November, 2006November, 2006
Chilled Ammonia Scrubberfor CO2 Capture
Sean BlackEnvironmental Control Systems
Bringing you a World of Experience in Clean Air Solutions
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 2
Core CompetenciesTwo core businesses:
Power
Rail Transport
+ activities in Marine and Power Conversion
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 3
Power: Example of a coal-firedpower plant
Steam turbineand generator
Coal
Boiler
Dust collector
Combustionsystem
Desulphurisationsystem
Denitrificationsystem
4
Power: An extensive range of products, systems and services
Generators
Turbines (gas, steam, hydro)
Boilers Maintenance, spare parts
Environmental control systemsInstrumentation and monitoring
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 5
Paths to Carbon Free Power
Efficiency – Achieve >48% HHV– Ultrasupercritical PC – Emphasis on advanced materials
Co-firing of biomass– Partial replacement of fossil fuels in PC/CFB – proportional
reduction in CO2
Post Carbon Capture – Achieve >90% CO2 capture– Multiple options under development to achieve competitive COE
for Clean Coal Combustion and IGCC with CO2 capture
New Combustion Cycles
Maximize carbon reduction by efficiency Maximize carbon reduction by efficiency –– then capture for sequestrationthen capture for sequestration
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 6
Low Carbon CombustionAlternate Paths to CO2 Capture
Technology Status
CO2 Scrubbing options – ammonia based
Demonstration in 2006. Advantage of lower costs than Amines. Applicable for retrofit & new applications
Advanced Amine Scrubbing
Further Improvements in Solvents, Thermal Integration, and Application of Membranes Technologies Focused on Reducing Cost and Power Usage – Multiple suppliers driving innovations
CO2 Frosting Uses Refrigeration Principle to Capture CO2 from Flue Gas. Process Being Developed by Ecole de Mines de Paris, France, with ALSTOM Support
CO2 Wheel Use Regenerative Air-Heater-Like Device with Solid Absorbent Material to Capture ~ 60% CO2 from Flue Gas. Being Developed by Toshiba, with Support from ALSTOM
CO2 Adsorption with Solids
Being Developed by the University of Oslo & SINTEF Materials & Chemistry (Oslo, Norway), in Cooperation with ALSTOM
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 7
NH3-CO2-H2O Process
ExisitingFGD
ExistingStack
2 stageCooling
Chiller
CO2Absorber
Regenerator
HX
CO2
HPPump
Wash
Wash
Reboiler
Schematic of Ammonia-based CO2 Capture System
Flue Gas
Water
Rich Slurry
Lean Slurry
CO2
Flue Gas
Purge
Lean AC
Rich ABC
120F
35F
Cooling & Cleaning of FG CO2 Absorption CO2 Regeneration
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 8
Reactions in the NH3-CO2-H2O system
Ammonia reacts with CO2 and water and forms ammonia carbonate or bicarbonate– Absorption at low temperature prevents ammonia release
• 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O (NH4)2CO3
• NH3 + CO2 + H2O NH4HCO3
• (NH4)2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NH4HCO3
Moderately raising the temperature reverses the above reactions – producing CO2– Regeneration at high pressure and low concentrations of
ammonia prevent gaseous ammonia release
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 9
Ammonia Process Innovations
Cooling the flue gas to 0-10oC– Condensing H2O and eliminating residual
contamination– Reducing flue gas volume and increasing CO2
concentrationOperating the absorber at 0-10oC for high CO2capture efficiency with low NH3 emissionRegeneration at >120oC and >20 bar to generate high pressure CO2 stream with low moisture and ammonia concentration
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 10
Advantages of Ammonia
High efficiency capture of CO2
Low heat of reactionHigh capacity for CO2 per unit of solutionEasy and low temperature regenerationLow cost reagentNo degradation during absorption-regenerationTolerance to oxygen and contaminations in gas
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 11
Basic Comparison with MEA
MEA NH3
Molecular weight 61 17
H2O/CO2 in regenerator gas outlet(mole ratio)
1-1.5 0.01-0.05
Makeup requirements, kg/ton CO2 2 0.2
Makeup cost, $/ton 1000-1500 200-300
Practical CO2 loading, Kg/Kg solution 0.05 0.1-0.2
Heat of reaction, Kcal/gmole 20-22 6-8
Absorption temperature, C 40-70 0-10
Regeneration temperature, C 110-130 110-130
Regeneration pressure, bara 1-1.5 20-40
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 12
Basic Comparison with MEA
Supercritical PC Without
CO2 Removal
SCPC With MEA CO2 Removal
Parsons Study
SCPC With NH3 CO2 Removal Current Study
Coal Feed rate, lb/hr 333,542 333,542 333,542
Coal heating value, Btu/lb (HHV) 11,666 11,666 11,666
Boiler heat input, MMBtu 3,891 3,891 3,891
LP Steam extraction, lb/hr for reboiler 0 1,215,641 179,500
Steam Turbine Power, kWe 498,319 408,089 484,995
Generator loss, kWe (7,211) (5,835) (7,018)
Gross plant, kWe 491,108 402,254 471,301
Plant Auxiliary Load (IDF, FGD, BFW pumps, Water pumps, Cooling Towers, CO2 unit, Chillers, CO2 compressor, BOP), kWe
(29,050) (72,730) (53,950)
Net Power Output 462,058 329,524 421,717
Net efficiency, % HHV 40.5 28.9 37.0
Avoided Cost, $/ton CO2 Base 51.1 19.7
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 13
Chilled Ammonia ScrubberDevelopment Plan
Testing phase of the absorber at SRI International
Complete with a regeneration phase
LARGE BENCH SCALE (0.25 MW)
PHASE 2PHASE 1
SMALLBENCH SCALE
Testing of the global technologyProcess work and calculations carried out
Testing phase on a small slip stream of a power plant flue gas; host site TBD
PILOT SCALE (5 MW)
Building a process to treat the equivalent of 30MW (slip stream of the power plant)Expect two sites, one on coal and one on gas (combined with GT development)
DEMO SCALE (30 MW)
PHASE 3 PHASE 4
CommercialRelease
PHASE 5
Extent of limited release TBD (number of projects, size)
Valid
ated
pa
ram
eter
s Greater than 90% removal with limited ammonia emissionsOptimize absorber design for Phase 3
First series of hypotheses on technical assumptions
Validate feasibility of the total process with real flue gasValidate heat of reaction and other key parametersValidate for coal and gas
Demonstrate system reliability and availabilityEstablish cost and performance for commercial systems
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 14
Small Bench Scale System
Cold water scrubber
Primary scrubber
Sorbent tank
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 15
10” D, 6ft H, Bubbler reactor
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 16
0.25 MW Bench Schematic
Bosster FanAir
CO2
ABS1 ABS2 WaterWash
Schematic of the 1.5ft Bench scale absorbption system
Chiller
AcidWash
Producttank
Reagent28% NH3
680acfm
120acfm
250gpm
pH, TpH, T
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 17
Phase 2 – Key Objectives0.25 MWe Bench Scale Test
Demonstrate 90% CO2 capture efficiency for 3.5, 8, 15% CO2 concentrationDemonstrate low ammonia emissionMeasure mass transferOptimization of absorber operating conditionsProviding data for pilot design
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 18
Photos of 0.25 MW Pilot
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 19
We Energies Pleasant Prairie Host Site Location for 5MW Pilot
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 20
Proposed Pilot Location
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 21
Host Site Location
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 22
Illustration of the Pilot
MIT Sequestration Form Oct 2006 Chilled Ammonia Scrubber for CO2 Capture 23
Roles of Project Team Members
Task Title EPRI ALSTOM WE Energies 1. Pilot Plant Design and Construction
1.01 Site Permitting S X1.02 Define base design data, X1.03 Mass balance calculation, P&ID X1.04 Prel equipment sizing & GA X1.1 Preliminary Design & Calculation, Phase I X1.2 Detailed Design, Phase II X1.3 Procurement X1.4 Fabrication X1.5 Process Safety review S X1.6 Construction X1.7 Commissioning & Start-up X S
2. Operation & Maintenance2.1 Consumable Supply X2.2 Waste Disposal X2.3 Operation Labor X S2.4 Maintenance Labor S X
3. Testing3.1 Test Plan X S S3.2 Baseline Tests X S S3.3 Parametric Tests X S S3.4 Long-Term Tests X S S3.5 Data Analysis X S S
4. Performance and Economic Evaluation X S S 5. Management and Reporting
5.1 Project Management, PM & PE S X S5.2 Reporting S X S5.3 Accounting/Invoicing S X S
6. Pilot Plant Decommissioning X
X - Lead PartyS - Support
CO2 PILOT - 5MWRoles of Project Team Members
www.alstom.com
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