Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging
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Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Overview• X-rays
– High-energy electromagnetic waves – Travel in straight lines– Shorter wave length than visible light– Able to penetrate solid materials of varying
densities– Capable of exposing a photographic plate
(X-ray film) • Much the same way as a camera exposes film
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• X-rays – Used to visualize internal organs and
structures of body– Provide valuable means for verifying
presence of illness or disease
• Radiology– Study of the diagnostic and therapeutic uses
of X-rays
Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Overview
PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES
Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging
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• Pronounced– (an-jee-oh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee)– (CAR-dee-ak kath-eh-ter-ih-ZAY-shun)
• Defined– Specialized diagnostic procedure in which a
catheter is introduced into a large vein or artery
– Usually of an arm or a leg, and is then threaded through circulatory system to the heart
Angiocardiography(Cardiac Catheterization)
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Angiography
• Pronounced– (an-jee-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Series of X-ray films allowing visualization of
internal structures after the introduction of a radiopaque substance
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Cerebral Angiography
• Pronounced– (seh-REE-bral an-jee-OG-rah-fee)– (SER-eh-bral an-jee-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into
an arterial blood vessel (carotid, femoral, or brachial) to make visualization of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray possible
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Renal Angiography
• Pronounced– (REE-nal an-jee-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– X-ray visualization of internal anatomy of the
renal blood vessels (blood vessels of the kidney) after injection of a contrast medium
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Arteriography
• Pronounced– (ar-tee-ree-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– X-ray visualization of arteries following the
introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium into the bloodstream through a specific vessel by way of a catheter
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Arthrography
• Pronounced– (ar-THROG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Process of taking X-rays of the inside of a
joint, after a contrast medium has been injected into the joint
• Contrast medium makes the inside of the joint visible
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Barium Enema (BE)
• Pronounced– (BAH-ree-um EN-eh-mah)
• Defined– Infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium,
barium sulfate, into the rectum– Contrast medium is retained in lower
intestinal tract while X-ray films are obtained of the lower GI tract
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Barium Swallow(Upper GI Series)
• Pronounced– (BAH-ree-um SWALL-oh)
• Defined– Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast
medium, barium sulfate, which flows into the esophagus as the person swallows
• X-rays are taken as barium sulfate flows into the upper GI tract
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Bronchography
• Pronounced– (brong-KOG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Bronchial examination via X-ray following the
coating of the bronchi with a radiopaque substance
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Cholangiography(Intravenous)
• Pronounced– (koh-lan-jee-OG-rah-fee) – (in-trah-VEE-nus)
• Defined– Visualizing and outlining of the major bile
ducts following an intravenous injection of a contrast medium
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Cholangiography(Percutaneous Transhepatic)
• Pronounced– (koh-lan-jee-OG-rah-fee) – (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik)
• Defined– Examination of bile duct structure using a
needle to pass directly into an intrahepatic bile duct to inject a contrast medium
• Also known as PTC or PTHC
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• Pronounced– (koh-lan-jee-oh-pan-kree-ah-TOG-rah-fee)– (en-doh-SKOP-ic RET-roh-grayd)
• Defined– Procedure that examines the size of and the
filling of the pancreatic and biliary ducts through direct radiographic visualization with a fiberoptic endoscope
Cholangiopancreatography(Endoscopic Retrograde)
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Cholecystography(Oral)
• Pronounced– (koh-lee-sis-TOG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Visualization of the gallbladder through X-ray
following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye
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• Pronounced– (sin-eh-ray-dee-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Diagnostic technique combining the
techniques of fluoroscopy, radiography, and cinematography by filming the images that develop on a fluorescent screen with a movie camera
Cineradiography
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• Pronounced– (kom-PEW-ted AK-see-al toh-MOG-rah-
fee)
• Defined– Painless, noninvasive diagnostic X-ray
procedure using ionizing radiation that produces a cross-sectional image of the body
Computed Axial Tomography (CT, CAT)
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Computed Axial Tomography
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Voiding Cystourethrography
• Pronounced– (VOYD-ing sis-toh-yoo-ree-THROG-rah-
fee)
• Defined– X-ray visualization of the bladder and
urethra during the voiding process, after the bladder has been filled with a contrast material
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Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
• Pronounced– (DIJ-ih-tal sub-TRAK-shun an-jee-OG-rah-
fee)
• Defined– X-ray images of blood vessels only, appearing
without any background, due to the use of a computerized digital video subtraction process
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Echocardiography
• Pronounced– (ek-oh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Diagnostic procedure for studying the
structure and motion of the heart via ultrasound
• Useful in evaluating structural and functional changes in a variety of heart disorders
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Fluoroscopy
• Pronounced– (floor-or-OSS-koh-pee)
• Defined– Radiological technique used to examine the
function of an organ or a body part using a fluoroscope
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• Pronounced– (his-ter-oh-sal-ping-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– X-ray assessment of uterus and fallopian
tubes by injecting a contrast material into these structures
Hysterosalpingography
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Lymphangiography
• Pronounced– (lim-fan-jee-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– X-ray assessment of lymphatic system
following injection of a contrast medium into lymph vessels in the hand or foot
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Pronounced– (mag-NET-ik REZ-oh-nans IM-ij-ing)
• Defined– Noninvasive scanning procedure that
provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue, and bony structures without the use of radiation
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Mammography
• Pronounced– (mam-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Process of taking X-rays of the soft tissue of
the breast to detect various benign and/or malignant growths before they can be felt
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Myelography
• Pronounced– (my-eh-LOG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Introduction of contrast medium into the
lumbar subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture to visualize the spinal cord and vertebral canal through X-ray examination
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Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET)
• Pronounced– (POZ-ih-tron ee-MISH-un toh-MOG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Noninvasive diagnostic imaging method that
demonstrates the biological function of the body before anatomical changes take place
• Scan produces computerized radiographic images of the body structures when radioactive substances are administered to the patient
– Substances are inhaled or injected
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• Pronounced– (pye-eh-LOG-rah-fee)– (in-trah-VEE-nus)
• Defined– Radiographic procedure that provides
visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
• Also known as intravenous pyelogram or excretory urogram
Pyelography(Intravenous) (IVP)
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Radiation Therapy
• Pronounced– (ray-dee-AY-shun THAIR-ah-pee)
• Defined– Delivery of ionizing radiation to accomplish
one or more of the following:• Destruction of tumor cells• Reduction of tumor size• Decrease in pain• Relief of obstruction• To slow or stop the spread of cancer cells
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Radiation Therapy• Radiation therapy
– Destroys rapidly multiplying cells regardless of whether they are cancerous
– Goal is to reach maximum tumor control with no, or minimal, normal tissue damage
– May be delivered by teletherapy (external)– May be delivered by brachytherapy (internal)
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Radioactive Iodine Uptake• Pronounced
– (ray-dee-oh-AK-tiv EYE-oh-dine UP-tayk)
• Defined– Examination that determines the position,
size, shape, and physiological function of the thyroid gland through the use of radionuclear scanning
• Image of the thyroid is recorded and visualized after a radioactive substance is given
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• Pronounced– (SCAN-ing)
• Defined– Scanning is the process of recording emission
of radioactive waves, using a gamma camera (scanner)
• After an intravenous injection of a radionuclide material into the particular part of the body being studied
Scanning (Bone, Brain, Liver, Lungs)
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• Defined
– Image of the area being studied is displayed by recording concentration or collection of a radioactive substance specifically drawn to that area
Scanning (Bone, Brain, Liver, Lungs)
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Scanning
• Bone – Involves intravenous injection of a
radionuclide material absorbed by bone tissue• Used to detect spread of cancer to the bones,
osteomyelitis, and other destructive changes in the bones
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Scanning
• Brain – Nuclear scanning of cranial contents two
hours after an intravenous injection of radioisotopes
• Useful in diagnosing abnormal findings such as an acute cerebral infarction, cerebral neoplasm, cerebral hemorrhage, brain abscess, aneurysms, cerebral thrombosis, hematomas, hydrocephalus, cancer metastasis to the brain, and bleeds
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Scanning
• Liver – Noninvasive scanning technique that enables
the visualization of the shape, size, and consistency of the liver after the IV injection of a radioactive compound
• Useful in detecting cysts, abscesses, tumors, granulomas, or diffuse infiltrative processes affecting the liver
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Scanning
• Lung – Visual imaging of the distribution of ventilation
or blood flow in the lungs by scanning the lungs after the patient has been injected with or has inhaled radioactive material
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Scanning
• Spleen – Noninvasive scanning technique that enables
the visualization of the shape, size, and consistency of the spleen after injection of radioactive red blood cells
• Useful in detecting damage, tumors, and other problems
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Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)• Pronounced
– (single FOH-ton ee-MISH-un
kom-PEW-ted toh-MOG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Nuclear imaging procedure that shows how
blood flows to tissues and organs• Tracking of radioactive material allows physician to
see perfusion of blood to tissues and organs
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Small Bowel Follow-Through• Pronounced
– (Small Bowel Follow-Through)
• Defined– Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast
medium, barium sulfate, which flows through the GI system
• X-ray films are obtained at timed intervals to observe progression of barium through small intestines
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Tomography
• Pronounced– (toh-MOG-rah-fee)
• Defined– X-ray technique used to construct a detailed
cross-section, at a predetermined depth, of a tissue structure
• Useful in identifying space-occupying lesions in the liver, brain, pancreas, and gallbladder
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• Pronounced– (ull-trah-son-OG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Procedure in which sound waves are
transmitted into body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient’s skin
• Sound waves are reflected back into the transducer and are interpreted by a computer that converts waves to a composite picture form
Ultrasonography(Ultrasound)
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Ultrasonography
• Abdominal ultrasound– Use of reflected sound waves to provide
reliable visualization of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, and ureters
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Ultrasonography
• Pelvic ultrasound– Noninvasive procedure that uses high-
frequency sound waves to examine the abdomen and pelvis
– Can be used to locate a pelvic mass, an ectopic pregnancy, or an intrauterine device, and to inspect and assess the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
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• Renal ultrasound– Noninvasive ultrasound of the kidneys that is
useful in distinguishing between fluid-filled cysts and solid masses, detecting renal calculi, identifying obstructions, and evaluating transplanted kidneys
• Thyroid Echogram (ultrasound)– Ultrasound examination important in
distinguishing solid thyroid nodules from cystic nodules
Ultrasonography
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Venography
• Pronounced– (vee-NOG-rah-fee)
• Defined– Technique used to prepare an X-ray image of
veins– Veins are injected with a radiopaque contrast
medium – Phlebography
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X-rays• Pronounced
– (ECKS-rays)
• Defined– Use of high-energy electromagnetic waves,
passing through the body onto a photographic film, to produce a picture of the internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapy
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X-rays
• Chest X-ray– Visualization of interior of chest– Provides diagnostic information about:
• Tumors, inflammation, accumulation of fluid, accumulation of air, bone fractures, diaphragmatic hernia, size of heart, calcification, placement of centrally located intravenous access devices
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• Chest X-ray views– Posteroanterior (PA)
• X-rays pass through the posterior (back) to the anterior (front)
– Lateral• X-rays pass through the person’s side
– Oblique• X-rays are taken from different angles
– Decubitus• X-rays are taken with person in recumbent lateral
position – aids in localizing fluid
X-rays
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