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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
With the advent of a variety of effective childhood vaccinations, we now
have very low rates of many of once deadly childhood diseases. However, they
have not completely disappeared. The bacteria and viruses that cause them are
still around so it is extremely important that children are immunized. A child who
has not been adequately immunized may suffer from illnesses, a lifetime of
disability or even death.
Immunizations are used to protect the human body against preventable
diseases. Immunizations are usually given in the form of a shot or vaccine. When
one gets immunized, the body develops the ability to fight off a given disease.
Immunizations safeguard the body from illnesses and death caused by certain
infectious diseases. Some immunizations are given to prevent a single disease,
while others will take care of two or three diseases. Immunizations help control
infectious diseases that were once common. They have reduced, and in many
cases, eliminated, diseases that routinely killed or harmed infants, children, and
adults.
As stated in Public Health Nursing (2007), immunization is the process by
which vaccines are introduced into the body before infection sets in. Vaccines
are administered to induce immunity thereby causing the recipients immune
system to react to the vaccine that produces antibodies to fight infection.
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Vaccinations promote health and protect children from disease-causing agents.
Infants and newborns need to be vaccinated at an early age since they belong to
vulnerable age group. They are susceptible to childhood diseases. Vaccination
among infants and newborns (0-12months) against the seven vaccine
preventable diseases. These includes: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles and Hepatitis. The standard routine immunization
schedule for infants is adopted to provide maximum immunity against the seven
vaccine preventable diseases before childs first birthday. A child is said to be
Fully Immunized Child when a child receives one dose of BCG, 3 doses of
OPV, 3 doses of DPT, 3 doses of HB and one dose of measles before a childs
first birthday.
The primary goal of immunization is to prevent the contraction of disease.
This is especially important for infants who are born without a fully developed
immune system or the antibodies needed to fight of potentially dangerous
illnesses. Target diseases include measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis,
poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus and hepatitis B.
For the children to receive vaccines mothers should submit them to the
nearest health centers and have their shots. It is extremely necessary that
mothers should follow the schedule for each shot to complete the immunization.
Though vaccines are given free in health centers many still fail to get their child
vaccinated, for that matter researchers got interested in the knowledge, attitudes
and practices on childhood immunization among mothers in Purok 3, barangay
Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.
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Background of the Study
The study was done at Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna, located along the
old national hi-way, the 14 th barangay in Bian City, Laguna with the total number
of population of 7, 656 and a household number of 1, 310. It is currently led by
Hon. Ceferino B. Mercado, the barangay captain of Sto. Nio, Bian CIty,
Laguna. The number one leading cause of infant morbidity in the said barangay
is acute respiratory infections (ARI), while pneumonia is the leading cause of
mortality. The said area has no available health center, so the mothers and the
residents go to the health center of Barangay San Vicente to gain access in
immunizing their children which is located beside barangay Sto. Nio. This is the
reason why we conducted the study on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices
on childhood immunization among mothers.
Theoretical Framework
To ensure the greatest quality of research, one must possess a strong
foundation, as for the researchers title, researchers chose the Health Belief
Model (HBM), It was developed in the 1950s by a group of U.S. Public Health
Service social psychologists who wanted to explain why so few people were
participating in programs to prevent and detect disease. HBM is a good model for
addressing problem behaviors that evoke health concerns (e.g., parents do not
like their children immunized because it is taking risks rather than not
immunizing). The health belief model proposes that a person's health-related
behavior depends on the person's perception of four critical areas: the severity of
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a potential illness, the person's susceptibility to that illness, and the benefits of
taking a preventive action, and the barriers to taking that action.
HBM is a popular model applied in nursing, especially in issues focusing
on patient compliance and preventive health care practices. The model
postulates that health-seeking behavior is influenced by a persons perception of
a threat posed by a health problem and the value associated with actions aimed
at reducing the threat. HBM addresses the relationship between a persons
beliefs and behaviors. It provides a way to understanding and predicting how
clients will behave in relation to their health and how they will comply with health
care therapies. The six major concepts in HBM are as follow: Perceived
Susceptibility: refers to a persons perception that a health problem is personally
relevant or that a diagnosis of illness is accurate; Perceived severity: even when
one recognizes personal susceptibility; action will not occur unless the individual
perceives the severity to be high enough to have serious organic or social
complications; Perceived benefits: refers to the patients belief that a given
treatment will cure the illness or help to prevent it; Perceived Costs: refers to the
complexity, duration, and accessibility and accessibility of the treatment;
Motivation includes the desire to comply with a treatment and the belief that
people should do what; Modifying factors include personality variables, patient
satisfaction, and socio-demographic factors.
In this theory, peoples perception on health is divided among 6 concepts,
these concepts explains how a person respond to their health care needs, as
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Level of knowledge of the
mothers on immunization
Attitude of the mothers
towards immunization
Practices of the mothers
on immunization
5
related to the title, the researchers will want to know how these mothers respond
regarding their childs immunization.
Conceptual Framework
The researchers determined the knowledge, attitudes and practices on
childhood immunization among mothers of Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio, Bian
City, Laguna. For the independent variable are the profile of the respondents as
to age, educational attainment, employment status, number of children and
combined family monthly income. On the other hand, the dependent variables
are the problems being measured in terms of level of knowledge of the mothers
on immunization, attitude of the mothers towards immunization, and practices of
the mothers on immunization.
Figure 1The Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Mothers on Immunization
Profile of the respondents in
terms of:
Age
Educational attainment
Employment status
Number of children
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Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices on
childhood immunization among mothers of Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio, Bian
City, Laguna.
The study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Educational attainment
1.3 Employment status
1.4 Number of children
1.5 Combined family monthly income
2. What is the level of knowledge of the mothers on childhood immunization?
3. What is the attitude of the mothers towards childhood immunization?
4. What are the practices of the mothers on childhood immunization?
5. Is there a relationship between the demographic profile of the mothers
and:
5.1 Their level of knowledge on childhood immunization
5.2 Their attitude towards childhood immunization
5.3 Their practices on childhood immunization
6. Is there a relationship between the practices of the mothers on childhood
immunization and:
6.1 Their level of knowledge on childhood immunization.
6.2 Their attitude towards childhood immunization
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Statement of the Hypothesis
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile
of the mothers and their level of knowledge, attitudes and practices on childhood
immunization.
Ho2: There is no significant relationship between the level of knowledge
and attitude of the mothers, and their practices on childhood immunization.
Scope and Delimitation
Certain information was based on surveys and focused on fifty (50)
mothers residing in Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna and their
knowledge, attitudes and practices on childhood immunization for their children.
Assumptions of the Study
During the conduct of the study, the following assumptions were made by
the researchers:
1. The respondents answered the questionnaire to the best of their
knowledge and whatever personal opinion elicited was honest and true.
2. The statistical methods used in this study were accurate and reliable.
Significance of the Study
The researchers conducted the study to know the knowledge, attitudes
and practices of mothers that will signify their childrens health through
immunization.
These findings of the study will prove significant to the following:
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Respondents. This study will educate the mothers regarding the diseases that
can be prevented by their children in having immunization vaccine.
Community. This research will give information for the whole community about
the benefits of completing immunizations.
Health Practitioner. This research will help minimize the prevalence of disease
and decreasing mortality and morbidity rates among infants.
Student Nurse. As a student nurse, this study will help us in providing
appropriate health teachings and other interventions to help respondents
complete their childrens immunization.
Other Researchers. This study is also an advantage to other researchers for
conducting further studies related to this research. They can differentiate the
problems today and the near future to help enhance the wellness of newborns.
Definition of Terms
For research purposes, the following terms were used extensively in the
study, and the established definitions intended for the operational use of the
terms in the study are as follows:
Antibody. This is a protein produces by the immune system that help
identify and destroy foreign germs (virus/bacteria) that attack the body.
Attitude. Is the way of the respondents deal with the immunization of their
children, the way they feel about immunization.
Awareness.
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childhood immunization in various locales. Additionally, citations were made of
published articles relevant to the subject of this research. Data on immunization
from previous journals, as well as epidemiologic data coming from the study
locale were also utilized to lend further support to assertions made in the analysis
of findings obtained by this research.
Related Literature
As stated in Health and Education by Commission on Health (2009),
educational attainment among adults is linked with childrens health as well,
beginning early in life: babies of more-educated mothers are less likely to die
before their first birthdays, and children of more-educated parents experience
better health. Education can increase peoples knowledge and cognitive skills,
enabling them to make better-informed choices among the health-related options
available for themselves and their families, including those related to obtaining
and managing medical care. Greater educational attainment has been
associated with health-promoting behaviors. In addition, changes in health-
related behaviors in response to new evidence, health advice and public health
campaigns tend to occur earlier among more-educated people. More education
can lead to higher-paying jobs, which enable people to obtain health care when
needed, provide themselves and their families with more nutritious foods, and
live in safer and healthier homes and neighborhoods with supermarkets, parks
and places to exerciseall of which can promote good health by making it easier
to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors. Lower-paid workers experience greater
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stress because they have fewer financial resources to cope both with everyday
challenges, including child care and other family responsibilities, and with
unexpected challenges such as illness. Parents educational attainment is also
linked to their childrens health and their childrens educational attainmentboth
of which influence their childrens health as adults.
When a child is immunized, the health worker should record the vaccine,
which dose it is (first, second, etc.) and the date on an immunization or health
card given to the parents or other caregiver. The immunizations should also be
recorded and kept at the health clinic. It is important for the parents or other
caregiver to keep the immunization card and bring it with them the next time the
child is vaccinated. With it, the health worker can record which vaccines the child
has received and the date they were given. The health worker can also provide
information to the parents or other caregiver on vaccines that are missing or
remaining. (Facts for Life Goal, 2007)
All health care providers are legally required to keep a record of
immunizations in their patient's chart. Some health care providers may also
supply their patients with handy immunization record cards that allow you to keep
track yourself of which vaccines have and have not been given. Child
immunizations records are vital to ensuring your child receives all of their
vaccines on time and that they do not need to repeat any shots. (Its A Moms
World, Baby Health Immunization Schedule, 2010)
Most vaccinations can be given if the child is not seriously ill or running a
fever. If he has had a cough or cold for more than a few days, the doctor may
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vaccinations as a public health good. People often recognize the immunization
logo. The key behavioral concepts for parents are the notion of completing a
series of visits and (in most countries) finishing the series before the childs first
birthday. In many communities, the under-one-year old is considered particularly
vulnerable so parents may be reluctant to subject an infant to vaccinations early
enough. In addition to the vaccination card, communication programs have
therefore devised various creative ways of motivating completion in a timely
way .Completion is made a cause for celebration. A central communication focus
is to reward individual parents for finishing a childs series, and communities for
covering large numbers of children by a particular age. On the surface, this does
not sound like a difficult demand creation task. Nevertheless, immunization offers
complex behavioral challenges (Global Health Communication, 2003).
Knowledge (about when, where, and how often to get a child immunized)
is a prime determinant of immunization. Any supplementary strategies add to the
parents challenge of understanding how many vaccinations a child needs and
when and how these should be obtained. Confusing or contradictory messages
make it difficult for families to act, undermine trust in services, and even create
doubts about the product itself. (Global Health Communication, 2003)
Calame (16th January 2007) of New York Times said that a common
argument perpetrated by pro-vaccine doctors is that parents don't vaccinate
because they don't know anything, they are under-educated, poor and
misinformed. However, the opposite is true. Those mothers, who have chosen to
research the issue and read both sides of the argument in depth, often decide
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not to vaccinate, or to choose only some vaccines and not others. A study in the
journal The American Journal of Public Health, which surveyed 11,860 families,
found that mothers who had not finished high school were 16% more likely to
have completed the whole vaccination schedule for their children. Lower
education levels and socio-economic status was associated with higher
completion rates for vaccination. Rates of compliance were also higher in
Hispanic and black low income families. The researchers were puzzled as to
why this was and suggested giving more vaccine information to university
educated mothers, and they suggested a 'cultural' difference may be to blame.
Dr. Kronenfeld, a professor of sociology in the School of Social and Family
Dynamics at Arizona State University, said 'There is a controversy among more
educated mothers about the safety of certain kinds of immunization, that may be
part of what is going on here, but we dont know for sure.
According to Tyler, Tom R. et al (1991), results shown that older people
change in response to personal experience.
As cited by Krosnick et al (1989), there are several ,major perspective on
the relationship between age and openness to attitude change.
Although health providers have a voice in the decision to vaccinate a child,
the personal and philosophical beliefs of the parents are the most influential in
the vaccination decision. Mothers are known to be instrumental in whether
children are up to date with vaccines. Addressing maternal concerns and fears
regarding vaccines is an important factor in the timeliness of vaccine receipt by
preschool-aged children. Several factors can influence a parent's decision to
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them altogether. Fear of adverse reactions or harm from vaccines outweighs
concerns of the child's contracting the disease. Some families may still believe
that the immunity derived from actually having the disease is superior to the
immunity that develops in response to the receipt of a vaccine. Contracting some
diseases, such as varicella, generally provides lifetime immunity. (Stevenson,
2009)
Related Studies
According to Kim et al (2007) Some of the factors that affect whether or
not children are up to date on immunizations include economic, provider, and
parental variables; availability of vaccines; and vaccination policies. In addition,
children in households with 2 or more other children, children with unmarried
mothers having no postsecondary education, non-Hispanic Black children,
children whose families use public immunization service providers, and children
in families in which more than 1 physician provides immunizations are at
increased likelihood of experiencing immunization delays (i.e., delays of 30 days
or more above the recommended vaccination point). Improvements in rates of
compliance with national immunization guidelines are imperative. Mell et al.
showed that the rate of full compliance with recommended immunization
guidelines was about 35.6%, and they showed that 29.7% of children had missed
opportunities for immunizations.
According to Awodele et al (2010) there were significant relationship
between age of respondents; ethnicity; level of education; occupation and
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attitude to immunization. However, there was no significant relationship between
religion and attitude to immunization. Although majority of the mothers were
aware of immunization services, their knowledge of immunization schedule as
well as of vaccine preventable diseases is poor. A better understanding of routine
immunization schedule is important in the design and implementation of
immunization programmes. Educating mothers about the vaccines and vaccine
preventable disease, and improving their performance are recommended.
Markland and Durand, (1976); Marks et al., (1979) revealed that
educational status of mothers has a strong association with a high vaccine
uptake. This study also confirms this assertion from previous studies (Markland
and Durand, 1976; Marks et al., 1979). There is an association between
education status of mothers and missed opportunities for vaccination. More than
two-thirds (70.4%) of mothers with missed opportunities for vaccination had
either primary school education or no formal education. This finding is in support
of a report from Turkey study by Altinkaynak et al.,
(2004) that education of mothers increases the vaccination chance of a child and
reduces missed opportunity. In the study, 33.4% of the children under one year
of age have not completed their vaccination program because of missed
opportunities. Factors identified for missed opportunities in these children are
long trekking distance with bad terrain (27%), high cost of transportation (33%),
poor staff attitude (11%), quality of health services provided (9%), lack of
personnel (15%) and vaccine out of stock (5%).
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knowledge about it .One thing is clear, however: when parents resist vaccination,
it is because they want to protect their children from harm. According to one
school of thought, the demand for vaccination is triggered by a general
perception that vaccines are good for infants and/or a strong feeling of
vulnerability to serious illness. A contrasting viewpoint is that the greatest
determinant of vaccination uptake is the perceived quality of vaccination
services. The situation is likely to differ depending on the context. Cultural
receptivity to perceived modernity and education, as well as trust in health
workers, was considered to be the most important factors influencing attitudes. In
short, knowing little about vaccination does not necessarily translate into
negative attitudes towards it; factors such as trust (e.g. in health-care providers
or western medicine) and culture may be more influential. The impact of high
levels of knowledge on subsequent attitudes towards vaccination is unknown.
According to Schwarz et al (2009) distance from the facility appears to
have been an important factor affecting adherence to EPI: transport costs, loss of
time, clinic queues, social stigma and unfriendly, and even aggressive,
responses by health staff towards latecomers, all interact to become a strong
impediment to future adherence. Fear of rebuke by health staff has been
reported in other studies as contributing to no adherence relating to routine clinic
attendance. Insufficient communication, for example, health workers not
explaining the purpose of vaccinations to mothers seem to be common in health
centers and may deter mothers from coming back in the future. Some mothers
do not return to clinic due to having bad experiences during a previous visit. Bad
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According to Bernsen 2011. Older mothers were less likely to have a
positive attitude towards immunization, regardless of education, knowledge or
number of children. Perhaps, in older women, this reflects a higher prevalence of
traditional nihilistic views, such as destiny being the cause of disease.
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art
Based on previous studies, mothers knowledge, attitudes and practices
affects the immunization of their child. Many of them lack knowledge about
immunization vaccine that can prevent their child from communicable diseases.
Some of the factors that affect whether or not children are up to date on
immunizations, children are up to date on immunizations include economic,
provider, and parental variables; availability of vaccines and vaccination policies.
There were significant relationship between age of respondents; ethnicity; level
of education; occupation and attitude to immunization. However, there was no
significant relationship between religion and attitude to immunization. Parental
perceptions of vaccine safety and ranked their level of concern. Parental
perceptions of vaccine safety and ranked their level of concern found that
parents with a household income below $30,000 were 2.1 times more likely than
parents with a household income greater than $75,000 to report their level of
concern as a 5 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.2). The presence of maternal illiteracy, educating
mothers about the vaccines and vaccine preventable diseases may be highly
effective in increasing the immunization coverage. The child's gender, education,
residence and job of the mother did not affect the pattern of immunization, while
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negative attitude (mothers afraid from vaccination) significantly affected the
immunization status. This signifies the incomplete knowledge and inappropriate
practice of the people. The outcome of the child being fully immunized depends
on the availability and affordability of vaccine, as well as, the willingness and
effort of their parents. The effects of parents knowledge and attitudes, that
parents knowledge about vaccinations is poor, and the knowledge they do have
is often wrong. It appears that there is no association between parents
knowledge and vaccination coverage rates, and the public accept vaccination
despite limited knowledge about it. Distance from the facility and fear of rebuke
by health staff has been reported in other studies as contributing to no adherence
relating to routine clinic attendance and appears to have been an important factor
affecting adherence to EPI. Reasons children don't get immunized are because
of the following: Mothers have too many competing priorities, daily subsistence
included, and too little time for them. Vaccines produce side-effects that mothers
fear and about which they receive little effective information. Many health
workers do not adequately inform mothers as to why and when they should
return for additional doses. Older mothers were less likely to have a positive
attitude towards immunization. Perhaps, in older women, this reflects a higher
prevalence of traditional nihilistic views, such as destiny being the cause of
disease.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains a discussion of the design plan of the study. It
includes the components of methods of research, respondents of the study,
sources of data and the statistical techniques and methods for data interpretation
and analysis.
Research Design
The descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Descriptive
research according to Ardales (2008) which aim to find out what prevail in the
present: conditions or relationships, held opinions and beliefs, processes and
effects, and developing trends. It seeks to determine relationships between
variables, tests hypotheses and develops generalization, principles or theories on
the basis of its findings. This helped the researchers determined knowledge,
attitudes and practices on childhood immunization among mothers of Purok 3,
barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna. Descriptive research focuses on how
person, group or thing behaves or function in the present.
Sources of Data
Data obtained for this study were taken from two sources. Primary
sources were the fifty (50) mothers residing from Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio,
Bian City, Laguna. They provided vital information through self-developed
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The corresponding percentage was used to describe the profile of the
subjects
Where:
% = percentage
F = frequency
N = number of respondents
2. Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution is the organization of raw data in table form, using
classes and frequencies.
Categorical Frequency Distribution is a type of frequency distribution
which is used for data that can be placed in specific categories such as nominal
and ordinal.
Steps in Constructing Distribution
1. Arrange the data in an array
2. Determine the range
R = Highest observed value Lowest observed value
3. Decide on the number of class intervals
K = 1 + 3.3 log N (Sturges Formula)
Wherein:
K = number of class intervals
N = total number of observations
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The simplest formula for computing the appropriate t value to test
significance of a correlation coefficient employs the t distribution:
Where:
t = computed t value
r = Pearson-r value
n = number of respondents
6. Chi square
Chi square is used for the test of homogeneity (concerned with two or
more samples with only one criterion, two or more populations are homogenous)
and for the test of independence (significant relationship or association between
two variables).
Where:
X2 = Chi square
Fo = observed frequencies
Fe = expected frequencies
= summation
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1.4 The Profile in Terms of Employment Status
Table 4 refers to the mothers profile in terms of employment status
whether they are employed or unemployed, the number of frequency and its
percentage
Table 4The Profile of the Mothers in Terms of Employment Status
Employment Status Frequency Percentage (%)
Employed 14 28Unemployed 36 72
TOTAL 50 100
Researchers classified employment status as employed and unemployed.
Seventy two percent (72%) of the respondents were unemployed and the
remaining twenty eight percent (28%) were employed.
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2 The Knowledge of the Mothers on Childhood Immunization
This section shows the following indicators of knowledge each with
weighted mean ranked in numerical order and their corresponding
interpretations.
Table 6The Knowledge of the Mothers on Immunization
IndicatorsWeighted Mean
QualitativeInterpretation
Rank
Mothers should bring their children on theappointed schedule for vaccination.
3.92Highly
knowledgeable1
Mothers should not bring their children forvaccination during times that the children
are acutely ill.2.38
Slightlyknowledgeable
5
Vaccines may produce expected sideeffects, like fever.
3.66Highly
knowledgeable2
Vaccination prevents communicablediseases.
3.14 Knowledgeable 3
Vaccines may be less effective in the
prevention of communicable diseasesover time. 3.02 Knowledgeable 4
Overall Weighted Mean 3.22 Knowledgeable
Respondents showed highly knowledgeable with Mothers should bring
their children on the appointed schedule for vaccination which gathered a score
of 3.92. Mothers should not bring their children for vaccination during times that
the children are acutely ill scored the lowest with a score of 2.38, respondents
were slightly knowledgeable. With the Vaccines producing expected side
effects, it scored 3.66, respondents were highly knowledgeable followed by
Vaccinations prevents communicable diseases with a score of 3.14 and
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Vaccines may be least effective over time scored 3.02, respondents for both
were knowledgeable.
The above data shows that all respondents are knowledgeable to
childhood immunization. It is a good indication that respondents are aware of
what immunization is and its possible effects.
According to Global Health Communication 2003, parents equate
vaccinations with good health (despite the short-term negative consequences of
a child in tears). And the great majority of parents do value vaccinations.
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3 The Attitudes of the Mothers Towards Immunization
This section shows the following indicators of attitudes each with weighted
mean ranked in numerical order and their corresponding interpretations.
Table 7The Attitude of the Mothers on Immunization
IndicatorsWeighted
MeanQualitative
InterpretationRank
It is important for me to follow andcomplete the schedule of my childs
immunization.4.88 Strongly agree 1
I feel it is important to ask for clarificationwhen I dont understand the health staffs
explanation regarding my childsvaccination and its schedule.
2.94Neither agreenor disagree
3
I do not fear vaccines and their commonside effects.
2.7Neither agreenor disagree
4
I believe that having my child immunizedis an important obligation and
responsibility every mother shouldobserve.
4.88 Strongly agree 1
I believe distance or lack of financesshould not be a hindrance to complyingwith my childs immunization schedule.
4.26 Agree 2
Overall Weighted Mean 3.93 Agree
The indicators It is important for me to follow and complete the schedule
of my childs immunization and I perceived that having my child immunized is
an important obligation and responsibility every mother should observe obtained
the highest score of 4.88 in which respondents were strongly agree. Second that
scored the highest with a score of 4.26, in which respondents were agree, was
the indicator I believe distance or lack of finances should not be a hindrance to
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When parents resist vaccination, it is because they want to protect their
children from harm. The demand for vaccination is triggered by a general
perception that vaccines are good for infants and/or a strong feeling of
vulnerability to serious illness. (Newell et. Al., 2008)
4 The Practices of the Mothers on Immunization
This section shows the following indicators of practices each with
weighted mean ranked in chronological order and their corresponding
interpretations.
Table 8The Practices of the Mothers on Immunization
IndicatorsWeighted
Mean
Qualitative
InterpretationRank
I follow the schedule of immunization
visits.
4.86 Always 1
I keep the immunization card for the nextvaccination schedule.
4.72 Always 3
I seek information from a health careprovider when there is a missed dose.
4.54 Always 4
I prepared medications for possible sideeffects of the vaccine.
4.82 Always 2
I make sure that my child has no seriousillness before visiting the health center for
immunization4.38 Often 5
Overall Weighted Mean 4.66 Always
Indicators I follow the schedule in immunization visits. obtained the
highest score of 4.86. Second that scored the highest was the indicator I
prepared medications for possible side effects of the vaccine. with a score of
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4.82. Third that scored the highest was I keep the immunization card for the next
vaccination schedule. with the score of 4.72. Two indicators got the lowest score
which were I seek information from a health care provider when there is a
missed dose. which obtained 4.54 and I make sure that my child has no serious
illness before visiting the health center for immunization which gathered 4.38
only.
It is important to follow the vaccination schedule in accordance with
national guidelines. Children should be immunized at the recommended ages
and should receive subsequent doses at recommended intervals.
When a child is immunized, the health worker should record the vaccine,
which dose it is (first, second, etc.) and the date on an immunization or health
card given to the parents or other caregiver. The immunizations should also be
recorded and kept at the health clinic. It is important for the parents or other
caregiver to keep the immunization card and bring it with them the next time the
child is vaccinated. With it, the health worker can record which vaccines the child
has received and the date they were given. The health worker can also provide
information to the parents or other caregiver on vaccines that are missing or
remaining. (Facts for Life Goal, 2007)
All health care providers are legally required to keep a record of
immunizations in their patient's chart. Some health care providers may also
supply their patients with handy immunization record cards that allow to keep
track of which vaccines have and have not been given. (Its A Moms World, Baby
Health Immunization Schedule, 2010)
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Most vaccinations can be given if the child is not seriously ill or running a
fever. If he has had a cough or cold for more than a few days, the doctor may
want to hear his breathing before deciding whether a vaccination may be
given. (Baby Center India, 2008)
5 The Relationship between the Knowledge of the Mothers on
Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children and
Combined Family Monthly Income
This section presents the correlation of knowledge of the mothers on
immunization and their profile in terms of age, number of children and combined
family monthly income with each are the numerical results of the statistical tools
utilized and their corresponding interpretations.
Table 9The Relationship Between The Knowledge of the Mothers on Immunization
and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children andCombined Family Monthly Income
Pearson
r
t
computed
t
tabularInterpretation
Age and Knowledge -0.0104 0.0718 2.021
Negligible
negative
correlation; not a
significant
predictor
Number of Children
and Knowledge-0.0094 0.0649 2.021
Negligiblenegative
correlation; not a
significant
predictorCombined Family
Monthly Income and
0.1016 0.7076 2.021 Negligible positive
correlation; not a
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Knowledgesignificant
predictor
The relationship between age and knowledge, with age, from the table,
Pearson r resulted -0.0104 which is negative, therefore the strength of
relationship as the mother gets older, their knowledge decreases in compliance
to immunization. Since the t computed (0.0718) is lower than the t tabular
(2.021), the age is not a significant predictor of the knowledge of mothers in
immunization
According to Awodele et al (2010) there were significant relationship
between age of respondents; ethnicity; level of education; occupation and
attitude to immunization. Although majority of the mothers were aware of
immunization services, their knowledge of immunization schedule as well as of
vaccine preventable diseases is poor. A better understanding of routine
immunization schedule is important in the design and implementation of
immunization programmes. Educating mothers about the vaccines and vaccine
preventable disease, and improving their performance are recommended.
The relationship between number of children and knowledge, with the
number of children, from the table, Pearson r resulted -0.0094 which is negative
therefore the strength of relationship as the mother tends to have more children,
their knowledge decreases in compliance to immunization. Since the t computed
(0.0649) is lower than the t tabular (2.021), the number of children is not a
significant predictor of the knowledge of mothers in immunization
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mother/household is experiencing food and resource shortages, participating in
an immunization exercise becomes a matter of lesser priority
6 The Relationship Between the Knowledge of the Mothers on
Immunization and their Profile in Terms of educational Attainment and
their Employment Status
This section shows the correlation of knowledge and profile of mothers in
terms of educational attainment and employment status. It also describes the
computed numerical results and interpretation in whether to reject or accept H o.
Table 10The Relationship Between the Knowledge of the Mothers on Immunization
and their Profile in Terms of Educational Attainmentand their Employment Status
Indicator Df 2
ComputedTabular 2 Interpretation
KnowledgeEducationalAttainment 6 47.5473 10.64 Reject Ho
EmploymentStatus
2 33.1736 4.6 Reject Ho
In educational attainment, the degree of freedom is 6, the 2 computed is
47.5473 and its corresponding tabular 2 is 10.64 which indicate reject
hypothesis. The knowledge and educational attainment is related and is
significant. The higher the educational attainment the more knowledgeable the
mother is.
In employment status, the degree of freedom is 2, the 2 computed s
33.1736 and the tabular 2 is 4.6 which indicate reject hypothesis that means the
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knowledge and employment status is related and is significant. Therefore, the
employed one is highly knowledgeable than the unemployed.
As stated in Health and Education by Commission on Health (2009),
Education can increase peoples knowledge and cognitive skills, enabling them
to make better-informed choices among the health-related options available for
themselves and their families, including those related to obtaining and managing
medical care. Greater educational attainment has been associated with health-
promoting behaviors. More education can lead to higher-paying jobs, which
enable people to obtain health care when needed, provide themselves and their
families with more nutritious foods, and live in safer and healthier homes and
neighborhoods with supermarkets, parks and places to exerciseall of which
can promote good health by making it easier to adopt and maintain healthy
behaviors. Lower-paid workers experience greater stress because they have
fewer financial resources to cope both with everyday challenges, including child
care and other family responsibilities, and with unexpected challenges such as
illness.
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7 The Relationship Between the Attitude of the Mothers Towards
Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children and
Combined Family Monthly Income
This section presents the correlation of attitudes of the mothers on
immunization and their profile in terms of age, number of children and
combined family monthly income with each are the numerical results of the
statistical tools utilized and their corresponding interpretations.
Table 11The Relationship Between the Attitude of the Mothers Towards
Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children andCombined Family Monthly Income
Pearson
r
t
computed
t
tabularInterpretation
Age and Attitude 0.1287 0.8997 2.021
Negligible positive
correlation; not a
significantpredictor
Number of Children
and Attitude0.0394 0.2733 2.021
Negligible positive
correlation; not a
significant
predictor
Combined Family
Monthly Income and
Attitude
-0.1368 0.9568 2.021
Negligible
negative
correlation; not a
significant
predictor
With age, from the table, Pearson r resulted 0.1287 which is positive
therefore the strength of relationship as the mother gets older, their attitude also
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respondents that affect the significance of the relationship between the number
of children and their attitude.
With the combined family monthly income, the computed Pearson r is
0.1368 which means that the higher the family income, the mothers attitude
towards immunization decreases. The t computed (0.9568) is lower that the t
tabular (2.021) which indicates the combined family income is not a significant
predictor in the attitude of mothers in immunization.
According to Cunningham (2012). Unvaccinated children were more likely
to live in a household whose income was at or near the poverty level because
their families could not afford to have them vaccinated. However, more recent
studies show that, due in large part to programs like the WIC Immunization
Action Plan, lower income families have had increasing rates of childhood
vaccinations. This upward trend has had a positive effect on vaccination rates in
the U.S. overall, despite the decreases in childhood vaccination rates in more
affluent communities.
Furthermore, a study by Bennett and Smith (1992), which also focused on
parental perceptions of vaccine safety and ranked their level of concern on a
scale of 1 (lowest) to 5 (greatest), found that parents with a household income
below $30,000 were 2.1 times more likely than parents with a household income
greater than $75,000 to report their level of concern as a 5 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.2).
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8 The Relationship Between the Attitude of the Mothers Towards
Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Educational Attainment and
their Employment Status
This section shows the correlation of attitude of the mothers in terms of
educational attainment and their employment status. It also describes the
numerical results and its corresponding interpretation.
Table 12The Relationship Between the Attitude of the Mothers Towards
Immunization and their Profile in Terms of Educational Attainment and theirEmployment Status
Indicator Df 2
ComputedTabular 2 Interpretation
AttitudeEducationalAttainment
9 14.1845 14.68 Accept Ho
EmploymentStatus
2 3.8311 4.6 Accept Ho
In educational attainment, the degree of freedom is 9, the 2
computed is
14.1845 and its corresponding tabular 2 is 14.68 which indicate accepted
hypothesis and signifies no relationship between the educational attainment of
mothers and their attitude towards immunization.
According to Borrafaj (2008). Among educated mothers the percentage of
completely immunized children was 71.4% whereas among illiterate mothers it
was 88.3%, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
According to our contingency table the most number of respondents
answered that they strongly agree and agree on the indicators in the attitude part
of the questionnaire. These most numbers were also at their different level of
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educational attainment which only means that these mothers have a positive
attitude in childhood immunization even if they have lower or higher educational
attainment.
In employment status, the degree of freedom is 2, the 2 computed s
3.8311 and the tabular 2 is 4.6 which mean that the hypothesis is accepted and
signifies no relationship between the employment status of mothers and their
attitude towards immunization.
According to Borrafaj (2008). Child gender; education, residence and job
of mothers do not significantly affect the pattern of immunization.
According to our contingency table, the greater number of respondents
either employed or unemployed has agreed on the indicators of attitude.
Therefore, mothers have a positive feeling towards immunization even if they are
employed or not.
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9 The Relationship Between the Practices of the Mothers on Immunization
and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children and Combined
Family Monthly Income
This section presents the correlation of practices of the mothers on
immunization and their profile in terms of age, number of children and
combined family monthly income with each are the numerical results of the
statistical tools utilized and their corresponding interpretations.
Table 13The Relationship Between the Practices of the Mothers on Immunization
and their Profile in Terms of Age, Number of Children andCombined Family Monthly Income
Pearson
r
t
computed
t
tabularInterpretation
Age and Practices -0.1814 1.2774 2.021
Negligible
negative
correlation; not asignificant
predictor
Number of Children
and Practices0.0023 0.0163 2.021
Negligible positive
correlation; not a
significant
predictor
Combined Family
Monthly Income and
Practices
-0.1630 1.1545 2.021
Negligible
negative
correlation; not a
significantpredictor
Since the age is negative and negligible, it implies that the age of mother
does not directly affect their practices which are supported by the result of t-test
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wherein the computed value was lower (1.2774) than the tabular value (2.021) as
a result level of compliance is not significant correlate or a strong predictor.
According to Akesode, (1982) marital status and age of the mothers were
not seen to be associated with the use of immunization services. In addition a
study from Glenda (et al., 2004), in other settings, both younger and older age of
mothers has been reported to be associated with incomplete vaccination.
In terms of number in children, it showed a low value of 0.0023 on the
Pearson r, but since it is positive it showed a direct relationship and that the more
the child a mother has, the higher level of compliance, this was however not
supported by the result of the t-test with a computed value of 0.0163 which is
lower than the tabular value of 2.021 as a result it is not significant or a strong
predictor when it comes to the level of compliance.
As the most number of children in a household in Purok 3, Barangay Sto.
Nio is from 1 to 3, as showed in Table 3, the knowledge of mothers for the
importance of right practices on immunization increases. The researchers
assume that when the mother has one or more children, she has more
experienced about the compliance of immunization, therefore doing the right
practice. But since it is not a significant predictor, the researchers only have 50
respondents that affect the significance of the relationship between the number
of children and their practices.
Combined family monthly income does not significantly affect the level of
compliance as it showed that a computed Pearson r of -0.1630 that indicates it is
negative and negligible, this was also supported by the result of t-test ,with a
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computed value of 1.1545 was lower than the value on the t-test table of
significance which is 2.021. The result indicated that it is not significant correlate
or a strong predictor.
According to Klevens and Luman, 2001; Bates and Wolinsky, 1998;
Zimmerman, 1996, Family income has previously been associated with
immunization coverage levels, and low family income is also a risk factor for low
immunization. Parents with lower household incomes are more likely to
experience barriers, such as transportation or access to health care services that
make staying up-to-date on immunizations difficult. The low-income parents in
this study who had incomplete immunization for their children may have done so
because of similar barriers. The indirect influence of economic factors on
immunization at household levels is a more obvious explanation. When the
mother/household is experiencing food and resource shortages, participating in
an immunization exercise becomes a matter of lesser priority.
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In addition Markland and Durand, (1976); Marks et al., (1979) revealed
that educational status of mothers has a strong association with a high vaccine
uptake. This study also confirms this assertion from previous studies (Markland
and Durand, 1976; Marks et al., 1979). There is an association between
education status of mothers and missed opportunities for vaccination. More than
two-thirds (70.4%) of mothers with missed opportunities for vaccination had
either primary school education or no formal education. This finding is in support
of a report from Turkey study by Altinkaynak et al.,
(2004) that education of mothers increases the vaccination chance of a child and
reduces missed opportunity. In our study, 33.4% of the children under one year
of age have not completed their vaccination program because of missed
opportunities. Factors identified for missed opportunities in these children are
long trekking distance with bad terrain (27%), high cost of transportation (33%),
poor staff attitude (11%), quality of health services provided (9%), lack of
personnel (15%) and vaccine out of stock (5%).
In the employment status, the degree of freedom is 2, the 2 computed is
8.0027 and the tabular 2 is 4.6 which mean that the hypothesis is rejected and
signifies relationship between the employment status of mothers and their
practices towards immunization. The mothers of Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio,
Bian City, Laguna who is unemployed who focuses their attention their child is
more compliant in terms of practices for the immunization.
Mostly, the mothers of Purok 3, barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
were unemployed, leaving them mostly at the house doing most of the chores, so
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it focuses their attention to their childs needs, making them more compliant in
terms of observing the right practices for the immunization.
11 The Relationship Between the Knowledge and Attitudes of the Mothers
and their Practices on Immunization
This section presents the correlation of practices of the mothers on
immunization and their knowledge and attitudes on immunization with each are
the numerical results of the statistical tools utilized and their corresponding
interpretations.
Table 15The Relationship Between the Knowledge and Attitudes of the Mothers and
their Practices on Immunization
Pearson
r
t
computed
t
tabularInterpretation
Knowledge and
Practices on
Immunization
0.1834 1.2925 2.021
Negligible positive
correlation; not a
significant
predictor
Attitudes and Practices
on Immunization0.0602 0.4178 2.021
Negligible positive
correlation; not a
significant
predictor
Since the interpreted result in the Pearson r of knowledge and practices is
positive with a value of 0.1834 even though negligible it showed a direct
relationship meaning the greater the knowledge of the mother, the better the
practices on immunization, however this was not a significant correlate or a
strong predictor as computed t-test, the value was 1.2925 lower than in the table
with a value of 2.021.
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Since most of the mothers in Purok 3 finished high school with a
population percentage of 58%, it is assumed by the researchers that they
showed comprehension or understanding of health providers instructions on the
dos and donts of immunization, leaving the mothers doing the right practices.
But since it is not a significant predictor with only fifty (50) respondents, it affects
the relationship of significance between the knowledge of mothers to their
practices.
According to the study ofMapatano, Kayembe, Piripiri, Nyandwe (2008)
A survey conducted in 2001 Out of 1 613 children aged from zero to four years,
86.1% were fully immunised, However, only the mothers of 75.7% of the children declared that
they possessed an immunisation card. The interviewers could only observe cards for 57.4% of the children
more in the HCZ(High Coverage Zone) (70.9%) than in the LCZ(Low Coverage Zone) (46.9%) (p = 0.000),
implying that the mothers in the HCZ looked after the card much better. The card was not available because
it was lost (46%) or kept at the health centre (16.4%). The interviewers noted that when a mother could
produce the vaccination card, it was likely that the child was fully immunised. This was the case in both the
LCZs (96.2%) and the HCZs (94.1%). Based on the card, the immunisation coverage was nearly the same
in both strata, namely around 37%. The childrens full immunisation status according to the mothers, which it
estimated at 45.7%,23 suggesting that the actual coverage in 2001 remained very low. Therefore, high
coverage regarding BCG, which is administered at birth, is not a guarantee for completing the vaccination
schedule. Thus all sites, whether of low or high coverage, need to improve their complete vaccination
coverage.
In terms of attitudes and practices the result of the Pearson r indicated a
negligible correlation with a value of 0.0602 but since it is positive, it implies a
direct relationship meaning a greater positive attitude of mother the better she
practices on her childs immunization, but then it is not a significant predictor
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where in the computed t-test value was 0.4178 which is lower than in the table of
significance with a value of 2.021
Most of the mothers of the said Purok showed a positive attitude whether
in terms of educational attainment and employment statuses. It is assumed by
the researchers to think that when it comes to the health of the mothers children,
they are willing and attentive, maybe because they would not want any crisis
regarding their childrens health in the future. But since fifty (50) respondents
were only chosen, this was not a significant predictor, thus implying a weak
relationship regarding the attitudes of mothers when it comes to immunization.
According to the study of Mapatano, Kayembe, Piripiri, Nyandwe (2008)
Mothers have positive attitudes towards immunisation, which the majority
regarded as an important intervention (98%). In our data, no attitudinal variable
was a strong predictor of child immunisation, as also observed by some other
researchers.17,18 However, these researchers worked in private clinics in the United States. Furthermore,
as Zelaya et al. have warned, a positive attitude is not a guarantee for full immunisation. 19 Mothers may
sometimes not complete the vaccination schedule despite their positive attitude because of their poor
understanding of the concept of vaccination, which health personnel do not take time to explain to them
clearly.19
Yawn et al., studying an affluent community in the USA, identified fear of side
effects as an important factor for under-immunisation.20 Taylor et al.,21 however, could not
find the association, which, possibly as in our study, was confounded by unmeasured socio-cultural factors.
Moreover, as observed in Malawi, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, the Philippines and India, mothers might
understate side effects. Some mothers view them as a normal occurrence, some expect them to disappear
anyway and some see in them a sign that the vaccine is working
www.ajol.info/index.php/safp/article/download/13442/64240
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1.3 Number of Children
The respondents with highest percentage of sixty eight
percent (68%) have 1 3 children. Twenty six percent (26%) of the
respondents have 4 6 children. Lastly, with only six percent (6%)
of the respondent have 7 9 children.
1.4 Employment Status
Majority of the respondent have work gaining a percentage
of seventy two percent (72%) and the remaining percentage of 28%
are unemployed.
1.5 Combined Family Monthly Income
Fifty two percent (52%) of the respondents have monthly
income of Php 5,000 to 9,999. Thirty six percent (36%) of the
respondents have monthly income of Php 4,999 and less. The
remaining twelve percent of the respondents are equally divided
into two, the first six percent (6%) have monthly income of Php
10,000 to 14,999 and the other six percent (6%) have monthly
income of Php 15,000 and above.
2. Level of Knowledge of Mother on Childhood Immunization
Data shows that all respondents are knowledgeable to childhood
immunization where the over-all weighted mean was 3.22. It is a good
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indication that respondents are aware of what immunization is and its
benefits.
3. Attitude of Mothers Towards Childhood Immunization
Most of the respondents had a positive attitude towards
immunization. But for some reason few of them were left undecided to the
two indicators that rank the lowest which were I feel it is important to ask
for clarification when I dont understand the health staffs explanation
regarding my childs vaccination and its schedule which obtained 2.94
and I do not fear vaccines and their common side effects which gathered
2.7 only. The over-all weighted mean is 3.93 which is interpreted as agree.
4. Practices of Mothers on Childhood Immunization
Majority of the mothers do follow the immunization schedule with
the score of 4.86. Second that scored the highest was the indicator I
prepared medications for possible side effects of the vaccine. with a
score of 4.82. Third that scored the highest was I keep the immunization
card for the next vaccination schedule. with the score of 4.72. Two
indicators got the lowest score which were I seek information from a
health care provider when there is a missed dose. which obtained 4.54
and I make sure that my child has no serious illness before visiting the
health center for immunization which gathered 4.38 only.
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6. Relationship Between the Practices of the Mother on Childhood
Immunization and
6.1 Level of Knowledge on Childhood Immunization
In terms of knowledge in immunization of their child it
showed that it does not have a significant predictor and a
relationship when it comes to practices.
6.2 Attitude Towards Childhood Immunization
In terms of attitude in immunization of their child it showed
that it is not a significant predictor and has indirect relationship
when it comes to practices.
Conclusions
In the light of the above findings of the study, the following were the
researchers conclusion:
1. Respondents in general belonged to the age group 21 to 30, had
secondary education, and had a number of children of 1 to 3, unemployed
and with incomes ranging from 5000 to 9999 pesos a month.
2. Respondents have knowledge on childhood immunization especially in the
importance of bringing their children on the appointed schedule of
vaccination and on the fact that vaccines produces side effects like the
most common, fever. They were less knowledgeable on whether child
should not be brought for vaccination when ill.
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3. Respondents showed positive outlook toward childhood immunization.
They expressed doubt on whether asking for clarification is important
when they dont understand health staffs explanation and evidently
unsure of what vaccines do for they were left undecided whether they fear
effects of vaccines and its common side effects.
4. Following the schedule of immunization was noted on majority of the
respondents, this indicate mothers concern for their childrens health and
their willingness to have their child vaccinated. Respondents are reluctant
in submitting their children for immunization when severely ill.
5. The demographic profile of the respondents in terms of educational
attainment and employment status affects the level of knowledge of the
respondents. The demographic profile and attitudes of the respondents
displayed no significant relationship. Employment status has an effect on
the practices of the respondents in childhood immunization.
6. Mothers knowledge and attitudes in immunization showed that it does not
have a significant predictor and a relationship when it comes to practices
Recommendations
1. The community should put effort in understanding the importance of
immunization, not only the mothers should be educated and be informed,
but also the elders and fathers, with this they can also contribute to the
optimum state of health and help lower the rate of childhood diseases that
can spread in their community through vaccination.
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Routine Immunization Programm--a study in a semiurban area in
Rajasthan.
Nankabirwa, Victoria. (2008). Maternal Education is Associated with
Vaccination Status of Infants less than 6 Months in Eastern Uganda: a
cohort study
Newell, J. (2008). Childhood Vaccination in Africa and Asia: the effects of
parents knowledge and attitudes
O. Awodele et. al. (2010). The Knowledge and Attitude towards
Childhood Immunization amongst Mothers Attending Antenatal
Clinic in Lagos University Teaching Hospital
Rahman et al. (2003). Mothers' Knowledge about Vaccine Preventable
Diseases and Immunization Coverage of a Population with High Rate of
Illiteracy.
Schwarz, Norbert G. (2009). Reasons for Non-adherence to Vaccination at
Mother and Child care Clinics (MCCs) in Lambarn, Gabon.
D. Electronic Resources
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APPENDICES
(Communication Letters)
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Old National Highway, Bian City, Laguna
_____________________________________________________________
Date
You are hereby designated as THESIS ADVISER of _______________________
candidates for the degree BS in Nursing. Their thesis title is
________________________________________________________________________
__________________. They intend to graduate on _____________.
Below are the duties and responsibilities of an Adviser.
1. The adviser will plan with the advisee/s a schedule of advising. The partner,
for mutual satisfaction and convenience, will respect the schedule.
2. The research adviser shall log his/her advising activities.
3. The adviser is responsible for safeguarding the integrity of the thesis of the
advisee/s by checking the various parts of the research output/material for
possible duplication from other sources.
4. The adviser is advised not to accept a finished product to prevent the
submission of research report/manuscript authored by someone else or a ghost
writer.
5. The adviser shall assume responsibility for the appropriateness of the research
design, statistical treatment of data, and the institutional format and style of
the research.
Very truly yours,
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ESTRELLA A. SAN JUAN, MAN
Dean
CONFORME
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNASto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF NURSING
To whom it may concern
Greetings in the name of Christ, Our Lord.
We, the fourth year nursing students, Group 7A of the University of PerpetualHelp System Laguna, are undertaking a research study entitled Knowledge,
Attitudes and Practices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers of Purok 3,Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.
The purpose of this research is for the researchers to comply with therequirements of our course it should also serve general purposes. Among others,this research can serve as a baseline data for the students, future researchers,clinical instructors, and school administrators.
In connection with this, we would like to seek your kind permission to allow us toconduct a survey to the mothers in your barangay for us to determine theknowledge, attitude, and practices.
Rest assured that their response will be kept confidential and that you will befurnished with the results and findings once the research study is complete.
We are hoping for your favorable response regarding this matter. Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
Sayson, Mary Joyce M.Leader
Noted by:
Dr. Arni Magdamo
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Thesis Adviser
Barangay Captain of Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNASto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Greetings in the name of Christ, Our Lord
We are the group 7A year nursing students of the UPH-DJGTMU you are
selected by our group as a respondents into our research study entitled
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers
of Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.
The purpose of our research is to improve knowledge, attitudes &
practices among mothers regarding immunization for their child. Rest assured
the information that you will share with us will be confidential & will be contributed
to the fulfillment of our research, may we ask you to answer a set of questions
with honesty to eradicate any biases.
Thank you & God Bless.
The Researchers
Sayson, Mary Joyce M.
Leader, BSN Level IV Thesis Group 7A
Members:
Casupang, Adrian Laurence L.
Somes, Christian I.
Tesoro, Johnrey J.
Toledo, Mary Felinne A.
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Ugay, Mary Grace C.
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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNASto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF NURSING
_______________________
Dr. Mirabelle BenjaminRHU Bian City Laguna
Dear Maam,
Greetings in the name of Christ, Our Lord.
We, the fourth year nursing students, Group 7A of the University of Perpetual Help
System Laguna, are undertaking a research study entitled Knowledge, Attitudes andPractices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers of Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nino,Binan City, Laguna.
In connection with this, we would like to ask your good office the permission to have thetotal population of mothers residing at Purok 3 Sto. Nio Bian City Laguna who submittheir child for immunization in your Rural Health Unit. We are also asking yourpermission to conduct a survey on these selected mothers to determine their knowledge,attitude, and practices on immunization.
Rest assured that their response will be kept confidential and that you will be furnishedwith the results and findings once the research study is complete.
We are hoping for your favorable response regarding this matter. Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
Mary Joyce M. SaysonLeader, BSN Level IV Thesis Group 7A
Members:Casupang, Adrian Laurence L.Somes, Christian I.Tesoro, Johnrey J.Toledo, Mary Felinne A.Ugay, Mary Grace C.
Noted by:
Dr. Arni MagdamoThesis Adviser
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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNASto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF NURSING
_________________
Dear Maam/Sir,
Good day! We, the fourth year nursing students of UPH-DGTMU, as part of ourrequirement we are conducting a research entitled Knowledge, Attitudes andPractices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers of Purok 3, Barangay Sto.
Nio, Bian City, Laguna.
In order for us to complete the study, we would like to gain permission to have acopy of the total population and the latest statistics in Purok 3, Barangay Sto.Nio, Bian City, Laguna. This will serve as a valid data for our thesis and ourreference on how many families comprising the said barangay needed for ourdata gathering.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Respectfully yours,
Mary Joyce M. SaysonLeader, BSN Level IV Thesis Group 7A
Members:
Casupang, Adrian Laurence L.Somes, Christian I.
Tesoro, Johnrey J.Toledo, Mary Felinne A.Ugay, Mary Grace C.
Noted By:
Dr. Arni Magdamo
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Thesis AdviserUNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF NURSING
_______________________
Brgy. San VicenteBian City, Laguna
Dear Maam/Sir
Greetings in the name of Christ, Our Lord.
We, the fourth year nursing students, Group 7A of the University of Perpetual HelpSystem Laguna, are undertaking a research study entitled Knowledge, Attitudes andPractices on Childhood Immunization Among Mothers of Purok 3, Sto. Nino, BinanCity, Laguna.
In connection with this, we would like to ask your good office the permission to havethe total mortality and morbidity in Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Lagunaneeded for our study. We would also like to have the total population of mothers whosubmit their child for immunization.
Rest assured that this information will be only used for our study.
We are hoping for your favorable response regarding this matter. Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
Mary Joyce M. SaysonLeader, BSN Level IV Thesis Group 7A
Members:Casupang, Adrian Laurence L.
Somes, Christian I.Tesoro, Johnrey J.Toledo, Mary Felinne A.Ugay, Mary Grace C.
Noted by:
Dr. Arni Magdamo
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Thesis Adviser
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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Greetings in the name of Christ, Our Lord.
We are the group 7A year nursing students of the UPH-DJGTMU you are selected by our group as
a respondents into our research study entitled Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Childhood
Immunization among Mothers of Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.
The purpose of our research is to improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices among mothers
regarding immunization for their child. Rest assured the information that you will share with us will be
confidential & will be contributed to the fulfillment of our research, may we ask you to answer a set of
questions with honesty to eradicate any biases.
Thank you & God Bless.
______________________________________________________________________________________
I. Demographic Profile
Name
(optional):_________________________
Age:
12 20
21 30
31- 40
40 and above
Number of children:
1 3
4 6
7 9
10 and above
Educational attainment:
Gradeschool level
Highschool level
College level
Vocational
Employment status:
Unemployed
Employed
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Combined family monthly income:
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II. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers
Instruction: Kindly check one of the following if you are:
4 - Highly knowledgeable 3 Knowledgeable 2 - Slightly knowledgeable 1 - Not knowledgeable
Knowledge 4 3 2
1. Mothers should bring their children on the appointed schedule for vaccination.
2. Mothers should not bring their children for vaccination during times that the children areacutely ill.
3. Vaccines may produce expected side effects, like fever.
4. Vaccination prevents communicable diseases.
5. Vaccines may be less effective in the prevention of communicable diseases over time.
5 Strongly agree 4 Agree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 2- Disagree 1 Strongly
disagree
5 Always 4 Often 3 Sometimes 2 Seldom 1 - Never
Attitudes 5 4 3 2
1. It is important for me to follow and complete the schedule of my childsimmunization.
2. I feel it is important to ask for clarification when I dont understand the health staffsexplanation regarding my childs vaccination and its schedule.
3. I do not fear vaccines and their common side effects.
4. I perceive that having my child immunized is an important obligation andresponsibility every mother should observe.
5. I believe distance or lack of finances should not be a hindrance to complying withmy childs immunization schedule.
Practices 5 4 3 2
1. I follow the schedule of immunization visits.
2. I keep the immunization card for the next vaccination schedule.
3. I seek information from a health care provider when there is a missed dose.
4. I prepared medications for possible side effects of the vaccine.
5. I make sure that my child has no serious illness before visiting the health center for
immunization
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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNASto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Pagbati at magandang araw sa pangalan ng ating Panginoon.
Kami ang BSN ng NCM-106 Group 7A ng Unibersidad ng Perpetual D.J.G.T.M.U. ay magsasagawa ngpananaliksik na may titulong Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Childhood Immunization amongMothers of Purok 3, Barangay Sto. Nio, Bian City, Laguna.
Ang aming layunin ay mapabuti ang kaalaman, saloobin, at mga kasanayan ng ina tungkol sa pagbabakunapara sa kanilang anak. Aming titiyakin na ang impormasyon na iyong ibabahagi sa amin ay magigingpribado at lubos na maiaambag sa katuparan ng aming pananaliksik. Hinihiling po namin sa inyo na sagutinang mga tanong ng buong katapatan para sa katumpakan ng mga datos at upang matanggal ang anumangmga pagkiling.
Maraming salamat sa inyo at Pagpalain kayo ng Diyos.
Mga Tagapagsaliksik
______________________________________________________________________________________
I. Demographic Profile
Pangalan(opsyonal):__________________
Edad: 12 20
21 30
31 - 40
40 at pataas
Bilang ng mga anak:
1 3
4 6
7 9
10 at pataas
Antas ng edukasyon:
Gradeschool level
Highschool level
College level
Vocational
Trabaho:
WalangTrabaho
May Trabaho
Pinagsamahang buwanang
kita ng pamilya:
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10,000 15,000
15,000 20,0
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I. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Childhood Immunization among Mothers
Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek ang mga sumusunod kung ikaw ay:
4 Lubos na may kaalaman 3 - May kaalaman 2 - May kaunting kaalaman 1 Walang kaalaman
5 Lubos na sang-ayon 4 - Sang-ayon 3- Hindi makapagpasiya
2 - Hindi sang-ayon 1Lubos na hindi sang-ayon
5- Palagi 4 Mali
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