Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: Theories of
MotivationTheories of Motivation Section 2:Biological and Social
MotivesBiological and Social Motives Section 3:
EmotionsEmotions
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Chapter Preview 1 Chapter Objectives Section 1 Theories of
Motivation Explain motivation and why we experience it in different
ways.
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Chapter Preview 2 Chapter Objectives Section 2 Biological and
Social Motives Understand that biological needs are physiological
requirements we must fulfill to survive, whereas social needs are
learned through experience.
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Chapter Preview 3 Chapter Objectives Section 3 Emotions
Describe the three parts of emotionsthe physical, cognitive, and
behavioral aspects.
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Chapter Preview-End
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Section 1-Main Idea Main Idea Psychologists explain motivation
and why we experience it in different ways through instinct,
drive-reduction, incentive, and cognitive theories of
motivation.
A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which theory do you think best
explains motivation? A.Instinct theory B.Drive-reduction theory
C.Incentive theory D.Cognitive
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Section 1 Instinct Theory William McDougall proposed that
humans were motivated by a variety of instincts. Instincts are
innate tendencies that determine behavior.Instincts William James
proposed that humans have instincts such as cleanliness, curiosity,
parental love, sociability, and sympathy.
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Section 1 Instinct Theory (cont.) However, instincts do not
explain behavior; they simply label behavior.
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A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which psychologist used the instinct
theory to explain motivation? A.James B.McDougall C.Both
D.Neither
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Section 1 Drive-Reduction Theory The thing that motivates us
starts with a need that leads to a drive. Need Drive
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Section 1 Drive-Reduction Theory (cont.) Drive-reduction theory
states that physiological needs drive an organism to act in either
random or habitual ways. Biological needs drive an organism to act,
and the organism strives to maintain homeostasis. homeostasis
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Section 1 Clark Hull suggested that all human motives are
extensions of basic biological needs. Harry Harlow and others
doubted Hull and proved that other factors, such as pleasure, also
play a role. They conducted experiments using baby monkeys and
surrogate mothers. Drive-Reduction Theory (cont.)
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A.A B.B C.C Section 1 Do you think disrupting your homeostasis
can be pleasurable? A.Yes B.No C.Not sure
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Section 1 Incentive Theory Incentive People are motivated to
obtain positive incentives and to avoid negative incentives. The
cognitive expectations of humans also guide their behavior.
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A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which drive motivates you the most?
A.Hunger B.Sleep C.Keeping warm D.Having fun
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Section 1 Cognitive Theory Cognitive psychologists seek to
explain motivation by looking at forces inside and outside of us
that energize us to move. According to them, we act in particular
ways at particular times as a result of extrinsic and intrinsic
motivations.
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Section 1 Cognitive Theory (cont.) Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation Sometimes we engage in an activity because of
both types of motivation. Overjustification effect: when people are
given more extrinsic motivation than necessary to perform a task,
their intrinsic motivation declines.
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A.A B.B C.C Section 1 Do you think saving money for a car is an
extrinsic or intrinsic motivation? A.Extrinsic B.Intrinsic
C.Both
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Section 1-End
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Section 2-Main Idea Main Idea Much of life is spent trying to
satisfy biological and social needs. Biological needs are
physiological requirements that we must fulfill to survive, whereas
social needs are those that are learned through experience.
Section 2-Objectives Objectives Describe the biological and
social needs of humans. Explain Maslows hierarchy of needs.
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A.A B.B C.C Section 2-Polling Question Do you think it is
important to be successful in school? A.Yes B.No C.Not sure
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Section 2 Biological Motives Some behavior is determined by the
internal, or physiological, state of the organism. The nervous
system is constructed in such a way that dramatic variations in
blood sugar, water, oxygen, salt, or essential vitamins lead to
changes in behavior designed to return the body to a condition of
chemical balance, or homeostasis. Some Biological and Social
Needs
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Section 2 Biological Motives (cont.) Several of the drives that
motivate behavior are homeostatic, such as hunger. Your body
requires food to grow, repair itself, and to store reserves.
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Section 2 Biological Motives (cont.) Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) The
glucostatic theorythe hypothalamus monitors the amount of glucose,
or ready energy, available in the blood. Set-pointthe weight around
which your day-to-day weight tends to fluctuate.
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Section 2 Biological Motives (cont.) The hypothalamus
interprets at least three kinds of information: The amount of
glucose entering the cells of your body. Your set-point. Your body
temperature.
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Section 2 Biological Motives (cont.) Other factors tied to
hunger: Psychosocial hunger factorsexternal cues that can affect
eating, such as where, when, and what we eat. Obesitya genetic
component may predispose some people to obesity. Percentage of
Overweight Americans
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Section 2 Stanley Schachter and his colleagues conducted
studies to prove that overweight people respond to external cues,
while normal-weight people respond to internal cures. Biological
Motives (cont.)
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A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Do you feel that you only eat when
you are hungry, or that you are also affected by external cues?
A.Internal cues B.External cues C.Both A and B D.None of the
above
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Section 2 Social Motives Social motives are learned from our
interactions with other people. The achievement motive concerns the
desire to set challenging goals and to persist in trying to reach
those goals despite obstacles, frustrations, and set- backs.
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Section 2 Social Motives (cont.) David McClelland measured
achievement motivation using the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
83% of the entrepreneurs scored high in achievement, but only 21%
of the nonentrepreneurs scored that high.
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Section 2 Social Motives (cont.) Other people are motivated by
a fear of failure. People display this fear when they choose easy
tasks offering assured success or impossible tasks with no chance
of success. They often find excuses to explain their poor
performance.
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Section 2 Social Motives (cont.) Some people also have a fear
of success. Matina Horner conducted a study showing that success
involves deep conflicts for some people. Although, it is very
difficult to define success or to tell whether a person who does
not try something is afraid of success or failure.
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Section 2 Social Motives (cont.) Other theories: J.W. Atkinson
developed an expectancy- value theory to explain goal-directed
behavior. Competency theorytoo easy a task or too difficult a task
means we do not learn anything about how competent we are. Your
Performance
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Section 2 Social Motives (cont.) Abraham Maslow believed that
all human beings need to feel competent to win approval and
recognition, and to sense that they have achieved something. He
believed that some needs take precedence over others and that
achieving one level of satisfaction releases new needs and
motivations. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Section 2 Social Motives (cont.) Maslow placed achievement
motivation in the context of a hierarchy of needs: Physiological
needs (a fundamental need)fundamental need Safety needs (a
fundamental need) Belongingness and love needs (a psychological
need)psychological need Esteem needs (a psychological need) The
need to fulfill ones potential (a self-actualization
need)self-actualization need
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A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Achieving goals, feeling competent,
and gaining approval and recognition would all under which need in
Maslows hierarchy? A.Physiological needs B.Safety needs
C.Belongingness and love needs D.Esteem needs
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Section 2-End
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Section 3-Main Idea Main Idea All emotions consist of three
partsthe physical, cognitive, and behavioral aspects. Theories of
emotion propose that emotions result from physical changes and/or
mental processes.
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Section 3-Key Terms Vocabulary emotion
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Section 3-Objectives Objectives Give examples of the
physiological theories of emotion. Explain the cognitive theorists
approach to the study of emotion.
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A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3-Polling Question Do you consider
yourself to be an emotional person? A.Very much so B.Somewhat C.Not
very much so D.Not at all
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Section 3 Emotions We use the words drive or motivation to
emphasize the needs, desires, and mental calculations that lead to
goal-directed behavior. We use the words emotion or affect to
stress the feelings associated with these decisions and
activities.
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Section 3 Emotions (cont.) Emotional intelligence is the
ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and to use
that information in decision making.
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A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 What is the ability to perceive,
imagine, and understand emotions? A.Emotional intelligence B.Drive
C.Motivation D.Affect
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Section 3 Expressing Emotions Emotion The Range of
Emotions
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Section 3 Expressing Emotions (cont.) Emotions result from four
occurrences: You must interpret some stimulus. You have a
subjective feeling, such as fear or happiness. You experience
physiological responses, such as an increased heart rate. You
display observable behavior, such as smiling or crying.
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Section 3 All emotions have three parts: The physicalhow the
emotion affects the physical arousal of an individual. The
behavioraloutward expression of the emotion, such as body language,
hand gestures, and tone of voice. The cognitivehow we think about
or interpret a situation, which affects our emotions. Expressing
Emotions (cont.) Paul Ekman
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Section 3 Numerous studies have shown that certain basic facial
expressions are innateor part of our biological inheritance.
Learning is also an important factor in emotional expression. James
Averill believes that many of our everyday emotional reactions are
the result of social expectations and consequences. Expressing
Emotions (cont.) Threatening Elements
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Section 3 Theories of emotions: The James-Lange Theory Facial
Feedback Theory The Cannon-Bard Theory The Schachter-Singer
Experiment Opponent-Process Theory Expressing Emotions (cont.)
Theories of EmotionFear and Relief
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A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 In which theory does your experience
activate the hypothalamus first? A.James-Lang B.Facial Feedback
C.Cannon-Bard D.Schachter-Singer
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Section 3-End
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Figure 1 Some Biological and Social Needs Whereas biological
needs are physiological requirements critical to our survival, we
acquire social needs through experience and learning.
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Figure 2 Percentage of Overweight Americans Overweight people
face increased risk for heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure,
clogged arteries, adult onset diabetes, and early death.
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Figure 3 Your Performance The Yerkes-Dodson law says that your
performance on a task is an interaction between the level of
physiological arousal and the difficulty of the task. So on
difficult tasks, you do better if your arousal level is low.
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Figure 4 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs According to Maslow, only
after satisfying the lower level of needs is a person free to
progress to the ultimate need of self-actualization.
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Figure 5 The Range of Emotions Emotions are subjective
feelings, so psychologists cannot agree on how many emotions exist
or the exact impact of a specific emotion.
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Figure 6 Threatening Elements When people from various cultures
were asked to identify the threatening shapes in each pair, they
consistently selected the triangular and diagonal elements.
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Figure 7 Theories of Emotion These theories of emotion differ
depending on the relationship of physiological change and cognitive
interpretation of emotion.
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Figure 8 Fear and Relief According to the opponent-process
theory, when the stimulus for one emotion is removed, you feel the
opposite emotion.
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Profile Paul Ekman 1934 The face is the primary site for the
display of emotions. Together with the voice, it may tell the
listener how the speaker feels about what is being said...
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Concept Trans Menu Chapter Concepts Transparencies Factors
Affecting Hunger Physiological Theories of Emotion Select a
transparency to view.
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Concept Trans 1
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Concept Trans 2
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DFS Trans 1
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DFS Trans 2
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DFS Trans 3
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Vocab1 motivation: an internal state that activates behavior
and directs it toward a goal
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Vocab2 instincts: innate tendencies that determine
behavior
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Vocab3 need: biological or psychological requirement of an
organism
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Vocab4 drive: a state of tension produced by a need that
motivates an organism toward a goal
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Vocab5 homeostasis: the tendency of all organisms to correct
imbalances and deviations from their normal state
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Vocab6 incentive: an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward
that motivates behavior
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Vocab7 extrinsic motivation: engaging in activities that either
reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives
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Vocab8 intrinsic motivation: engaging in activities because
they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs
and expectations
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Vocab9 lateral hypothalamus (LH): the part of the hypothalamus
that produces hunger signals
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Vocab10 ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH): the part of the
hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating
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Vocab11 fundamental needs: biological drives that must be
satisfied to maintain life
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Vocab12 psychological needs: the urge to belong and to give and
receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem
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Vocab13 self-actualization needs: the pursuit of knowledge and
beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of ones
unique potential
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Vocab14 emotion: a set of complex reactions to stimuli
involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and
observable behavior
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