Characterizing of Radiative Heat
Transfer in a Spark-Ignition
Engine through High-Speed
Experiments and Simulations Lucca Henrion1, Michael C. Gross2, Sebastian Ferreryo Fernandez3, Chandan Paul3, Samuel Kazmouz3, Volker Sick1, and Daniel C. Haworth3 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 2Southwest Research Institute, Ann Arbor 3Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
0
6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Radiative heat transfer • Broadband soot radiation
• Modest et al. [1] and
Fernandez et al. [2] have
demonstrated need to study
molecular radiation
• Molecular radiation occurs in
the infrared (IR)
Molecules in combustion • H2O, CO2, CO
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Simulated Diesel-engines emission spectrum [3], data
provided by D. C. Haworth
1,0E-05
1,0E-04
1,0E-03
1,0E-02
1,0E-01
1,0E+00
1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0
Rad
iati
ve P
ow
er [
W/n
m]
Wavelength [µm]
Soot
Soot
CO
CO₂
H₂O
[1] M. F. Modest. Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Combustion Systems:
Theory and Applications. 2015
[2] S. F. Fernandez, Combust. Flame, vol. 190, pp. 402–415, 2018.
[3] C. Paul. U.S. National Combustion Meeting, 2017, vol. 10.
Molecular radiation in engines
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Reabsorption
• Energy redistribution • Change local conditions
• Exhaust gas recirculation • Burnt gas made of H2O and CO2
• Radiative trapping [1]
Radiative Variance
• Multi-cycle experiments [2]
• Large eddy simulations [3]
[1] M. F. Modest . Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Combustion
Systems: Theory and Applications. 2015.
[2] V. Sick, 13th AVL Intl. Symp. on Propulsion Diagnostics
Proceedings, 2018.
[3] Y. Shekhawat. Oil Gas Sci. Technol., vol. 72, no. 5, 2017.
Flame Wall
EGR
Radiation
TCC-III Engine • Third-generation Transparent
Combustion Chamber (TCC-III) engine [1]
• Operated on stoichiometric and homogenous propane - air mixture
• Optical access provided through cylinder
Operating Conditions • Engine ran at 1300 rev/min
• Spark at -18° aTDC
• Intake pressure 40 kPa, exhaust pressure 101.5 kPa
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Courtesy of the TCC Engine Collection on the University of
Michigan Deep Blue Data Archive [1]
[1] D.L. Reuss,TCC Engine Collection,”
Deep Blue Data. [Online].
Experimental setup
• Sensitive from 1-5.5 µm
• Windowed operating >4 kHz
• Spectral range up to 460 nm
• Spectral resolution of 2.43
nm/pixel
• Spectra captured every 2 CAD
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Schematic of high-speed spectroscopy experimental
setup (not to scale)
Simulation setup
LES simulations using STAR-CD
• 19 consecutive cycles
• Smagorinsky subgrid-scale turbulence model
• Modified thickened flame combustion model [1]
• Radiative heat transfer not considered
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
[1] Y. Shekhawat. Oil Gas Sci. Technol., vol. 72, no. 5, 2017.
Radiation post-processing
• Emission obtained from HITEMP spectral database [1]
• 2 radiation models used for radiative reabsorption [2]
• Photon Monte-Carlo method with line-by-line spectral resolution
• Lowest order spherical harmonics method (a P1 method) with full-
spectrum k distribution (P1/FSK)
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
[1] L. S. Rothman, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat.
Transf., vol. 111, no. 15, pp. 2139–2150, 2010.
[2] C. Paul, Combust. Flame, vol. Accepted, 2018.
Experimental Results
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
100-cycle ensemble-average of crank angle resolved net radiation
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,1
Rad
iati
ve P
ow
er
[a.u
.]
Wavelength [µm]
16° aTDC
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150Ra
dia
tive
Po
we
r [a
.u.]
Crank Angle Degree [°aTDC]
1.85 µm
Radiative variation peaks at MFB50
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Radiative power peaks at MFB90
Spectral variation of radiation
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
H2O
H2O & CO2
H2O
Crank angles used for model assessment
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Mean Cycle 9 Cycle 1
-8° aTDC
8° aTDC
16° aTDC
Unburned gas region
Near MFB50 and max
radiative variation
Peak net radiation
Simulated cut planes
High pressure cycles have higher radiative properties
11
6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
800 1200 1600 2000
Ra
dia
tive
Po
we
r [W
]
Pressure (kPa)
+16° aTDC
R² = 0,8871
R² = 0,994
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Ra
dia
tive
Po
we
r [W
]
Pressure (kPa)
+8° aTDC EXP2
Simulated Emission
Simulated Absorption
Simulations capture spectral details of radiative emissions
100-cycle average of three experimental locations (normalized)
19-cycle average of LES simulations 12
6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6
Rad
iati
ve P
ow
er
[W/n
m]
Wavelength [µm]
+16° aTDC Average Simulated Net
EXP1
EXP2
EXP3
Normalization point
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6
Rad
iati
ve
Po
we
r [W
/nm
]
Wavelength [µm]
+16° aTDC Average Simulated Net
EXP1
EXP2
EXP3
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
Rad
iati
ve
P
ow
er
[W/n
m] -8° aTDC Average Simulated Net
EXP1
EXP2
EXP3
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
Rad
iati
ve
P
ow
er
[W/n
m]
+8° aTDC Average Simulated Net
EXP1
EXP2
EXP3
Photon Monte Carlo spectral simulations
Total reabsorption varies for fast and slow cycle 14
6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Cycle 1 (fast) Cycle 9 (slow)
+8° aTDC +8° aTDC
Normalization shows impact of radiative trapping
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Cycle 1 (fast) Cycle 9 (slow)
Normalization shows the relative change of features
Spectral shape contains information on thermodynamic conditions
L. A. Kranendonk, Appl. Opt., vol. 46, no. 19, pp.
4117–4124, 2007.
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
No
rma
lize
d R
ad
iati
ve
P
ow
er
[a.u
.]
Slow Cycle
Fast Cycle
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,2
No
rma
lize
d R
ad
iati
ve
P
ow
er
[a.u
.]
Wavelength [µm]
Slow Cycle
Fast Cycle
Measured
Simulated
• Normalized fast and slow
cycles
• Wings larger for fast cycle
• Trends consistent
• Potential to develop robust
method to extract
thermochemical quantities [1]
Conclusions
• Combined experimental and simulated approach to characterizing
radiative heat transfer
• Influence of pressure, burn time, and mass fuel burn on radiation
• Relative spectral features are captured well in wavelength
• Radiative variation captured in both experiments and simulations
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Acknowledgments
• The information, data, or work presented herein was funded in
part by the Department of Defense, Tank and Automotive
Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)
and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S.
Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-EE0007307.
• The University of Michigan’s Rackham Graduate School
provided Mr. Henrion with partial tuition and stipend support
via the Rackham Merit Fellowship 18
6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
Cycle to cycle variation in radiation
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
-8° aTDC +16° aTDC +8° aTDC
High pressure cycles have higher radiative properties
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6th LES for Internal Combustion Engine Flows 11 December 2018
-8° aTDC +16° aTDC +8° aTDC
Cycle 1
Cycle 9
Mean
cycle
34.8% reabsorbed 44.1% reabsorbed 46.4% reabsorbed
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