I. Latitude and Longitude
• Map - ! _______________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Latitude - ! ____________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Also called _________________________
• These lines _________________________ intersect
• Equator - ! ____________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• The North Pole is __________ north latitude
• The South Pole is __________ south latitude
Leigh-Manuell - "1
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
Name: ___________________________________________ Mapping the EarthDate: __________________________ Period: ___________ The Physical Setting: Earth Science
• Finding your latitude
• The altitude (angle) of Polaris is equal to your latitude
Longitude - ! _________________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Also called _________________________
• Prime Meridian - ! ______________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• The Prime meridian is __________ longitude
• The International Date Line is __________ east or west of the Prime Meridian
Leigh-Manuell - "2
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
• Combine latitude and longitude to get a coordinate
• Be sure you include direction with both latitude and longitude
• Example: 20º 30’ ______ and 75º 30’ ______
• Subdivisions of Latitude and Longitude
• One degree is divided into ____________________ (60’)
• One minute can be divided into ____________________ (60”)
• Time Zones
• Earth’s ____________________ is the basis for local time
• The Earth rotates ____________________ in 24 hours
• Earth rotates on an imaginary axis at ____________________
• Earth is divided into _________ (15º) time zones
• Each time zone is _________ hour different
• Each time zone covers _________ of longitude
• There are _________ time zones in the United States
Leigh-Manuell - "3
Latitude Longitude
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
II. Field Maps
• Field - ! _______________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Example: _________________________________
• Isolines - ! ____________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Example: _________________________________
• Points represent values of data found at a specific location
• To construct a field map connect the points of equal data
• Do not connect every value… just whole numbers
• Isolines form complete circles or end at the edge of the map
Temperature Values in the United States
Leigh-Manuell - "4
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
• Different Types of Isoline
• Isotherm - lines that connect equal points of ! _______________________________________
• Isohyet - lines that connect equal points of ! _________________________________________
• Isobar - lines that connect equal points of ! _________________________________________
• Contour Line - lines that connect equal points of ! ____________________________________
• Gradient (slope) - ! _____________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - "5
Gradient = 18 inches - 6 inches 30 miles
Gradient = 12 inches 30 miles
Gradient = 0.4 inches/mile
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
Gradient = change in field value change in distance
New York Snowfall Amounts [inches]
III. Topographic Maps
• Topographic Maps (contour maps) - ! _____________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Topographic maps show three-dimensional shapes in two dimensions
• Elevation - ! ___________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Examples: mountains, hills, lakes, and rivers
• Natural Features - ! _____________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Examples: mountains, hills, lakes, and rivers
• Cultural Features - ! ____________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Examples: roads, cities, buildings, and dams
• Contour Lines - ! _______________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Contour Interval - ! _____________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• The contour interval is usually found on the map key and legend
• Index Contour - ! _______________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Gentle Slope - when contour lines are spaced _________________ apart
• Steep Slope - when contour lines are spaced _________________ together
• When contour lines cross a river they bend ________________________
• Note: rivers flow the opposite direction the contour lines point
• Benchmark - ! _________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Labelled on a map as BM.X.
Leigh-Manuell - "6
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
• Depression Contours - ! _________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• This allows you to distinguish a hill from a hole
• Calculating the Highest Point:
1. ! _____________________________________________________________________________
2. ! _____________________________________________________________________________
3. ! _____________________________________________________________________________
• Contour Line Rules:
1. Contour lines close around hills, basins, and depressions or extend the edge of the map
2. Contour line _________________________ cross
3. Contour lines form V’s that point _________________________ whenever crossing a stream
Leigh-Manuell - "7
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
Steep Slope
Contour Index
Gentle Slope
Contour Interval
Contour Line
Natural Feature
Depression Contour
• Topographic Profile - ! __________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Creating a Topographic Profile:
1. ! ___________________________________________________________________________
! ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Transfer the points from the map to the horizontal grid
3. Connect the points with a ______________________ line to draw a profile
Leigh-Manuell - "8
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
60 ft
50 ft
40 ft
30 ft
20 ft
10 ft
0 ft X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
IV. NYS Landscapes
• New York State contains many different landscape regions characterized by different elevations and various rock types
• High Elevations: ! ____________________________________________________________
• Medium Elevations: ! _________________________________________________________
• Low Elevations: ! _____________________________________________________________
• Atlantic Coastal Plain - landscape region formed during the Cretaceous and Pleistocene
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
• Manhattan Prong - landscape region formed during the Cambrian and Ordovician
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
• Hudson Highlands / Taconic Mountains - landscape region formed during the middle of the Pro-terozoic
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
• Hudson / Mohawk Lowlands - landscape region formed during the Ordovician
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
• Adirondack Mountains - landscape region formed during the middle of the Proterozoic Cambrian
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - "9
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
• Tug Hill Plateau - landscape region formed during the Ordovician
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
• Erie-Ontario Lowlands - landscape region formed during the Silurian
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
• St. Lawrence Lowlands - landscape region formed during the Ordovician and Cambrain
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
• Allegheny Plateau / Catskills - landscape region formed during the Devonian
• Composition: ! _______________________________________________________________
• Elevation: ! __________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - "10
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
IV. Quadrangle Maps
• Quadrangle - ! _________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Published at various scales depending on the size of the area mapped
• The best known USGS maps are of the ! ____________________________________________
• Standard Quadrangle Map
• 7.5 x 7.5 minutes
• Covers an area of __________ to __________ square miles
• Map scales are 1:24,000 (one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground)
• Paper size (approx.) 22” x 27”
• Contours and elevations are shown in ______________
• 1º x 2º Quadrangle Map
• Covers an area of _______________ to _______________ square miles
• Map scales are 1:250,000 (one inch on the map equals 250,000 inches on the ground)
• The USGS completed mapping of the entire country at a 1:24,000 scale in the late 1980’s
Leigh-Manuell - "11
Class Notes: Mapping the Earth
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