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About Sedimentation
Sediments are produced on the Earthssurface as a result of weathering.
Sediments are transported and becomesedimentary rocks after they come torest.
Sedimentary rocks give evidence ofancient sedimentary environments wherethey formed.
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magma crystallization
weatheringand erosion
deposition
deformation
melting
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The Rock Cycle
Full cycle does not always take place due to"shortcuts" or interruptions e.g., Sedimentary rock melts e.g., Igneous rock is metamorphosed
e.g., Sedimentary rock is weathered e.g., Metamorphic rock weathers
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Three Rock Types
Igneous - cools and crystallizes frommagma; intrusive and extrusive
Sedimentary - deposited at Earths surface
by physical, chemical, or biologic agentsand then buried
Metamorphic - rocks formed by the
transformation of preexisting solid rocksdue to changes in temperature andpressure
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Igneous Rocks in North America
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Sedimentary Rocks in North America
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Metamorphic Rocks in North America
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Sedimentary Rocks Form from sediment (weathered products) About 75% of all rock outcrops on the continents Used to reconstruct much of Earth's history
Clues to past environments
Provide information aboutsediment transport
Rocks often contain fossils
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Sedimentary Rocks
Economic importance Coal Petroleum and natural gas
Sources of iron and aluminum
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Sedimentary Rock Classification
Two groups based on the source of thematerial
Detrital rocks or siliclastic
Material is solid particles Classified by particle size Common rocks include
Shale (most abundant)
Sandstone Conglomerate
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Sedimentary Rock Classification
Chemical or Biochemical rocks Derived from material that was once in solutionand precipitates to form sediment
Directly precipitated as the result of physical
processes, or Through life processes (biochemical origin) Common rocks include
Limestone
Microcrystalline quartz(chert, flint, etc.)
Evaporites (salt, gypsum) Coal
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Sedimentary Rock Classification
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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
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Lithification Sedimentary rocks are produced
through lithification Loose sediments are transformed into solid
rock
Lithification processes Compaction Cementation by
Calcite Silica Iron Oxide
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the sorting of sediments can indicate how far the rock has been
transported
Sediment Sorting
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coal is produced bythe burial and compaction(lithification) of organicmaterial
different pressure andtemperature conditionsyield different qualities of
coal
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Features of Sedimentary Rocks Strata, or beds (most characteristic) Bedding planes separate strata Fossils
Traces or remains of prehistoric life
Are the most important inclusions Help determine past environments Used as time indicators Used for matching
rocks from differentplaces
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