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SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
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SECTION 1 SOLID WASTE: TYPES, SOURCES AND
PROPERTIES
Learning Objectives;At the end of this lesson, students should be able to;
1. define solid waste
2. describe different types of solid wastes
3. recognize different sources of solid wastes
4. understand and state the three physical, chemical
and biological properties of solid waste
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WHY THIS HAPPENS?
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Sol id wastesare the wastes arising from human activities and are
normally solid as opposed to liquid or gaseous and are discarded as
useless or unwanted. Focused on urban waste (MSW) as opposed to
agricultural, mining and industrial wastes.
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)is the term applied to all
the activities associated with the management of society's wastes.
In medieval times, wastes discarded in the streets led to the breeding
of rats and the associated fleas which carried the plague.
22 human diseases are associated to improper solid wastemanagement.
Solid wastes also have a great potential to pollute the air, soil and water.
Materials Flow - The best way to reduce solid wastes is not to create
them in the first place. Others methods include: decrease consumption
of raw material and increase the rate of recovery of waste materials.
Technological advances - Increased use of recycle materials.
INTRODUCTION
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid waste management is the control of :
all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that
are normally solid and that are discarded as useless andunwanted.
storage, management of wastes until they are put into a
container
collection, gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials
and the transport of these materials where the collection
vehicle is emptied. 50% or higher of the total cost.
processing, source separated (at the home) vs. commingled
(everything together) is a big issue. Includes: physical
processes such as shredding and screening, removal of bulky
material, and chemical and biological processes such as
incineration and composting.
transfer and transport, small trucks to the biggest trucks
allowable
disposal of solid waste, landfilling with or without attempting
to recover resources.
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CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
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DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE
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TYPES/SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
The sources of SW in a community are
generally related to land use and zoning. These
wastes can be group or classified in several
ways, but classifications are necessary to
address effectively the complex challenges ofsolid waste management.
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TYPES/SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
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TYPES/SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
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TYPES/SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
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TYPES/SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
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COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE
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COMPONENTS OF SOLID WASTE
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PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOLID WASTE
Information on the properties of solid wastesis important in evaluating alternativeequipment needs, systems and managementprograms and plans, especially with respect
to the implementation of disposal andresource and recovery options.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTE
Physical composition of SW including : identification of theindividual components that make SW, analysis of particle size,moisture content and density of SW.
Individual Components
Components that are typically make up most SW listed belowhave been selected because they are readily identifiable,consistent with component categories reported in the literatureand are adequate for the characterization of solid wastes formost applications.
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MOISTURE CONTENT
The moisture content of solid wastes usually is expressed in one of
two ways. In the wet weight method of measurement, the moisturein a sample is expresses as a percentage of the wet weight of thematerial ; in the dry weight method, it is expressed as a percentageof the dry weight of the material.
WET WEIGHT MOISTURE CONTENT
In equation form, the weight moisture content is expressed asfollows
M = (w-d)100
w
Where M= moisture content, %
w= initial weight of sample as delivered, kg
d=weight of sample after drying at 1050C, kg
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Table 1 Typical data on moisture content of solid waste
componentsMoisture (%) Moisture (%)
Component Range Typical
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Rubber
Leather
Garden trimmings
Wood
Misc. Organics
GlassTin cans
Nonferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Dirt, ashes, brick
Municipal solid waste
50-80
4-10
4-8
1-4
6-15
1-4
8-12
30-80
15-40
10-60
1-42-4
2-6
2-6
6-12
15-40
70
6
5
2
10
2
10
60
20
25
23
2
3
8
20
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EXAMPLE 1
Estimate the moisture content of 100kg
solid waste sample with the following
composition:
Component Percent by mass
Food waste 15
Cardboard 10
Plastics 10
Garden trimmings 10
Wood 5
Tin cans 5
Paper 45
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Solution:
1. Set up a table to determine the dry mass of the solid
waste sample using data given in Table 1
2. Determine the moisture contentMoisture content =
Component Percent by
mass
Moisture
content (%)
Dry mass, kg
(based on 100kg)
Food waste 15 70
Paper 45 6
Cardboard 10 5
Plastics 10 2
Garden
trimmings
10 60
Wood 5 20
Tin cans 5 3
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Solution:
1. Set up a table to determine the dry mass of the solidwaste sample using data given in Table 1
2. Determine the moisture contentMoisture content =
Component Percent by
mass
Moisture
content (%)
Dry mass, kg
(based on 100kg)
Food waste 15 70 4.5
Paper 45 6 42.3
Cardboard 10 5 9.5
Plastics 10 2 9.8
Garden
trimmings
10 60 4.0
Wood 5 20 4.0
Tin cans 5 3 4.9
79.0
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DENSITY
Densities of solid wastes vary markedly with geographiclocation, season of the year and length of time in storage.
Density (kg/m3) Density (kg/m3)
Component Typical Range
Food wastesPaper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Rubber
LeatherGarden trimmings
Wood
Misc. Organics
Glass
Tin cans
120-48030-130
30-80
30-130
30-100
90-200
90-26060-225
120-320
90-360
160-480
45-160
29085
50
65
65
130
160105
240
240
195
90
Table 2 Typical densities for solid wastes componentsand mixtures
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Typical densities for solid wastes components and mixtures
Density (kg/m3) Density (kg/m3)
Component Typical Range
Nonferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Dirt, ashes, brick
Municipal solid waste
Uncompacted
Compacted
(in compactor truck)
In landfill(compacted normally)
In landfill
60-240
120-1200
320-960
90-180
180-450
350-550
600-750
160
320
480
130
300
475
600
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EXAMPLE 2
Estimate the density of a solid waste sample with the
composition given in Example 1
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Solution:1. Set up a table to determine the discarded volume of solid
waste sample using the data reported in Table 2
2. Determine the density of a waste sampleDensity =
Component Percent by mass Typical density
Kg/m3Volume*, m3
Food waste 15 290
Paper 45 85
Cardboard 10 50
Plastics 10 65
Garden
trimmings
10 105
Wood 5 240
Tin cans 5 90
*Based on a 1000kg sample of waste
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Solution:1. Set up a table to determine the discarded volume of solid
waste sample using the data reported in Table 2
2. Determine the density of a waste sampleDensity =
Component Percent by mass Typical density
Kg/m3Volume*, m3
Food waste 15 290 0.52
Paper 45 85 5.29
Cardboard 10 50 2.00
Plastics 10 65 1.54
Garden
trimmings
10 105 0.95
Wood 5 240 0.21
Tin cans 5 90 0.56
*Based on a 1000kg sample of waste 11.07
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTE
Information on the chemical composition of thecomponents that constitute SW is important inevaluating alternate processing and recovery
options. For example, the feasibility ofcombustion depends on the chemicalcomposition of the solid wastes. 3 mostimportant properties to be known are
Proximate analysis
Energy content
Ultimate analysis (major element)
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PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
Proximate analysis for the combustiblecomponents of SW includes the following tests:
Moisture (loss of moisture when heated to 1050C
for 1h) Volatile combustible matter (additional loss of
weight on ignition at 9500C in a covered crucible)
Fixed carbon(combustible residue left after volatile
matter is removed) Ash (weight of residue after combustion in an
open crucible)
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ENERGY CONTENT OF SOLID
WASTE COMPONENTS
Energy values may be converted to a dry basis by using
kJ/kg (dry basis)= kJ/kg x100
100-% moisture
kJ/kg (ash free dry basis)= kJ/kg x100
100-% ash -% moisture
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EXAMPLE 3
Estimate the energy content of a solid
waste sample with the composition
given in Example 1. What is the contentof dry basis and ash-free dry basis?
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SOLUTION :
1. Set up a table to determine the energy content of the SW
sample using the data reported in Table 3.6 (Based on a 100 kg
sample of waste)
Components Percent by
mass
Total energy
kJ
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
PlasticsGarden
trimmings
Wood
Tin cans
15
45
10
1010
5
5
69,750
753,750
163,000
326,00065,000
93,000
3,500
1,474,000
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2. Compute the unit energy content
Energy content (kJ/kg) =
3.Determine the energy content on dry basis
a. From Example 1, the moisture content of the waste is 21.0%.
4.Determine the energy content on ash free dry basis
a. Assume the ash content of the waste is equal to 5.0%.
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ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
Ultimate analysis of a waste component typically involves the
determination of the percent C, H, O, N, S and ash. Because of
the concern over the emission of the chlorinated compounds
during combustion, the determination of halogens is often
included in an ultimate analysis.
The results of the UA are use to characterize the chemical
composition of the organic matter in SW. They are also use to
define the proper mix of waste materials to achieve suitable C/N
ratios for biological processes.
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Chemical content
If energy values are not availableapproximate values may be determine
kJ/kg =337C + 1428 (H-O/8) + 9SWhere
C= carbon, %
H = hydrogen, %
O = oxygen, %
S = sulfur, %
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EXAMPLE 4Derive an approximate chemical formula for the organic portion of a
solid waste sample with the composition given. Use the
resulting chemical composition to estimate the energy contentSolution:
1. Set up a table to determine the overall composition of the wastebased on 100kg sample.Moisture content given is 20.9 kg
Component Composition
C H O N S Ash
Food waste 2.16 0.29 1.69 0.12 0.02 0.23
Paper 18.4 2.54 18.6 0.13 0.08 2.54
Cardboard 4.18 0.56 4.24 0.03 0.02 0.48
Plastics 5.88 0.71 2.23 - - 0.98
Garden trimmings 1.91 0.24 1.52 0.14 0.01 0.18
Wood 1.98 0.24 1.71 0.01 - 0.06
Total 34.51 4.58 30 0.43 0.13 4.47
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EXAMPLE 4
2. Prepare a summary table of the above data
Component Mass,kg
Carbon 34.51
Hydrogen 4.58
Oxygen 30
Nitrogen 0.43
Sulfur 0.13
Ash 4.47
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Solution:
3. Calculate percentage by mass
Component Mass,kg Percentage by mass
Carbon 34.51 36.3
Hydrogen 4.58 + 2.32= 6.9 7.3
Oxygen 30 +18.58 = 48.58 51.1Nitrogen 0.43 0.5
Sulfur 0.13 0.1
Ash 4.47 4.7
Total 95.02 100
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Moisture content given is 20.9.Convert
the moisture content (given 20.9kg) to
H and Oa. H = 2/18(20.9) kg = 2.32 kg
b. O = 16/18(20.9) kg = 18.58 kg
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Solution:
Estimate the energy content of the waste kJ/kg =337C + 1428 (H-O/8) + 9S
Where
C= carbon, %
H = hydrogen, %
O = oxygen, %
S = sulfur, %
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Solution:
Estimate the energy content of the waste kJ/kg = 337 (36.3) + 1428 (7.3-51.1/8) + 9 (0.1)
= 12, 223 + 1,303 + 9.5
= 13,546
Computations such as above are especially important
where the recovery of energy from solid waste is beingconsidered
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Biological Properties
VS, volatile solids, ignition at 550 C is often used as a measureof the biodegradability of the organic fraction.
An alternative is the lignin content can be used to determine
biodegradability:
BF = 0.83 - 0.028 LC
BF is the biodegradable fraction and LC is the lignin content.
Odors typically result from the anaerobic decomposition of the
organic fraction.
- Sulfate is reduced to sulfides and the to H2S.
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ODORS The production of odors and the generation of flies are related to the
putrescible nature of the organic materials found in MSW (eg food waste)
Odors can develop when solid waste are stored for long periods of time onsite between collections, in transfer stations and in landfill. Typically the
formation of odors results from the anaerobic decomposition of the readily
decomposable organic components found in MSW.
In the summertime and during all season in warm climate, fly breeding is an
important consideration in the on-site storage of wastes. Flies can develop
in less than 2 weeks after the eggs are laid. The life history of the common
house fly from egg to adult can be described as follows:
Egg develop 8-12 hrs
First stage of larval period 20 hrs
Second stage of larval period 24 hrs Third stage of larval period 3 days
Pupal stage 4-5 days
Total 9-11 days
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COMMON FLY BREEDING
House and stable flies breed in areas where moist organic
matter is present. Common fly breeding sites on livestockoperations include locations in and around
(1) leak and spill areas;
(2) animal stalls and pens, feed preparation, storage areas, near
water sources;
(3) hospital and maternity areas;
(4) water tanks;
(5) feed troughs;
(6) inside and outside manure handling areas
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