Lecture Presentation by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
Chapter 7
The Skeletal
System
Appendicular Division
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• The appendicular skeleton includes:
• Pectoral girdle
• Shoulder bones
• Upper limbs
• Pelvic girdle
• Hip bones
• Lower limbs
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Figure 7.1 The Appendicular Skeleton
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Pectoral
girdles
Upper
limbs
4
60
2
2
2
2
2
16
10
28
2 2
126
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna Ulna
Carpal
bones
Metacarpal
bones
Phalanges
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
206 SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON 80
(See Figure 6.1)
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Hip
bone
Femur Pelvic
girdle
Lower
limbs 60
2
2
2
2
14
10
28
Hip bones
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal
bones
Phalanges
Tibia
Fibula
Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components. The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that type or category in the adult skeleton.
Posterior view of the skeleton. a
b
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• Pectoral girdle consists of:
• Clavicle
• Scapula
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• Upper limb consists of:
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Pollex and other digits
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Figure 7.2 The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones (I to V)
Phalanges
Right upper limb, anterior view
X-ray of right pectoral girdle and upper limb, posterior view
b a
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Clavicle
• Connects the scapula to the manubrium of the
sternum
• It extends from the manubrium of the sternum,
laterally to the acromion process of the scapula
• It is an S-shaped bone
• Structures
• Sternal end
• Acromial end
• Conoid tubercle
• Costal tuberosity
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Figure 7.4a Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
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Scapula
Clavicle
Acromioclavicular
joint
Sternoclavicular
joint
Manubrium
of sternum
Bones of the right pectoral girdle, superior view.
a
Figure 7.4b Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
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Retraction
Protraction
b Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during protraction (movement anteriorly) and retraction (movement posteriorly).
Figure 7.4c Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
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Elevation
Depression
c Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during
elevation (superior movement) and depression (inferior movement).
In each instance, note that the clavicle is responsible for limiting the range of motion (see Figure 8.5d,f ).
Figure 7.3a The Clavicle
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Acromial end
Facet for articulation with acromion
LATERAL MEDIAL
Right clavicle, superior view
Sternal end
a
Figure 7.3b The Clavicle
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LATERAL
MEDIAL
Acromial end Conoid
tubercle
Right clavicle, inferior view
Costal tuberosity
Sternal end
Sternal facet
b
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Scapula
• Posterior structures
• Spine
• Supraspinous
fossa
• Infraspinous fossa
• Acromion
• Lateral border
• Axillary border
• Medial border
• Vertebral border
• Anterior structures
• Coracoid process
• Subscapular fossa
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Figure 7.5d The Scapula
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Acromion Coracoid process
Superior angle
Superior border
Body
Lateral angle
Lateral border
Inferior angle
Medial border
Subscapular fossa
d Anterior view
Figure 7.5f The Scapula
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Body
Posterior view
Medial border
Supraspinous fossa
Acromion Superior border
Coracoid process
Lateral border
Infraspinous fossa
Spine
Neck
Inferior angle
f
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Scapula
• Medial / Lateral structures
• Lateral border (Axillary border)
• Medial border (Vertebral border)
• Glenoid cavity (lateral)
• Superior / Inferior structures
• Superior angle
• Inferior angle
• Suprascapular notch (superior)
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Figure 7.5a The Scapula
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Acromion
Coracoid process
Suprascapular notch
Superior angle
Superior border
Subscapular fossa
Body
Rim of glenoid
cavity
Lateral angle
Lateral border (axillary border)
Inferior angle
Medial border (vertebral border)
Costal (anterior) view a
Figure 7.5b The Scapula
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Spine
Infraglenoid tubercle
Acromion
Lateral view
Supraglenoid tubercle
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Lateral border
Inferior angle
b
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Humerus
• Proximal structures
• Head
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Anatomical neck
• Intertubercular sulcus
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Distal structures
• Capitulum
• Trochlea
• Lateral epicondyle
• Medial epicondyle
• Coronoid fossa
• Olecranon fossa
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Figure 7.6a The Humerus
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Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle Head
Radial groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial groove
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Intertubercular sulcus
Shaft (body)
Surgical neck
Intertubercular sulcus
Anatomical neck
Greater tubercle
Intertubercular sulcus Lesser
tubercle
Head
Anatomical neck
Intertubercular sulcus
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Lateral epicondyle Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum Trochlea
Condyle
Capitulum Trochlea
Condyle
Medial epicondyle
Radial fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Anterior views a
Figure 7.6d The Humerus
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Posterior views d
Greater tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial groove
for radial nerve
Deltoid
tuberosity
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Anatomical
neck
Head Greater
tubercle
Anatomical
neck
Head
Surgical neck
Olecranon fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Trochlea
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Radius and Ulna
• Radius is lateral to the ulna
• Proximal structures
• Head
• Radial tuberosity
• Neck
• Distal structures
• Radial styloid
process
• Ulnar notch
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• The head of the radius pivots on the capitulum
of the humerus
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Radius and Ulna
• Ulna is medial to the radius
• Proximal structures
• Olecranon
• Trochlear notch
• Radial notch
• Coronoid process
• Ulnar tuberosity
• Distal structures
• Ulnar styloid process
• Head
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• The trochlear notch pivots on the trochlea of the
humerus
• The head of the radius pivots in the radial notch of
the ulna
Figure 7.7a The Radius and Ulna
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Posterior view of the right radius and ulna a
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Head of ulna
Ulnar styloid
process
Articular
cartilage Distal extremity
of radius
Ulnar notch
of radius
Radial
styloid
process
Head of ulna
Ulnar styloid
process
Distal extremity
of radius
Radial
styloid
process
Olecranon
Proximal radioulnar
joint
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
RADIUS
ULNA
Figure 7.7d The Radius and Ulna
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Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
of ulna
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Ulnar
tuberosity
Head of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
ULNA
RADIUS
Interosseous
membrane Attachment surfaces for
interosseous membrane
Ulnar notch of radius
Ulnar notch
of radius
Radial styloid
process Carpal articular surface
Distal radioulnar joint
Head of ulna
Ulnar styloid process
Radial styloid process
Carpal articular surface
Anterior view of the radius and ulna d
Figure 7.7b The Radius and Ulna
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Posterior view of the elbow
joint showing the interlocking
of the participating bones
Humerus
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Olecranon
Trochlea of humerus
Head of radius
Ulna
b
Figure 7.7c The Radius and Ulna
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Anterior view of the elbow joint
Humerus
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Capitulum
Head of radius
Coronoid
process of ulna
Radial notch
of ulna
c
Figure 7.7e The Radius and Ulna
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Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Ulnar tuberosity
Lateral view of the proximal end of the ulna
e
Figure 7.7f The Radius and Ulna
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Head
of ulna
Distal
radioulnar
joint
Ulnar styloid
process
Anterior view of the distal
ends of the radius and ulna,
and the distal radioulnar joint
f
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Wrist and Hand
• Carpal bones
• Eight bones of the wrist
• Metacarpal bones
• Five metacarpals (make up the “back of the hand”)
• Phalanges
• Pollex has two phalanges
• All other digits of the hand have three phalanges
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Wrist and Hand
• Carpal bones
• Proximal bones
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetrum
• Pisiform
• Distal structures
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Capitate
• Hamate
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Figure 7.8a The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
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Radius
Lunate
Ulna Proximal
Carpal Bones
Distal
Carpal
Bones
Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Metacarpals
Trapezium
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid I
II III IV
V
Anterior (palmar) view of
the bones of the right wrist
a
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Radius Ulna
I II III IV
V
Lunate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Hamate
Figure 7.8b The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
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Radius Ulna
Anterior (palmar) view of the bones of the right wrist and hand
b
Radius Ulna
I
Lunate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Metacarpal bones
II III IV
V
Scaphoid
Scaphoid
Lunate
Capitate
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Metacarpal bones
Proximal phalanx
Distal phalanx
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Hamate
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
I II III
IV V
Proximal
Middle
Distal
Phalanges
Figure 7.8c The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
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Ulnar styloid process
Radius
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Metacarpal bones
Lunate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Hamate
Capitate V IV III
II
I
Ulnar styloid process
Lunate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Hamate
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Metacarpal bones
Radial styloid process
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Proximal
Middle
Distal
Posterior (dorsal ) view of the bones of the right wrist and hand
c
Phalanges
V IV III II
I
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Pelvic Girdle consists of:
• Hip bones (three coxal bones)
• Ilium
• Pubis
• Ischium
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The lower limb consists of:
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Hallux and other digits
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Figure 7.9 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
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Hip bone
(coxal or pelvic bone)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Tarsal bone
Right lower limb, lateral view
a X-ray, pelvic girdle and lower limb, anterior/posterior projection
b
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Pelvic Girdle
• Supports and protects the lower viscera and
developing fetus in females
• The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb are
much more massive than their homologues of the
upper limb
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Anterior structures
• Ant. sup. iliac spine
• Ant. inf. Iliac spine
• Pubic tubercle
• Posterior structures
• Post. sup. Iliac spine
• Post. inf. Iliac spine
• Ischial tuberosity
• Greater sciatic notch
• Ischial spine
• Lesser sciatic notch
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• The Hip Bones (Coxal Bones)
Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle (2 of 2)
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Lateral view a
Iliac crest
Anterior gluteal line
Anterior superior iliac spine
Inferior gluteal line
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Inferior iliac notch
Lunate surface of acetabulum
Acetabulum
Acetabular fossa
Superior pubic ramus
Pubic tubercle
Inferior pubic ramus
Ischial ramus
Posterior gluteal line
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Obturator foramen
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
Ilium
Ischium Pubis
Lateral view
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Lateral structures
• Acetabulum
• Gluteal lines
• Medial structures
• Iliac fossa
• Arcuate line
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• The Hip Bones (Coxal Bones)
Figure 7.10b The Pelvic Girdle (2 of 2)
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Iliac crest
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Obturator groove
Pubic tubercle
Pubic symphysis
(symphyseal surface)
Superior pubic ramus
Pectineal line
Iliac fossa
Iliac tuberosity
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Auricular surface for
articulation with sacrum
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Arcuate line
Spine of ischium
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator foramen
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Inferior pubic ramus
Ilium
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
Pubis Ischium
Medial view b
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Pelvis
• Consists of:
• Two coxal bones / one sacrum / one coccyx
• Can be subdivided
• Greater pelvis
• Spans the distance from left iliac crest to right iliac
crest
• Lesser pelvis
• Area inferior to the iliopectineal line
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Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (1 of 2)
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Arcuate line
Pectineal line
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Pubic
symphysis
Coccyx
Obturator
foramen
Sacro-iliac joint Sacrum
Iliac
fossa
Iliac crest
Hip Bone
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Anterior view a
Sacrum Ilium
Pubis
Coccyx
Ischium
Figure 7.11b The Pelvis
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Sacrum
Sacral foramina
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Sacral cornu
Median sacral crest
Greater sciatic notch
Iliac crest
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Sacral foramina
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Sacrum
Sacral cornu
Coccyx
L5
Median sacral crest
Greater sciatic
notch
Sacral hiatus
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Posterior view b
Iliac crest
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Pelvis
• Consists of two pelvic spaces
• Pelvic inlet (superior space between the brim of
each coxal bone)
• Pelvic outlet (inferior space between the ischial
spine of each coxal bone)
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Figure 7.12a Divisions of the Pelvis and Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis
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Greater pelvis
Pelvic outlet
Pelvic
brim
Pelvic
inlet
Superior view showing
the pelvic brim and
pelvic inlet of a male.
a
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Male and Female Pelvis
• The main anatomical difference is in regard to
childbearing
• Pelvic outlet
• Larger in females than in males
• Sacrum curve
• Less curvature in females than in males
• Pelvic inlet
• Wider in females than in males
• Pubic angle
• Greater than 100 in females and less than 90) in
males
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Figure 7.12d Divisions of the Pelvis and Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis
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Male Female
Ischial spine
90 °
or less
100 ° or more
Ischial spine
d Many of the anatomical differences in the male and female pelvis are adaptations for childbearing. These adaptations support the weight of the developing fetus and uterus, and ease the passage of the newborn through the pelvic outlet at the time of delivery. Other differences are the result of variations in body size and muscle mass.
Relatively broad, low pelvis
Adaptations for
Childbearing in
the Female Pelvis
Ilia that project farther laterally
Less curvature on the sacrum and coccyx
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broader pubic angle
Wider, more circular pelvic inlet
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Femur
• Proximal structures
• Head
• Fovea
• Neck
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Intertrochanteric line
• Intertrochanteric
crest
• Distal structures
• Medial condyle
• Lateral condyle
• Medial epicondyle
• Lateral epicondyle
• Intercondylar fossa
• Popliteal surface
• Patellar surface
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Figure 7.13a The Femur
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Neck
Greater
trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric
line
Articular surface
of head
Neck
Greater
trochanter
Lesser
trochanter
Fovea for ligament
of head
Shaft
of femur Shaft (body)
of femur
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Lateral condyle
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Medial condyle
Medial epicondyle
Landmarks on the anterior surface of the right femur a
Figure 7.13d The Femur
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Neck Head
Lesser
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal
tuberosity
Lesser
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Neck Articular surface
of head
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal
tuberosity
Pectineal
line
Linea
aspera
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
Intercondylar
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle Lateral
condyle
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal
surface
Adductor
tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial
condyle
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur d
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Femur
• Posterior view
• Linea aspera
• Lateral supracondylar ridge
• Medial supracondylar ridge
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Figure 7.13d The Femur
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Neck Head
Lesser
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal
tuberosity
Lesser
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Neck Articular surface
of head
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal
tuberosity
Pectineal
line
Linea
aspera
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
Intercondylar
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle Lateral
condyle
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal
surface
Adductor
tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial
condyle
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur d
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Patella
• This is a large sesamoid bone
• Protects the knee joint
• Anterior surface is rough for strong tendon
attachment
• Posterior surface has concave facets for the
femoral condyles
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Figure 7.14a The Patella
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Base of patella
Attachment
area for
quadriceps
tendon
Attachment
area for
patellar
ligament
Apex of patella
Anterior surface of the right patella a
Figure 7.14b The Patella
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Medial facet for medial condyle
of femur
Lateral facet for lateral condyle of femur
Articular surface of patella
Posterior surface b
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Tibia and Fibula
• Tibia is medial to the
fibula
• Proximal structures
• Tibial tuberosity
• Intercondylar eminence
• Medial and lateral
tubercles of the
intercondylar eminence
• Articular surfaces
• Soleal line
• Distal structures
• Medial malleolus
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Tibia and Fibula
• Fibula is lateral to the
tibia
• Proximal structures
• Head
• Distal structures
• Lateral malleolus
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Figure 7.15a The Tibia and Fibula
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Lateral tibial condyle
Medial
condyle
Head of fibula
Superior
tibiofibular joint
Tibial tuberosity
Head of fibula
Interosseous
border of fibula
Anterior margin
Shaft of fibula
Interosseous
border of tibia
Shaft of tibia
Interosseous
membrane
of the leg
Inferior
tibiofibular joint
Medial
malleolus (tibia)
Inferior articular surface
Lateral
malleolus (fibula)
Lateral
malleolus
(fibula)
Anterior views of the right tibia and fibula a
Figure 7.15d The Tibia and Fibula
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Articular surface
of medial
tibial condyle
Medial tibial
condyle
Soleal line
Interosseous
membrane
of the leg
Tubercles of
intercondylar
eminence
Articular surface
of lateral tibial
condyle
TIBIA
FIBULA
Medial
malleolus (tibia)
Articular surfaces
of tibia and fibula
Lateral malleolus
(fibula) Articular surfaces
of tibia and fibula
Medial malleolus
(tibia)
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
TIBIA FIBULA
Posterior views of the right tibia and fibula d
Medial tibial
condyle
Soleal
line
Articular surface of
medial tibial condyle
Medial tubercle
of intercondylar eminence
Lateral tubercle
of intercondylar eminence
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral tibial condyle
Head of fibula
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Ankle and Foot
• Tarsal bones
• Seven bones of the ankle
• Metatarsal bones
• Five metatarsals (make up the “arch of the foot”)
• Phalanges
• Hallux has two phalanges
• All other digits of the foot have three phalanges
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Ankle and Foot
• Tarsal bones
• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Medial cuneiform
• Intermediate cuneiform
• Lateral cuneiform
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Figure 7.16a Bones of the Ankle and Foot
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Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Lateral
Intermediate
Medial V
IV III II I
Trochlea of talus
Base of 1st metatarsal bone
Shaft of 1st metatarsal bone
Head of 1st metatarsal bone
Tarsal Bones
Metatarsal Bones
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal
Superior (dorsal) view of the
bones of the right foot.
a
Individual Variation in the Skeletal System
• The skeleton can reveal important information
about an individual
• Information such as:
• Racial differences
• Medical history
• Body size
• Muscle mass
• Age
• Sex
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (1 of 2)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (2 of 2)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7.2 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (1 of 2)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7.2 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (2 of 2)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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