Regional workshop on “Community-baSED Integrated Coastal Management: Best Practices and Lessons Learned in the Bay of Bengal, South Asia” , BOBLME-FAO/IUCN, 28-29 July 2010, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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Md. Jahangir AlamChief Scientific Officer
Bangladesh Fisheries Research InstituteMymensingh 2201, Bangladesh
Coastal zoneContinental shelves & adjacent land area up to 100 km inland from the coast
Transition area where terrestrial & marine environment interact
Natural resource base supports fisheries, aquaculture & agriculture
Ecologically dynamic with diversified production system
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Bangladesh coastal zone
19 districts out of 64; 11 meet sea or lower estuary directly
133 upazilas out of 484; 48 are exposed to coast
BD CZ covers 32% (47,200 km2) of total land area
Coastal population is about 40 million (28% of country total)
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Bangladesh coastal zoneB F R IB F R I
710 km long coast
Eastern region (Pacific type)
Central region (Active delta): the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna jointly flow through this region
Western region (Atlantic type)
Livelihoods of coastal community has been relying since long on -
FisheriesNatural trapping-holding-growing fish productionAgricultureSunderbans mangrovesSalt production
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Lately since 70s, following coastal polderization
Aquaculture, brackishwater shrimp farming in particular
Contribution to national economyB F R IB F R I
Total fisheries sector 2007-08(3396.38 Cr. Tk.)
Employment & livelihoods brood hatchery farm transportationprocessing packaging marketing & so on
Marine fisheries production (capture)
0.5 million mt (20% of country’s total) Artisanal boats provides >90%- inshore (<10 m depth): non-mechanized boats– 22,527- near-shore (10-40 m depth): mechanized boats- 21,433 Trawlers provide <10%- off-shore waters (40-100 m)- 133 boats- further off-shore (100-200 m) ????
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Central region: the most dynamic region
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185 chars and islands
Detached (21)Attached with the mainland (92)Marine and estuarine (72)—located within 2-6 m of tidal surge
Coastal community and risk3 million live in 185 chars and islandsPeople live seasonally in 35 marine and estuarine islands—fishing
being the only livelihoodOnly 2 cyclone shelters in 72 islandsOnly 14 islands are protected by embankment
Western region: potential aquaculture-agriculture region
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Khul
na
Satk
hira
Bage
rhat
Gopa
lgon
j
Narai
l
Jessore
ShrimpRice
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Coastal vulnerability•Cyclone and storm surge•Floods, drainage congestion and water logging•Drought and salinity intrusion•Erosion•Ecosystem degradation•Climate change above all exacerbate vulnerabilities•Livelihood and food security threatened•More population and less socio-economic development in the exposed zone would cause high risk
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Policies pertaining to coastal zoneCoastal Zone Policy 2005Coastal Development Strategy 2006Integrated Coastal Resources Database 2005Priority Investment Programme 2006National Water Management Plan 2004Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-II 2009-2011National Adaptation Programme of Action 2005Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009Sixth Five Year Plan (2010-2015)Outline Perspective Plan: Vision 2010-2021
All above policies attach due importance for CZM for eradication of poverty, inequity and deprivation.
Highly supportive policy environment exists for an integrated coastal development programme.
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ICZM initiative in Bangladesh (1986-2010)
Since ICZM got shape in 1980 and following the Rio Earth Summit 1992
ESCAP Secretariat and GoB Planning Commission 1986Follow up study by UNDP and Planning Commission 1993GoB Policy Note on ICZM issued Feb 1999Joint Donor Mission (IDA-NEDA-WFP) March 1999Joint Mission (IDA-NEDA) Oct 1999ICZMP Project (2000-2005)- CZPo 2005, CDS 2006, PIP 2005, ICRD 2005 Coastal land zoning for 19 coastal districts being implemented
ICZM Identification Mission 2009-Suggested revival of ICZM and phased implementation
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Funding coastal development—BangladeshUS$ 1.45 billion during 2005-06—2009-10
Bangladesh CC Trust Fund
US$ 100 million 2009-10US$ 100 million 2010-11
Multi donor climate resilience Green Trust Fund US$ 110 million
NGO funding in the coastal zone US$ 145 million 2009-10
Funding coastal fisheries (11 projects)2007-08—2011-12 funding: US$ 67 million2010-11 funding: US$ 12.5 million
Support to Sustainable Management of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BFRI) (1/09/2008—31/08/2013)
Total cost: US$ 0.71 million, 2010-11 budget: US$ 62,000 `
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Besides CCFM development -
•Bangladesh has potential of coastal aquaculture development for livelihood improvement
•Opportunity of community involvement
• Resource availability and integration
Economic gainEconomic gain Food securityFood security ConservationConservation
Shrimp
Fish
Crab
Rice
Shrimp
Fish
Crab
Rice
Shrimp
Fish
Crab
Rice
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Two crop
One crop
Ricc-fish-Shrimp
SeedFertilizerPesticide
Fish-shrimp-prawn
WildCulture
Stock management
Feed
Seed
Semi-intensive
Imroved extensive
Feed
SeedCulture
Fattening
Seed
CrabFishRice Shrimp
Underground Upstream in-flow
Marine in-flow Rainfall
Water sources(sluice-gate operation)
Total production
Freshwater quantity & quality
Saline/brackish water quality & quantity (chemical & organic pollution, acidity, salinity, temp., etc.)
Soil quality
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Wet seasonDry season
Gher preparation
• Water depth- 60-80 cm• Single stocking: @ 3-5/m²• Yield: 350-550 kg/ha• NR: 0.75-1.00 lakh/ha
(1:1.9)
Golda GIFT
5,000-10,000/ha at 1:1 ratio
Yield:• Rice: 4-5 t/ha.• Fish: 200-250 kg/ha• Prawn: 70-90 kg/ha
Seedling
BagdaRice
Improved riceImproved rice--shrimp systemshrimp system
HYVs: BR 23/40/41
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Increased rice yield
Additional crop of fish/prawn
Maximizeland-water
use for Increased food
production &income
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• Risk of reduced rice yield is there in case of prolonged water logging in ghers with higher depth
• Integrated effort is required for improving water supply system in coastal polders
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• HYV rice can also be grown in dry season by adopting innovative water management approach
• Non-saline river water & rainfall can be conserved for improving productivity and livelihood
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
HYV Rice HYV Rice
From river
From reservoir
Seedling
Rainfall
Seedling
Improved riceImproved rice--rice systemrice system
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Item Traditional cropping
Modified cropping
Rice yield (t/ha) 2.0-2.5 8.0-9.0Production cost (Tk/ha)
5000 25000
Profit (Tk/ha) 15000-20000 32500-37500
Improved riceImproved rice--rice systemrice system
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• Rice BRRIdhan 41: 4.8 t/ha• Fish: Carp: 600 kg/ha; bagda: 40 kg/ha;
galda:65kg/ha
Net benefit: Rice - Tk. 27,000/ha (1:1.8)Aquaculture – Tk. 36,000/ha (1:1.4)
» BRRIdhan 47 has shown a great promise production in integration with shrimp (bagda), prawn (Golda) and carps (ruhu, catla & mrigal)
Dry season riceDry season rice--aquaculture systemaquaculture system
Integrated mud crab fattening-fish culture
• Increased income• Improved nutrition
Fattening duration: 7-12 days
Fattening duration: 14-18 days
9-10 kg/dec/180 days
Crab@
2/m2
Crab@ 16/m2
GIFT@
1/m2
Maximum resource utilization
• Waterlogged saline areas can potentially be utilized by growing GIFT in pens and crab fattening
• BRAC has undertaken some aquaculture rehabilitation programme, at different AILA affected areas with BFRI technology and technical advice
ImplicationsImplications…………..an adaptation success ..an adaptation success
Crab fatteningGIFT culture
Integrated hydoponic agricultureIntegrated hydoponic agriculture--aquacultureaquaculture
• Introduce hydroponic agriculture, non-saline and/or salinity tolerant vegetables
• Integrate fish culture in pen encircling the hydroponic bed area – periphytonic advantage
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RecommendationsRecommendations
• Study strength and weaknesses of post ECFC projects in the light of lessons learned from post CBFM projects in freshwater inland areas.
• Institutionalization of CBFM approach in coastal areas• Provision of endowment fund for sustainable operation of
CBOs.• Government should pay immediate attention to implement
strategies and action plans outlined under coastal and marine fisheries sub-strategies.
• Need political will for coastal and marine fisheries, as has been visible for hilsa fisheries resources management.
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