Classification and Tabulation
Definition of Classification
“Classification is the process of arranging data into sequences and groups according to their common characteristics or separating them into different but related parts.”
- Secrist “ The process of grouping large number of
individual facts and observations on the basis of similarity among the items, is called classification”.
- Stockton & Clark
Meaning of Classification
• Classification is a process of arranging things or data in groups or classes according to their resemblances and affinities and gives expressions to the unity of attributes that may subsit among a diversity of individuals.
Characteristics of classification
– Classification performs homogeneous grouping of data
– It brings out points of similarity and dissimilating
– The classification may be either real or imaginary
– Classification is flexible to accommodate adjustments
Objectives / purposes of classifications
To simplify and condense the large data To present the facts to easily in
understandable form To allow comparisons To help to draw valid inferences To relate the variables among the data To help further analysis To eliminate unwanted data To prepare tabulation
Important types of classification
• Geographical (i.e. on the basis of area or region wise)
• Chronological (On the basis of Temporal / Historical, i.e. with respect to time)
• Qualitative (on the basis of character / attributes)
• Numerical, quantitative (on the basis of magnitude)
Geographical ClassificationIn geographical classification, the classification is based on the geographical regions.
Ex: Sales of the company (In Million Rupees) (region – wise
Region Sales
North 285
South 300
East 185
west 235
Chronological Classification
• If the statistical data are classified according to the time of its occurrence, the
type of classification is called chronological classification. • Sales reported by a departmental store
Month Sales
(Rs. in lakh)
January 22
Feb 26
mar 32
apr 25
may 27
jun 29
jul 30
aug 30
Qualitative Classification
In qualitative classifications, the data are classified according to the presence or absence of attributes in given units. Thus, the classification is based on some quality characteristics / attributes.
Ex: Sex, Literacy, Education, Class grade etc.Further, it may be classified as a) Simple classification b) Manifold classification
Simple classification: If the classification is done into only two classes then classification is known as simple classification.
Ex: a) Population in to Male / Female b) Population into Educated / Uneducated
Manifold classification:
• In this classification, the classification is based on more than one attribute at a time.
Population
Smokers Non-smokers
Illiterate Literate
Male Female
Male Female
Literate Illiterate
Male Female
Male Female
Quantitative Classification
In Quantitative classification, the classification is based on quantitative measurements of some characteristics, such as age, marks, income, production, sales etc. The quantitative phenomenon under study is known as variable and hence this classification is also called as classification by variable.
For a 50 marks test, Marks obtained by students as classified as follows
Marks No. of students
0 – 10 5
10 – 20 7
20 – 30 10
30 – 40 25
40 – 50 3
Total Students = 50
Meaning and Definition of Tabulation
• Tabulation may be defined as systematic arrangement of data is column and rows. It is designed to simplify presentation of data for the purpose of analysis and statistical inferences.
•
Major Objectives of Tabulation
• To simplify the complex data
• To facilitate comparison
• To economise the space
• To draw valid inference / conclusions
• To help for further analysis
Differences between Classification and Tabulation
• First data are classified and presented in tables; classification is the basis for tabulation.
• Tabulation is a mechanical function of classification because is tabulation classified data are placed in row and columns.
• Classification is a process of statistical analysis while tabulation is a process of presenting data is suitable structure.
Classification of tables
»Classification is done based on • Coverage (Simple and complex table) • Objective / purpose (General purpose /
Reference table / Special table or summary table)
• Nature of inquiry (primary and divided table
Diagrammatic and Graphic Representation
• Diagrammatic presentation
A diagram is a visual form for presentation of statistical data. The diagram refers various types of devices such as bars, circles, maps, pictorials and cartograms etc.
Some important types of diagrams • Line diagram
• This is simplest type of one dimensional diagram. On the basis of size of the figures, heights of the bar / lines are drawn. The distance between bars are kept uniform. The limitation of this diagram are it is not attractive cannot provide more than one information.
• Ex: Draw the line diagram for the following data • Year 200120022003200420052006No. of students passed in
first class with distinction 571251315
• Simple bars diagramThe annual expresses of maintaining the car of various types are given below. Draw the vertical bar diagram. The annual expenses of maintaining includes (fuel + maintenance + repair + assistance + insurance).
Type of the car Expense in Rs. /
Year
Maruthi Udyog 47533
Hyundai 59230
Tata Motors 63270
Source: 2005 TNS TCS Study Published at: Vijaya Karnataka,
dated: 03.08.2006
47533
5923063270
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
60000
65000
70000
Maruthi Udyog Hyundai Tata Motors
• Horizontal bar diagram
World biggest top 10 steel makers are data are given below. Draw horizontal bar diagram.
110
32
31
30
24
20
18
18
17
16
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Arcelor Mittal
Nippon
POSCO
JFE
BAO Steel
US Steel
NUCOR
RIVA
Thyssen-krupp
Tangshan
To
p -
10
Ste
el M
ak
ers
Production of Steel (Million Tonnes)
Source: ISSB Published by India Today
• Compound bar diagram (Multiple bar diagram
Ex: Draw the bar diagram for the following data. Resale value of the cars (Rs. 000) are as follows.
Year (Model)Santro Zen Wagonr
2003 208 252 248
2004 240 278 274
2005 261 296 302
208
252 248240
278 274261
296 302
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3Model of Car
Va
lue
in
Rs
.
Santro Zen Wagnor
Source: True value used car purchase data
• Pie diagram
7.58
39
14.92
38.5
Customs
Excise
Corporate Taxand Dividend
State’s taking
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