMES
Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships.
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.pngChimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
Even differences show relatedness
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.pngChimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t haveHumans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have.
____________________All chromosomes have special sequences called TELOMERES at their ends to protect the strands during replication.
http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html
TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together.
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
→
→
→
_________________
Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region . . .suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together.
Which chromosomes?
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
→
EXTRA CENTROMERE
________________________
If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
BANDING PATTERN MATCHES
5. MACROMOLECULES
Compare molecules like _________________ _________________
Organisms with similar sequences are
probably more closely related.
PROTEINS (amino acids)DNA
So what do we use now?_________________-based on multiple kinds of evidence
6 KINGDOMS
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
Shows evolutionary relationships based on:
Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)
6 KINGDOM SYSTEM
These relationships can be shown in a diagram called a
_______________________PHYLOGENETIC TREE
Image from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
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