Chapter Six
The Structure of MatterPA Standards
3.1.12.A Unifying Themes
3.4.10.A Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics
3.4.12.A Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics
Apply concepts of models as a method to predict and understand science and technology.
Explain concepts about the properties and structure of matter.
Explain the formation of compounds and their resulting properties using bonding theories (ionic and covalent).
Objectives:Compounds and MoleculesDistinguish between compounds and
mixtures.Relate the chemical formula of a compound
to the relative numbers of atoms or ions present in the compound.
Use models to visualize a compound’s chemical structure.
Describe how the chemical structure of a compound affects its properties.
Chemical Bonds
O2
H2
Chemical Reaction
H2O
Chemical Structure
Structure and Properties
Structure and PropertiesCompound State
(at 25°C)Melting Point (°C)
Boiling Point (°C)
Silicon dioxide, SO2 (quartz)
Solid 1,700 2,230
Magnesium fluoride, MgF2
Solid 1,261 2,239
Sodium Chloride, NaCl (table salt)
Solid 801 1,413
Sugar, C12H22,O11 Solid 185-186 -
Water, H2O Liquid 0 100
Dihydrogen sulfide, H2S Gas -86 -61
Structure and Properties
Ionic and Covalent BondingExplain why atoms sometimes join to form
bonds.Explain why some atoms transfer their
valence electrons to form ionic bonds, while other atoms share valence electrons to form different bonds.
Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.
Compare the properties of substances with different types of bonds.
Objectives:Compound Names and FormulasName simple ionic and covalent compounds.Predict the charge of a transition metal
cation in an ionic compound.Write chemical formulas for simple ionic
compounds.Distinguish a covalent compound’s
empirical formula from its molecular formula.
Objectives:Organic and Biochemical CompoundsDescribe how carbon atoms bond covalently
to form organic compounds.Identify the names and structures of groups
of simple organic compounds and polymers.Identify what makes up the polymers that
are essential to life.
Organic CompoundOrganic Compound
Covalently bounded compound that contains carbon
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alcohols
PolymersPolymer
Molecule that is a long chain made of smaller moleculesMonomer
Smaller molecule that makes up the polymerExamples
PlasticWoodCottonStarchProteinDNA
Examples
Biochemical Compounds
Biochemical Compounds
Biochemical Compounds
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