Rock Cycle Song(Sing to the tune of "Row, Row, Row Your Boat")
SEDIMENTARY rockHas been formed in layers
Often found near water sourcesWith fossils from decayers
Then there's IGNEOUS rockHere since Earth was bornHere since Earth was born
Molten Lava, cooled and hardenedThat's how it is formed
These two types of rocksCan also be transformed
With pressure, heat and chemicalsMETAMORPHIC they'll become.
3.1 The Rock Cycle
Rocks are any solid mass ofmineral or mineral-like matteroccurring naturally as part of our
Rocks
occurring naturally as part of ourplanet.
Types of Rocks
1. Igneous rock is formed by thecrystallization of molten magma.
Obsidian
3.1 The Rock Cycle
Types of Rocks
2. Sedimentary rock is formedfrom the weathered products ofpreexisting rocks that have beentransported, deposited,compacted, and cemented.
3.1 The Rock Cycle
Types of Rocks
3. Metamorphic rock is formed by3. Metamorphic rock is formed bythe alteration of pre-existing rockdeep within Earth (but still in thesolid state) by heat, pressure,and/or chemically active fluids.
3.1 The Rock Cycle
Shows the interrelationships amongthe three rock types (igneous,sedimentary, and metamorphic)
Magma is molten material thatforms deep beneath the Earth’ssurface.
Lava is magma that reaches thesurface.
3.1 The Rock Cycle
Weathering is a process in whichrocks are broken down by water, air,and living things.
Sediment is weathered pieces ofEarth elements.Earth elements.
3.1 The Rock Cycle
Processes driven by heatfrom the Earth’s interior areresponsible for forming both
Energy That Drives the Rock Cycle
responsible for forming bothigneous rock
andmetamorphic rock.
3.1 The Rock Cycle
Weathering and the movement ofweathered materials are externalprocesses powered by energy
Energy That Drives the Rock Cycle
External processes producesedimentary rocks.
processes powered by energyfrom the sun.
3.2 Igneous Rocks
1. Intrusive igneous rocks areformed when magma hardensbeneath Earth’s surface - inside
Formation of Igneous Rocks
beneath Earth’s surface - inside
2. Extrusive igneous rocks areformed when lava hardens onEarth’s surface - outside
3.2 Igneous Rocks
1. Texture
Igneous rocks can be classifiedbased on their composition and
texture.
Classification of Igneous Rocks
1. Texture• Coarse-grained texture is causedby slow cooling resulting in largercrystals.
• Fine-grained texture is caused byrapid cooling resulting in smaller,interconnected mineral grains.
Course-Grained Igneous Texture
Granite is an intrusive igneous rock thatforms when magma cools slowly beneath
Earth’s surface.
Fine-Grained Igneous Texture
Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock that formswhen lave cools quickly at Earth’s surface.
Porphyritic Igneous Texture
Andesite
• Porphyritic texture is caused bydifferent rates of cooling resultingin varied sized minerals.
3.2 Igneous Rocks
2. Composition
• Granitic compositionrocks are maderocks are mademostly of light-colored quartz andfeldspar.
3.2 Igneous Rocks
2. Composition (continued)• Basaltic composition rocks aremade mostly of dark-coloredsilicate minerals and plagioclasefeldspar.feldspar.
Peridotite
3.2 Igneous Rocks
2. Composition (cont)
• Andesitic composition rocks arebetween granitic light-colorbetween granitic light-colorminerals and basaltic compositiondark-colored minerals.
• Ultramafic composition rocks aremade mostly from iron andmagnesium-rich minerals.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks
1. Erosion involves the weathering
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Erosion involves the weatheringand the removal of rock.
2. Deposition occurs when an agentof erosion—water, wind, ice, orgravity—loses energy and dropssediments.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks
3. Compaction is a process thatsqueezes, or compacts, sediments.
Compaction and Cementation
squeezes, or compacts, sediments.
4. Cementation takes place whendissolved minerals are deposited inthe tiny spaces among thesediments.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks
1. Clastic sedimentary rocks arecomposed of weathered bits of
Two Main Groups
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
composed of weathered bits ofrocks and minerals.
• Classified by particle size
- Shale (most abundant)
• Common rocks include- Conglomerate- Sandstone
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks
Two Main Groups
2. Chemical sedimentary rocks formwhen dissolved substances
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
when dissolved substancesprecipitate, or separate, from water.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks
•Common Chemical sedimentaryrocks include
- limestone - most abundant
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
- limestone - most abundant- microcrystalline quartz known aschert, flint, jasper, or agate
- evaporites such as rock salt orgypsum
- coal
Fossiliferous Limestone
This biochemical rock, called coquina, isa type of limestone that is made of
hundreds of shell fragments
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks
Features of sedimentary rocks areclues to how and where the rocks
Features of Some Sedimentary Rocks
are formed Examples include where the
layer is in relation to otherlayers, fossils, ripple marks, andmud cracks
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism means “to changeform.”
Most metamorphic changes occur
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
Conditions for formation arefound a few kilometers below theEarth’s surface and extend into theupper mantle.
Most metamorphic changes occurat elevated temperatures andpressures.
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks
Contact metamorphism occurswhen magma moves into rock.
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
•Changes are driven by a rise intemperature.
•Example: Marble
•Occurs near a body of magma
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks
Regional metamorphism resultsin large-scale deformation andhigh-grade metamorphism.
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
high-grade metamorphism.
•Directed pressures and hightemperatures occur duringmountain building.
•Produces the greatest volume ofmetamorphic rock
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks
Heat•Provides the energy needed todrive chemical reactions
Agents of Metamorphism
Pressure (Stress)
drive chemical reactions•Two sources: magma and change intemperature with depth
•Causes a more compact rock withgreater density
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks
•Hot water-based solutions escaping
Hydrothermal Solutions
Agents of Metamorphism
•Hot water-based solutions escapingfrom the mass of magma
•Promote recrystallization bydissolving original minerals andthen depositing new ones
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks
1. Foliated Metamorphic Rock Two main categories
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
2. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock
•Has a banded or layeredappearance
•Does not have a banded texture
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