Chapter 33: Resistance of the Body to Infection. I. Leukocytes,
Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation
Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12 th edition
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) General Characteristics a.Types:
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes (plasma
cells) b.Concentrations in the blood White Blood Cell% in Whole
Blood Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils62.0% Polymorphonuclear
Eosinophils2.3% Polymorphonuclear Basophils0.4% Monocytes5.3%
Lymphocytes30.0%
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Genesis of WBCs Fig. 33.1
Genesis of WBCs
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Life Span of WBCs
a.Granulocytes- 4-8 hrs in the blood and 4-5 days in tissues
b.Monocytes- 10-20 hrs in the blood, move into tissues and become
macrophages which can live for months c.Lymphocytes- weeks or
months moving from circulation into the tissues and back again
d.Platelets- replaced about every 10 days (30,000 formed per day
per microliter of blood
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Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections WBCs
Enter the Tissue Spaces by Diapedsis WBCs Move Through the Tissues
by Ameboid Motion WBCs Are Attracted to Inflamed Tissue by
Chemotaxis
Monocyte-Macrophage Cells System Reticuloendothelial System
(RES) a.Histiocytes b.Macrophages in the lymph nodes c.Lungs
d.Kupffer cells e.Spleen and Bone Marrow
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Fig. 33.3 Functional diagram of a lymph node
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Fig. 33.4 Kupffer cells lining the liver sinusoidsFig. 33.5
Functional structures of the spleen
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Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages Inflammation
a.Vasodilation of local blood vessels b.Increased permeability of
the capillaries c.Clotting of fluids in the interstitial spaces
d.Migration of granulocytes and monocytes e.Swelling of the tissue
cells f.Chemicals released: histamine, bradykinin, serotonin,
prostaglandins, complement proteins activated, multiple
lymphokines
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Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages Walling-Off
Effect of Inflammation- delay the spread of bacterial or toxins
Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses a.Neutrophil invasion of the
inflammed area b.Acute increase of neutrophils in blood
c.Macrophage invasion into area d.Increased production of
granulocytes and monocytes by the bone marrow
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Fig. 33.6 Migration of neutrophils from the blood into the
inflamed tissue
Eosinophils a.Weakly phagocytic b.Prominent in parasitic
infections c.Collect in areas where allergic reactions occur
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Basophils a.Similar to mast cells b.Release heparin in the
blood c.Release histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin d.IgE binds to
basophil-release of histamine in allergic reactions
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Leukopenia and Leukemia Leukopenia- bone marrow produces few
wbcs a.Caused by irradiation (x-rays or gamma rays) b.Exposure to
drugs and chemicals Leukemia- uncontrolled production of wbcs
a.Types b.Effects on the body