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CITIES IN TRANSFORMATIONRESEARCH & DESIGNIdeas, Methods, Techniques, Tools, Case Studiesedited by Marco Bovati, Michele Caja, Giancarlo Floridi, Martina Landsberger
ISBN 978-88-7115-829-7
e 60
,00
The cover shows
Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Gli effetti del Buon Governo, 1338-1340, part.Siena, Palazzo Pubblico, Sala della Pace; Archivi Alinari, Firenze
Marco Bovati (1968), M.Arch and PhD at Politecnico di Milano. He is currently Assistant Professor at Department of Archi -tecture and Urban Studies, and teaches Architectural and Urban Design at the First School of Architecture. His research work concerns the relation among Architectural theories, Design methodologies and the issues of sustainability.
Michele Caja (1968), studies in Architecture at Politecnico di Mi-lano and TU Dortmund. Actually is Assistant Professor in Archi-tectural Composition at Politecnico di Milano. PhD in Archi-tectural Composition at Iuav Venezia in 2005. Other universities taught: ETH Zürich, “Aldo Rossi” University Cesena. His research topics are especially centered on the relation between Italy and Germany.
Giancarlo Floridi (1973), graduated from Politecnico di Milano, studied mainly at Escuela Técnica Superior de Arqui tectura de Madrid and received a PhD at Politecnico di Milano in 2005. He is currently Assistant Professor of Architectural De sign at Politecnico di Milano and he is participating in projects and com-petitions with Onsitestudio.
Martina Landsberger (1963), studies in Architecture at Poli -tecnico di Milano. Actually is Assistant Professor in Architectural Composition at Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering of Politecnico di Mi lano. She also taught at Politecnico di Torino. PhD in Architectural Composition at Iuav Venezia in 2001. Her research topics are especially cen-tered on the relation between architecture and construction.
Architecture schools are fundamental deposits of knowledge and abilities, which have contributed productively for a long time to the growth of studies on architecture and the city. The aim of this book is to share the results of research work car-ried out under the patronage of EAAE and ARCC in the main European and American architecture schools on the issue of the city and its recent transformations. Through the comparison of dif-ferent points of view, the goal is to highlight the need for a broad and open discussion, appropriate to the vastness and complexity of the problems faced.The well known sentence by Leon Battista Alberti, “The house is like a small city and the city is like a large house”, is a brief indi-cation of the subjects of the volume: the widespread phenome-na of urbanization of large parts of the world, the problems of dia-metrically opposed so-called shrinking cities and the severity of the effects of climate change and energy issue. Architectural and urban contents are also main themes in EU policy where the cru-cial role of Architecture has been stressed in many documents concerning the development of European cities. These arguments are developed in a thematic interweaving that goes from architecture and city’s analytical and design techniquesto those connected with organization, construction, security, plan-ning, conservation and practice of a profession whose role has taken on ever greater responsibility within the human destiny.
ILPOLIGRAFO
EAAE Transactions on Architectural Education no 57
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VOLUME I
cover landsberger vol. 1.qxd:cover rogers1.qxd 10-06-2014 16:49 Pagina 1
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BIBLIOTECA DI ARCHITETTURA 12
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Cities in TransformationResearch & DesignIdeas, Methods, Techniques, Tools, Case Studies
edited byMarco Bovati, Michele Caja Giancarlo Floridi, Martina Landsberger
scientifi c supervisionAdalberto Del Bo, Ilaria Valente
VOLUME I
ilPOLIGRAFO
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CITIES IN TRANSFORMATIONRESEARCH & DESIGNEAAE / ARCCMilano, International Conference on Architectural Research
Politecnico di Milano, European Association for Architectural Education Association Européenne pour l’Enseignement de l’Architecture
ARCC Architectural Research Centers Consortium
Scuola di Architettura Civile Scuola di Architettura e società Dipartimento di Architettura, Ingegneria delle Costruzioni e Ambiente Costruito - ABC
Dipartimento di Architettura e Studi Urbani - DAStU
Scientific supervision
Adalberto Del Bo, Ilaria Valente
Editors
Marco Bovati, Michele Caja Giancarlo Floridi, Martina Landsberger
Scientific Commitee
Politecnico di Milano
Marco Bovati, Federico Bucci, Michele Caja, Adalberto Del Bo Giancarlo Floridi, Martina Landsberger, Maurizio Meriggi, Ilaria Valente
EAAE
Per Olaf Fjeld - Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO)Ebbe Harder - The Royal Danish Academy of ArtsMaire Henry - Waterford University of Applied SciencesStefano Musso - Università di GenovaHerman Neuckermans - Katholieke Universiteit of LeuvenAart Oxenar - Amsterdam Academy of ArchitectrureDavid Vanderburgh - Université Catholique de LouvainChris Younès - École Spéciale d’Architecture de Paris
ARCC
Leonard Bachman - University of HoustonJ. Brooke Harrington - Temple UniversityPhilip Plowright - Lawrence Technological UniversityHazem Rashed-Alì - The University of Texas at San AntonioKatherine Wingert-Plydon - Temple University
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Reviewers
Leonard Bachman - University of Houston Robert Baron - The University of Texas at San AntonioMarco Bovati - Politecnico di MilanoFederico Bucci - Politecnico di MilanoMichele Caja - Politecnico di MilanoAndrea Campioli - Politecnico di MilanoAlessandra Capuano - Università La Sapienza di RomaGiovanna D’Amia - Politecnico di MilanoAdalberto Del Bo - Politecnico di Milano Carolina Di Biase - Politecnico di MilanoPer Olaf Fjeld - Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO)Giancarlo Floridi - Politecnico di MilanoGiovanna Franco - Università di GenovaEsther Giani - Università Iuav di VeneziaAndrea Gritti - Politecnico di MilanoJonathan Brooke Harrington - Temple UniversityRichard Hayes - Columbia UniversityMaire Henry - Waterford Institute of TechnologyChris Jarrett - University of North Carolina CharlotteJohannes Käferstein - ETH ZürichSusanne Komossa - TU Delft University of TechnologyMartina Landsberger - Politecnico di MilanoMaria Cristina Loi - Politecnico di MilanoSerena Maffioletti - Università Iuav di VeneziaMaurizio Meriggi - Politecnico di MilanoBruno Messina - Università di CataniaValerian Miranda - Texas A&M UniversityCorinna Morandi - Politecnico di MilanoMichel Mounayar - Ball State UniversityStefano Musso - Università di GenovaHerman Neuckermans - Katholieke Universiteit of LeuvenLuca Ortelli - École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneAart Oxenaar - Amsterdam Academy of ArchitectrureCristina Pallini - Politecnico di MilanoPhilip Plowright - Lawrence Technological UniversityUte Poerschke - The Pennsylvania State UniversityDavide Ponzini - Politecnico di MilanoSara Protasoni - Politecnico di MilanoHazem Rashed-Ali - The University of Texas at San AntonioMichelle Rinehart - The Catholic University of AmericaAlessandro Rocca - Politecnico di MilanoGianni Scudo - Politecnico di MilanoBrian Sinclair - University of CalgaryAron Temkin - Norwich UniversityIlaria Valente - Politecnico di MilanoDavid Vanderburgh - Université Catholique de LouvainKatherine Wingert-Playdon - Temple UniversityChris Younès - École Spéciale d’Architecture de Paris
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Each author takes responsibility for any copyright issuesthat may arise from the images published in his or her essay
pictures introducing every section© Marco Introini
progetto grafi coIl Poligrafo casa editriceLaura Rigon
© Copyright giugno 2014Il Poligrafo casa editrice35121 Padovapiazza Eremitani - via Cassan, 34tel. 049 8360887 - fax 049 8360864e-mail [email protected] 978-88-7115-829-7
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Table of Contents
VOLUME ONE
23 Foreword Stefano Francesco Musso
25 Urban Transformations: Research and Design Adalberto Del Bo
32 Occupying space and re-ordering place: Looking forward and backward in 21st century Lahore Masood A. Khan
42 Teaching Architecture. The Troubled School Daniele Vitale
PART ONE NEW SCENARIOS OF THE CITY AND DWELLING
55 Thinking the City Martina Landsberger
1. THEORY AND TOOLS FOR DESIGN
61 In Search of a Modus Operandi for a Specifi c Urban Architecture. A Critical Approach to the Collective Amnesia of Urban Design Nicolai Bo Andersen
69 What is the Role of Architecture in the Contemporary City? Structure and Form of the Design of the City. The Case of Milan Pellegrino Bonaretti
78 The Transformation of Cities Emilio Corsaro, Raffaele Mennella
85 Redefi ning Modern Housing Settlements. The Hypothesis of “Adequate Discontinuity” Francesco Costanzo
92 Somewhere / Nowhere Carlo Gandolfi
100 Landing Areas Alessandro Isastia
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109 The Elemental Unit of the City Raffaella Neri
116 Picturesque Tools in the Idea of Modernity. Learning from John Soane Laura Anna Pezzetti
126 Revealing the Urban Plan. The Confi gurational Analysis as a Support for the Evaluation of Urban Plans and Projects Valerio Cutini, Giovanni Rabino
133 Places in Transformation. Designing the Urban Identity Reinterpreting the New Needs Marichela Sepe
142 Do Public Housing Companies Design our Cities like Large Houses and our Houses like Small Cities? Karel Vandenhende
2. TYPOLOGY
149 Understanding Privacy in Domestic Space: A Study of Transformation of Urban Houses in the Context of Dhaka Catherine Daisy Gomes, Farida Nilufar
158 The Convivial Housing Modus for “Singletown” Sylvain De Bleeckere, Sebastiaan Gerards
166 Transferring Single-family Home Qualities to Multi-family Housing Amelie Mayer, Ulrike Sturm, Peter Schwehr
175 Compose the Siedlung: The Project Of Niddatal (1925-1930) vs The Project Of Riedberg (1997-2017) in Frankfurt Manlio Michieletto
183 Process Typology and Formative Processes of Middle Eastern Urban Open Spaces Giulia Annalinda Neglia
192 Authentic Communal Housing in America Marc Roehrle
3. ARCHITECTURE OF THE CITY: TOWN AND CITY PROJECTS
201 Challenging the Concept of “Informal” in Sub-Saharan African Cities. The Case of Maxaquene A, Maputo, Mozambique Jørgen Eskemose Andersen
211 Archi-objects of Desire in the Information Age and their Future Role in City Positioning. Medellin, Colombia as Case Study Juan Pablo Aschner Rosselli
219 Public Space in the Microcosmopolis. Two New Business Districts of Manchester and Salford Eamonn Canniffe
227 Delirious Tirana Isotta Cortesi
235 Spontaneous Public Space: Resource or Nonsense? Ester Dedé
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244 Designing in the Historic Centers: Strategies and Tactics in the Transformation of Collective Open Spaces Michele Di Santis, Francesco Lenzini, Xianya Xu
251 The Grammar of Public Space. Reclamation, Functional Restoration, Redesign and Urban Reorganisation of Lorenzo Berzieri Square in Salsomaggiore Terme (Parma) Emilio Faroldi
259 Density. New frontier for Post-soviet Urbanism. Minsk Case Study Filippo Lambertucci
268 Living Utopia - Leaving Utopia. Brussels: Modernist Urban Forms Evaluated against Pre-Existing Row Houses Gérald Ledent, Olivier Masson
280 Process of Morphological Transformation and the Emerging Pattern of Built-Form along Gulshan Avenue in Dhaka Farida Nilufar, Nuzhat Zereen
289 Milano: a New Dock on the Site of the Porta Genova Railway Station Giovanni Cislaghi, Marco Prusicki
296 Contemporary Mutations in the Complexity of Bogotá Claudio Rossi
303 The idea of Complementary Uses to the Residential in the City Growth Strategies Ana Ruiz
310 “Soundscape” and the Identity of the Place. The Case Study of Kichijoji Station Area, Tokyo Pega Sanoamuang, Darko Radovic
317 Space as a Place for Social Interaction: the Cases of Housing in Bangkok Sutida Sattayakorn
326 Modern Moscow: from City Planning to City Improvement. Autobiography of the Place Yuriy Volchok
335 A Hope for Athens Sotirios Zaroulas
4. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
343 A Different Approach: CastelloZINE. Tools and Methodology of Civil Journalism Applied to the Urban Context Barbara Cadeddu, Valeria Piazza, Patrizia Sulis
351 Mixing Algorithms in Urban Analysis and Transformation Mike Christenson
361 Happiness in the City. Experimental Teaching and Research in the Methodological Design of the Collective Space of the City Roberto de Paolis, Marinella Ferrara, Danilo Morigi
370 The City as an Organism Matteo Ieva
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380 Blocks, Schools and Books Dirk Janssen, Katrijn Apostel
388 Building for Diversity: Residential Areas as a Socio-spatial Context for Diverse Neighbourhoods Angelika Juppien, Alex Willener
396 Teaching as Research: Vomero, Storkterrein and Other Places Pasquale Miano, Giorgia Aquilar
404 New Urban Conditions: Epistemological and Pedagogical Issues Andrzej Piotrowski
412 Rione Luzzatti in Naples: Conforming Measure of an Intervention of Urban Redevelopment Federica Visconti, Renato Capozzi
420 Athens in Crisis: Education on the Issue of Emergencies. Beyond Didacticism Ariadni Vozani
PART TWO CITIES BETWEEN HISTORY AND FUTURE
431 Learning from the Historic City Michele Caja
1. RECONSTRUCTION AND URBAN RENEWAL
439 Astrakhan: Principles of Reconstruction of Historically-Composed Development and their Use for Planning of New Central Territories Oleg I. Adamov
448 Potsdam and the Brandenburg Region: Monumentality as Principle for Urban and Territorial Construction Ivan Brambilla
457 Between Heritage Conservation and Urban Renewal. A Case Study: Paris, from Haussmann to the Present Day Alessio Cardaci, Antonella Versaci
465 Reconstructing the Cambel’s Yali at Bosporus Francesco Collotti, Serena Acciai
472 The Fluidity of Scale and Time in Jože Plecnik’s Ljubljana Jennifer Gaugler
479 The Paddington Terrace House: An Example of Incrementally Accommodating Change from the House to the City Corey T. Griffi n
488 Recomposition’s Paradoxes. A Research Case Study on a Concert-hall in Ferrara Alessandro Massarente
498 Munich, Urban Development: Model and Form of the Modern City Nicola Panzini
506 Urban Renewal in the Late Nineteenth Century. The Case of Via Dante in Milan Pierfrancesco Sacerdoti
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515 Duisburg 1945: Stunde Null? Benedetta Stoppioni
522 Westernization Effects on the Planning and Architectural Approaches in Historic Commercial Center of Kadikoy between Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Ege Uluca Tumer
2. HERITAGE, CONSERVATION AND TRANSFORMATION
531 The Archaeology of Urban Change: 19th Century Jaffa Yoav Arbel
539 Libya of the Post-war Reconstruction. Recreation of a Tradition: the Jebal Nafousah and the Routes to Ghadames between the Artisan and Touristic Economy Paola Cofano
548 Dealing with Change in the World Heritage Site of Old Rauma M. Anca Dumitrescu
557 Archaeology and Architectural Design: Projects for Alexandria (Egypt) and Alexandria in Aria-Herat (Afghanistan) Luisa Ferro
566 Managing Transformations in Historic Urban Cores between Conserving and Developing. A Case Study Mariacristina Giambruno, Raffaella Simonelli
575 The Medina of Tripoli, Libya. The Future of an Urban Living Heritage and Cultural Landscape Ludovico Micara
584 Working Techniques and Restoration Methods for Plaster Decorations on Façades in New and Old Design Søren Vadstrup
3. REPRESENTATION AND URBAN IMAGE
591 The GIS Forma Urbis Romae Project: Creating a Layered History of Rome Allan Ceen, James Tice
600 Perspective, Visual Perception and Urban Planning Sylvie Duvernoy
608 Imperatives of Craft: Making in Beginning Design as it Prefi gures Urban Response James Eckler, Karl Wallick
617 Mapping the Spatial Identity of a Location Relying on Methods from Visual Art Yvonne Knevels, Oswald Devisch
625 Culture as a Determinant of City Form. The Case of the Former Jewish District in Lodz Małgorzata Hanzl
635 Reviewing Design References with Diagrams Guilherme Lassance
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4. CRITICAL REVISION, MEMORY, IDENTITY
645 Industrialisation of the Building of Post-War Residential Estates in Milan. Specifi c Features, Issues, Strategies for Conservation Francesca Albani
654 Planning in the Gray Zone, Challenges and Opportunities: The Case of Independent Zoning Plans in East Jerusalem (work in progress) Michal Braier
662 Forgotten Project: Plan de la Ribera, 1964-1972, Barcelona Nadia Fava
671 The Antimodernist Polemic as Rhetorical Construct: Prince Charles and “populist realism” Federico Ferrari
680 New Models for the Foundation Cities in Puglia and Basilicata Graziella Fittipaldi, Francesco Scricco
689 Memory, Values and Destiny of Twentieth Century Inheritance Giovanna Franco
697 Architecture. Essay On The City Gaetano Fusco
707 Chinese Architectural Education in the Rapid Economic Development Han Linfei
713 From Alberti to Team 10: Towards a Welfare Humanism Nelson Mota, Gonçalo Canto Moniz, Mário Krüger
722 Managing Memory in City. Case-study of Complex of the Federal Secretariat for National Defense (Generalstab Building) Milica Muminovic’, Vladimir Parežanin, Darko Radovic’
730 The Contemporary City in a Deceiving Search of Identity Roberto Recalcati
738 Evolution of Moscow Housing Development Stanislav A. Sadovsky
744 Identity and Transformation. The Designing of the Historical Urban Landscape Fabrizio Toppetti
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VOLUME TWO
773 Regaining Lost Time: Design and Architectural, Urban and Environmental Resources Ilaria Valente
781 City’s Architecture and Research by Design Ferran Sagarra Trias
788 Italian Architecture of the Twentieth Century. Issues and problems Franco Purini
PART THREE STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY
797 Sustainability Strategies (for Cities in Transformation) Marco Bovati
1. SUSTAINABLE URBAN AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN
811 Khedivial Cairo: An Evolved Metabolism Eman M. Abdel Sabour, Stephen Luoni
819 Setting Priorities: Sustainability, Environmental Health, and Embedded Value Judgments for the Urban Design Process Anirban Adhya, Philip D. Plowright
828 A Morpho-energetic Optimization Tool for a Low Energy and Density Reasoned City Area Laëtitia Arantes, Olivier Baverel, Daniel Quenard
836 Urban Acupuncture: Improving the Public Space between the Socialist Block of Flats and the Old City in Bucharest Cosmin Caciuc
844 Transformation of Urban Landscapes Antonia M.A. Chiesa
852 How Environmental and Energy Issues Shape the Cities: A Case-Study in Barcelona, Spain Giovanni Marco Chiri, Helena Coch Roura, Alessandra Curreli, Ilaria Giovagnorio
861 An Integrated Approach to Urban Transformation for Polycentric Development of Settlement Areas Calogero Montalbano
871 Concept - Ecological City Maxim Poleschuk
2. ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN REGENERATION
879 Territories of Energy and Urban Shape Pepe Barbieri, Alberto Ulisse
887 Strategies for the Regeneration of Suburban Sprawl. Case Studies in Rome Alessandra De Cesaris
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895 Sustainable Façade Technologies: High-rise Building Retrofi tting Kyoung-Hee Kim
903 Living the Compact City: the Case of San Salvario in Turin Silvia Malcovati, Stefano Suriano
912 The Regeneration of Public Housing Neighbourhoods. The Example of Tor Bella Monaca in Rome Domizia Mandolesi
921 Regenerating Public Residential Areas in the Modern City Carlo Alessandro Manzo
929 Reinhabiting, the House, the Street and the City Magda Mària, Pere Fuertes, Roger-Joan Sauquet, Anna Puigjaner
937 Continuity of Urban Culture. Challenges and Opportunities Facing Urban Conservation Valeria Pracchi, Heba Elsayed
945 Chinese Puzzle: A Tangle of Space in Shanghai’s Shikumen Architecture Peter Wong
3. ECOLOGICAL LIVING: FORMS, TYPOLOGIES, TECHNIQUES
953 Domestic Green Spaces in Contemporary Cities Elisa Bernardi
961 Methodology for the Implementation of Solar Strategies in Architecture Doris Ehrbar, Ulrike Sturm, Peter Schwehr
970 Groundscrapers. Vitalizing the Tradition of the Urban Low Rise, Mixed Hybrid Building Susanne Komossa, Nicola Marzot, Roberto Cavallo
979 Unité 2.0: Housing in Time of Austerity Luca Lanini
987 Urban Transformation, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission Monica Lavagna, Paco Melià, Paolo Pileri, Viktoriya Sendyureva
995 Sober, Sustainable and Urban: Recent Housing Experiences Marco Lucchini
1003 The Rational Maintenance of Social Housing (with a Warlike Modesty) Marina Montuori, Barbara Angi, Massimiliano Botti, Olivia Longo
1011 Building Products Made from Recovered Paper and Cardboard: Applicability and First Conclusions Rossana Paparella
1019 Solar Control in the Architectural Composition Stefano Perego
1026 Vegetation, Architecture and Sustainability Katia Perini
1034 The Suffi cient House: Housing Design for Suburban Bangkok Based on Suffi ciency Economy Philosophy Saithiwa Ramasoot
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1044 Plants: a Model for Design? Plant Plasticity, Mutation and Adaptability: Qualities Open to Interpretation Patricia Ribault, Sara Lubtchansky, Patrick Nadeau
1052 Form of the Settlement, Energy and Housing Typologies. Contemporary Research and Education in Architecture Francesca Scotti
1059 Advocating for Agility, Adaptability + Appropriateness: Innovations + Inspirations for an Environmental Design of the 21st Century Brian R. Sinclair, Somayeh Mousazadeh, Ghazaleh Safarzadeh
4. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY
1069 The Adaptive City John Brennan
1078 Education for Sustainable Architecture: Professional Competencies and Responsible Ethics Bing Chen
1087 To a “Integrated Multiscale Project” Design Method. Transecting Sections and Action Contracts Roberta Ingaramo, Angioletta Voghera
1096 Performance and Form: New Pedagogical Approaches to Designing the Building Envelope as an Adaptive Interface Ulrike Passe, Robert Demel
PART FOUR INFRA STRUCTURES, LAND AND LANDSCAPE
1109 Structures of Picturesque Giancarlo Floridi
1. LAND AND URBAN SHAPE
1117 Schools as Catalysts for the Urban Environment Ulrike Altenmüller-Lewis
1127 Residential metropolization process and new forms of urban centralities Priscilla Ananian
1135 Stand-By Landscapes: Designing Residual Spaces for Urban Regeneration. “Small Green Ring” Landscape Promenade: An Experimental Case Study on Milano Navigli Areas Anna Arioli
1145 Historical Evolution of Urban Segregation: Mechanisms of Differentiation Through Space and Time Nadia Charalambous
1155 The Border as a Place of Experience Andrea di Franco
1163 Examining Material Flows for the Study of a Settlement. A Historical Perspective Leila Marie Farah
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1171 Squares and Streets without Town. Settlement Patterns in Puglia’s Landscape: the Borgo Segezia Anna Bruna Menghini
1180 Learning from Ksour. The Valleys of the Drâa and the Ziz in pre-Saharan Morocco Carlo Moccia
1187 The Waterfront Project for the Historic Centres: The Case of the Redevelopment of the Historic Port of Cala di Palermo Sebastiano Provenzano, Giuseppe Pellitteri
1195 Cities of Salt. Toward a New Analysis Method for a New Planning Strategy Giuseppe Rociola
1202 Activating Emptiness: Bricolage of Japanese urban context Marja Sarvimäki
1209 Notes for a Design for the 900 km Nile City Pier Paolo Tamburelli
1216 Copenhagen - Øresund - Malmö: city borders and construction of the landscape Carlotta Torricelli
1225 The Carbon-neutral Settlement of Broeset. Towards a new paradigm in urban planning? Dag Kittang
2. INFRA STRUCTURES
1235 The Next Generative Infrastructure for Detroit Constance C. Bodurow
1248 Urban Mobility Footprints Fabio Casiroli
1256 Regional Infrastructures Sara Queen
1265 Landscape as Infrastructure: Ideas for Urban transformation of Placa de les Glories as a New Public Node for Barcelona, Spain Arunjyoti Hazarika
1273 New Element of Settling (NER) as Search of Future City Ilia G. Lezhava
1283 Knowledge and Design for Assembled Urban Landscapes Rejana Lucci
1290 Integration between Infrastructural Design and Territorial Planning. Case Study of the Third Policy Document Shaping the Netherlands. Architectural Policy 2001-2004 Stefano Sabatino
1298 Infrastructure and the Just City Maurizio Sabini
1306 Identity and Landscape along the Way from Jaffa to Jerusalem Alessandra Terenzi
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1317 Railway Station between Architecture and City. Western Models, Chinese Cases and Urban Transformation Zhen Chen
3. TERRITORY AND FORM
1327 Inventory, Assessment and Evaluation of Historic Resources in HemisFair Park for the New Master Plan William Dupont, Sedef Doganer, Saadet Beeson, Adriana Munoz, Laura Carrera
1336 Defi ning the Metropolitan Central Park, a Special Item in the Contemporary Open-Space-System Joan Florit Femenias
1344 Growing Cities, Growing Roofs: Vegetative Systems’ Response to Urban Runoff Elizabeth J. Grant, Shouib Ma’bdeh
1352 War Ruins, Peace Landscapes, Metropolitan Nomadism. [“Natura Artifi cialis” and Urban Mobility|Olympiapark-München] Andreina Maahsen-Milan
1360 Instrumental Restitching and Perceptual Rotation: Spatial Recalibration Strategies for Monumental Parks in Historic Cities Deborah A. Middleton
1370 Landscapes of Survival: the OASIS System in the Contemporary Mediterranean City Veronica Salomone
1378 Philadelphia Green Structures Kate Wingert-Playdon
4. METHOD AND TECHNIQUES
1385 Cybertown: Another Façade of the Postindustrial City Leonard R. Bachman
1394 Retooling Architectural Pedagogy: Community-based Design in Haiti Jim Lutz, John Comazzi
1403 Ma.Chi.Na. Alessandra Como
1411 Archetypes in-formation. Strategies of Transition in Architecture and Urban Design Yannis Zavoleas, Panayotis Tournikiotis
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465
Reconstructing the Cambel’s Yali at Bosporus
Francesco Collotti, Serena AcciaiUniversità degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
Foreword. Istanbul and Sedad Hakki Eldem, the Past as Building Material
“Istanbul, the city where geography provokes history”, wrote Brodskij.“Town that is built up upon herself “and that lives as she always has lived,
not by substitution but by addition”. Town where the ancient is truly a source of design, “whose karma is in being a crossroads of civilization”, that Bridge that Pamuk too sees in his Istanbul1.
In this port which is in reality a mosaic of ports, in this city made up of many cities that in the end are only one, there exist characteristics which distin-guish the architecture: above all the constant presence of water, even as a horizon which runs through the constructed fabric, and then the legacy of the ancient city, that is the erosion of classicism as a principle of architecture.
Sedad Hakki Eldem, architect of Istanbul, who worked for and with Istan-bul for all his long life, realized in the metropolis on the Bosporus his greatest architecture. Fragments of constructed city which are integrated as contributions of Modern into that genealogy of architectures that lead to the evolution of the city in time.
This research, and the here presented pilot-project, have their starting point in the PhD Research developed in our Doctorate School by Serena Acciai, focusing the case history of Sedad Hakki Eldem, architect of the turkish Modern2.
Aristocratic architect, descendent of a wealthy Ottoman family, Eldem was educated between Munich and the Academy of Fine Arts of Istanbul and early in his career began to design the great architecture of the city, beginning with the Topkapı Palace. Eldem read his city as an Ottoman but also and above all through the surveys, drawings, and engravings of Western scholars3.
Particularly important are Müller-Wiener, German archeologist who dis-covers by surveying all of Sultanahmet, thus bringing the past to life4, and I. Melling, German architect who in the 19th century arrived in Istanbul for a brief stay and remained eighteen years to sketch views of the Bosporus.
Melling worked as Imperial Architect, not only engraving many detailed drawings of the Sultan’s palaces, Ottoman society, and representing some views
1 O. Pamuk, Istanbul. Torino: Einaudi, 2008.2 S. Acciai, Byzance - Costantinople - Istanbul: per Fragments of Generous Ideas. The Case Study
of Sedad Hakki Eldem (Doctorate School in Architecture, design and history of the Arts at the Univer-sity of Florence), results partially published in S. Acciai, “Ultima fermata Costantinopoli / Last stop Costantinople”. Firenze - architettura, 1/2011, 136-143.
3 E. Eldem, B. Tanju, U. Tanyeli, Sedad Hakkı Eldem, I: Early Years. Istanbul: Garanti, 2008; Id., Sedad Hakkı Eldem, II: Retrospektif. Istanbul: Garanti, 2009; S. Bozdogan, Sedad Eldem: Architect in Turkey. Singabore: Concept Media, 1987.
4 W. Müller-Wiener, Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls. Tübingen: Wasmuth, 1977.
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Constantinople and its environs, but also the architect who was committed to build pavillions, furniture and palaces on the Bosphorus shores for the Sultan’s sister.
On the surveys plans of the archaelogists Sedad Hakki Eldem traces his proposals or Istanbul.
Following the Melling’s engravings Eldem starts his research/survey/pro-ject of the Bosporus’ shores5.
Eldem was intimately involved in the architectural and urban experience of the city and her memory. He worked for Istanbul through those elements which Aldo Rossi defi ned constitutive of the architecture of a city – monuments and houses – and today his works remain scattered throughout the city as exem-plifi cations of the image of the epoch and society which Eldem wanted in a way to capture and make available to the masses.
The Experience of Ottoman House
Starting from the experience of Istanbul and extending the research to a human settlement at geographic scale, Eldem wrote about the Byzantine infl u-ence and wondered what contaminations and suggestions the Ottomans might have found before becoming Turks, seeking and investigating as always the typology of the Turkish House.
The Ottoman town is by him described as fragments of imaginations.
You could catch glimpses of the houses over their high garden walls, and discov-ering views of a courtyard through open gates. The inhabitants of these houses would generally ask you in, and show you higly-decorated rooms, or take you to sofa-halls, laid with solid beams scrubbed white as ivory over generations.6
Eldem continually wonders about the work on the building type of the Turk-ish House. TURKISH HOUSE? A “Western construction”? An open question... as is the nature of the term “Turkish” employed by the Europeans to indicate the cultural and religious ethnicities of the heterogeneous population of the Ottoman Empire.
The typical Ottoman house has specifi c characteristics that give it its peculiar place in the universal history of home types.Its origins and its relationship to the house types of the neighboring areas make a fascinating case study for the understand-ing both of the cultural phenomena of the Ottoman universe and of the processes involved in making architecture in general, Ottoman or not.7
The experience of architecture oscillates constantly between the generality of type and the specifi city of site. We have to critic the concept of context and
5 S.H. Eldem, Istanbul Anilari (Reminiscences of Istanbul). Istanbul: Istanbul Alarko Egitim Tesisleri, 1979.
6 S.H. Eldem, Turk Evi Plan Tipleri. Istanbul: Istanbul Tekinik Universitesi, 1954; Id., Türk Evi, Osmanli Dönemi, Turkish Houses Ottoman Period I, II, III. Istanbul: Taç Vakfı yayını 1984-1986-1987.
7 M.M. Cerasi, “The formation of Ottoman house types: a comparative study in interaction with neighboring cultures”. In Muqarnas XV: An Annual on the visual culture of the Islamic world, ed. Gülru Necipoglu. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1998.
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mannered environmentalism. The traits of type and the constituents of the site should remain inseparable. Composed, in other words re-composed.
According to Maurice Cerasi the open question is that
the Ottoman house was a synchretic product of a multiethnic society from the sev-enteenth century onwards, with the imperial court acting as a powerful catalyst [...] the relationship of house type to urban structure and urban culture is obvi-ously very important in Ottoman towns no less than in other cultures.8
The Ottoman house: a border wall defi ning a garden, the wall is so sized and shaped to resist against earthquake, the timber structure of the house, fragile and fl exible at the same time, covers only a part of the garden: a light wooden-frame construction with brick or earth infi ll is set on the stone walls.
“The houses seemed to be set on retaining walls or on the ground, any sense of permanency was rare”: this is a concept of settlement connected to “the institutional and psychological context of Ottoman society”9.
A garden courtyard (more garden than courtyard) is the center of the fam-ily life.
“Organization and volume composition resembled the Far Eastern pavilion systems”.
Funtional spaces are at the ground fl oor level or in outbuildings in the garden.
The upper fl oor is a cluster of square or rectangular rooms/oda, unmarked by functional specialization but defi ned by elements such sequence of windows, niches and walled cupboards, fi replace, symmetrical ceiling decoration with cen-tral focal point, perimeter seating.
The ottoman house is what in french language is called savoir vivre.First of all it is a way of life, is a lifestyle, is a way for pleasant life.
The Yali Architecture between East and West
In the general and long-lasting experience of Istanbul as Byzantine and – later – Ottoman town, the human settlement and the creation of a landscape along the shores of the Bosporus is a unique and extraordinary artifact.
The yalı architecture (system of building and sequence of gardens, walls and terraces) is at the same time type and site specifi c principle of settlement on the Bosporus. The recent chaotic development of the channel shores is forgetting the ancient principles which ruled for centuries the Istanbul’s extension east-wards, creating a pleasure’s and representative space’s system (palaces, mansions, gardens, terraces) integrated to the pre-existing small villages.
The yalı architecture in the Bosphorus is a settlement’s principle, con-tinuing, organizing and in work setting an original greek byzantine landscape marked by small objects, water streaming downhill, systems of terraces probably erected by peasants.
8 Ibid.9 Ibid.
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The yalı architecture, fi gure between Ottoman tradition and european archi-tecture is a particulary experience in the controverse westernization of Istanbul.
The history of settlement along the shores of the Bosporus in the Ottoman period is rather exceptional in comparison with standard aspects of Ottoman urban culture. In the major centers of the Empire, the residential fabric was organized in rather introverted districts or mahalles, with limited architectural display of social status. Instead, the topography of the Bosporus would be exploited by local and foreign elites of the eighteenth century to construct a veritable showcase of social repre-sentation and urban rituals, generating something comparable to a broad boul-evard in a baroque European city.10
The huge work on the yalis proposed by Sedad Hakki Eldem consists not only in built examples but also in few important contributions of scientifi c lit-erature, where he involves his student’s classes in reconstructing the often lost landscape of the Bosporus.
Sedad Hakki Eldem investigates the origins and the characteristics of the ancient and old buildings which might be read/reread in a modern light. Do the great buildings of the past remain in Istanbul as sorts of footprints in the suc-cessive design of the city? Does that manner of constructing the waterfront, the Emperors’ Palaces, remain in the history of the identity of the buildings on the Bosporus?
It is certain that with his endeavors (the systematic classifi cation of the ar-chitecture of the Bosporus and the establishment of survey and design seminars for students of the Academy of Fine Arts of Istanbul, among others)11 and with his designs for the new yalı on the Bosporus, Eldem contributed in a decisive manner to the memory and the acknowledgement of the highly particular value of this architectural heritage.
In fact it is not a coincidence that the fi rst representations of Turkish hous-es in European publications coincide with the blossoming of exoticism and the discovery of the different as a central point in the self-defi nition of the Enlight-enment, and it was precisely the publication of the work of travelers and art-ists such as Allow and Bartlett and the already above mentioned Melling that dictated the fi rst panoramic views of the yalı, those grand wood dwellings along the Bosporus.
That Eldem took as an initial source of inspiration for his work a copy of the Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople et des rives du Bosphore of Melling indi-cates the importance of Western representations in the formation of the concept of the Turkish House and the importance of intertextual references.
10 P. Girardelli, Landscape in context. Urban and rural dimension of a coastal estate on the Bosporus, lecture at 14th Annual Mediterranean Studies Congress (Ionian University, Corfu, Greece, 25-28 May 2011).
11 S.H. Eldem, Le yali de Koceoglu a Bebek sur le Bosphore. Istanbul: Vehbi Koc Vakfi , 1975; Id., The yalis of the Bosphorus - Anatolian side. Istanbul: Vehbi Koc Vakfi , 1993; Id., The yalis of the Bos-phorus - European side. Istanbul: Vehbi Koc Vakfi , 1993.
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It all begins with the Amcazâde Hüseyin Yalısı, structure dating to 1689 which can be defi ned the archetype of this building12. The building which can now be seen on the Bosporus, near Anadoluhisarı, is only a fragment of the origi-nal and elaborate plan of the summer estate of the Köprülü family, organized according to the usual disposition in selamik and haremlik, here however placed far apart from one another.
All that remains of this constellation of architectural elements is the build-ing with a central plan which rotates about a fi re while all around the divanhane, a great room made up of low seats placed under the windows that repeatedly open onto the sea, unfolds.
“All comes from the Orient” wrote Luciano Semerani [“and the sensual, mag-ic, and illusionary essence of ancient architecture is hidden”]13, but in this building on the Bosporus all is still manifest; in fact it remains throughout the centuries as an incunabulum of Ottoman architectural art. From the archetype to the realization of a modern interpretation of these residences on the Bosporus – Eldem in the 60s fi nds himself with the opportunity to design new yalı on the Bosporus for that new, illuminated clientele, industrialists and businessmen who were the natural evolu-tion of the Ottoman elite and who had renewed the practice of the dwellings on the water, that manner of living on the water’s edge treating the Bosporus almost as a “theater of life”, comparable in this to the Grand Canal of Venice.
Although these commissions engaged Eldem for individual buildings, at a certain point their number became so great that the context could no longer be confi ned to the site of each yalı; it inevitably became a more choral question, or rather the image of the skyline of the Bosporus through a reconstruction of frag-ments of the two banks wherein the yalı were the principal element.
The Case History of Yali Cambel
In the main stream of researches supported by the Department of History of the BU Bogaziçi University (Özyar, Girardelli), the Department of Architecture drawing/survey history design of the University of Florence (Collotti with Acciai) is developing the pilot project for the refurbishment of the garden at Halet in Arnavtkoi, on the European side of the Bosporus.
The most striking feature of the Cambel yalı is that it develops the original type of coastal settlement in its ambivalent, urban and rural dimension.
On the top, strawberry fi elds of the typical Bosporus sort cilek.
For similar estates, access to the shore was essential for both infrastructural and pres-tige reasons. Equally important was the inclusion in the property of a large portion of land, to be exploited for both social and productive, agricultural purposes.14
Part of the reasearch is the survey of the garden, of the walls’s sequence and trying hypothesis about the water’s system fl ushing downhill. As in the
12 S. Unver, S.H. Eldem, Amcazâde Hüseyin Pasa Yalısı. Istanbul, 1970.13 L. Semerani, ed., La casa. Forma e ragioni dell’abitare. Milano: Skira, 2008.14 P. Girardelli, Landscape in context, cit.
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1. S. Acciai, Sketch of the elevation in gold
2. Cambel’s yali at Arnavtkoi, beginning of XX century (source DAI Istanbul)
3. F. Collotti, S. Acciai, Survey / interpretation, 2011
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byzantine tradition a water reservoir was provided on the top of the property, maybe connected with a water-vaine streaming on the fl anks of the Bosporus topography.
First of all we needed trimming the overgrown small plants and cutting not authocthone trees.
Focus of the project is the compatible reuse of this place as studies center of the Bogaziçi University, refurbishing the sequence of terraces as mesire (collec-tive garden surrounded by walls).
Conservation of the heritage by means of the project: construction is, ac-cording to us, not far from re-construction.
Conservation, maintenance and the compatible reuse of the living heritage and of the cultural landscape is the mission, therefore this project consists in: – rediscovering the way of the water;– conservation and restoration of the terraces; – maintenance of the complex system of retaining walls and draining net;– disveiling the original topography as spectacular point de vue toward the
surrounding landscape;– re-construction of the underground system of baths and spaces, especially
of the serdab the Persian declination of the Turkish bath;– replanting of the original autochthone trees.
In this way we are re-discovering this garden maybe once belonging to the Sultan’s gardener.
And all this learning from the past used as building material– according to the nature, never against;– listening to the topography;– seeking the way of the water.
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