Chapter 3: Persecution of “The
Way”HISTORY OF THE CHURCH
ANTICIPATORY SET Read aloud the section “Mad Caligula” (p. 98), and then
discuss Emperor Nero.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
BASIC QUESTIONS What was the nature of the first Roman persecutions? What persecutions did Christians face under
Domitian?
KEY IDEAS Emperor Nero launched a brutal persecution of
Christians, scapegoating them for the burning of Rome, for which he himself was rumored to have been responsible.
Emperor Domitian persecuted Christians, and Roman officials permitted mobs to attack them.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTIONS In the beginning, what did the Roman rulers consider the
Christians to be? They considered the Christians to be a small sect of schismatic Jews. What actions show Nero’s evil character even before his
persecution of the Christians? He murdered his mother; renounced and slandered his wife before
having her beheaded; and forced Seneca, the noble statesman, to commit suicide.
How is Emperor Nero depicted in his sculpture with Seneca
(cf. p. 96)? Nero is portrayed as a youth, strong physically, handsome, and
dressed elegantly. At the same time he is slouching in his throne and looking down arrogantly at Seneca, his teacher.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
GUIDED EXERCISE Complete a Think/Pair/Share on the two paragraphs
“Early on the night…” and “The middle and lower…” (p. 96) using the following question:
Why was Rome, and ancient cities in general, particularly susceptible to fire?
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Why is it thought that Nero had set the fire that
destroyed much of Rome? Nero intended to seize private property in the center of
Rome to build himself a new palace. Nero was rumored to have set the fire to clear the buildings.
Why did Nero blame the Christians of Rome for the
fire? Nero wanted to remove suspicion from himself. He
arrested and tortured several Christians, extracted forced confessions from them, and then ordered a large number of Christians arrested.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTION What did Nero do to Christians during the first
persecution? This first persecution, which took place in the City of
Rome, was brutal. Christians were sewn into animal skins so huge that hungry dogs would devour them. He had hundreds of live Christians coated with pitch and resin and burned as human torches to light his way as he passed through his gardens and along the streets at night.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Work with a partner to complete the following table about
the Jewish and Roman persecutions of Christians.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Describe Caligula’s family life. Caligula’s mother and brothers were butchered when he
was a teenager. He committed incest with three of his sisters.
How could Caligula be described as sadistic? Caligula sexually abused men, women, children, and
babies. He delighted in watching torture and executions.
What was Caligula’s fate? Caligula was murdered by two of his guards, who then
killed the rest of his family.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What was Nero’s principle for dealing with
Christians? Nero’s principle was Christiani non sunt: Let the
Christians be exterminated. How is it known that Nero persecuted Christians? It was reported by the Roman historian Tacitus and the
Church historian Eusebius.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTION What was Nero’s fate? The aristocracy in Rome was alienated by Nero’s
murders of his mother and wife. After revolts against Roman rule broke out in Judea, Gaul, Africa, and Spain, the army turned against Nero, and he committed suicide.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Why was it a good idea for dictators like Domitian
to make friends with the army? In a dictatorship, the armed forces have the ultimate
power over life and death. He who controls the army controls the nation.
What is the significance of the title Dominus et
Deus with respect to Emperor Domitian? “Lord and God” indicates Domitian considered himself—
or wanted others to consider him—a god.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTION Why did Domitian see the spread of Christianity as
a problem, and what steps did he take to stop it? Christianity was spreading from the lower classes to the
aristocracy, Domitian’s own class. He murdered his cousin, an office-holding Christian, and levied a special tax on Christians and Jews to pay for a pagan temple.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What does vox populi mean? “The voice of the people” during the time of the early
Church often meant ignorant, mob actions, especially those taken against Christians.
What was the result of the power of the vox
populi? Mobs looted and destroyed Christian churches,
cemeteries, and homes. Civil authorities tortured and killed Christians to provide an outlet for the people’s anger.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
FOCUS QUESTION Of what were Christians accused by the common
people? Because Christians would not sacrifice to the pagan
gods, common people accused Christians of being irreligious and atheistic. All kinds of wild practices were attributed to Christians including the sacrifice of babies, drinking their blood, and casting evil spells. Christians also became scapegoats for natural calamities such as floods and famines.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
CLOSURE Free write for five minutes about why Nero persecuted
Christians.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Study Questions 1–3 (p. 125) Practical Exercise 1 (p. 125) Workbook Questions 1–21 Read “The Five Good Emperors” through “Ad Metalla”
(pp. 101–107)
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Use the completed Graphic Organizer on page 97 to
write a paragraph comparing the first Jewish and Roman persecutions of Christians.
1. The First Roman Persecutions (pp. 94–100)
ANTICIPATORY SET Analyze the mosaic on page 100, and then discuss the
following questions:
What does the mosaic depict? What does this mosaic reveal about the character of
the Roman people? Is the depiction in this mosaic similar to anything in
contemporary culture?
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
BASIC QUESTION How did the persecutions of the Christians develop
after Domitian? KEY IDEA Trajan’s Rescript declared it a capital crime to profess
Christianity. Hadrian’s Rescript advised that Christians should not be prosecuted solely for professing Christ, which was reversed under Marcus Aurelius. St. Justin Martyr defended Christianity to the Roman senate and emperor.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Why were the Five Good Emperors called “good”? The five emperors following Domitian were good
because they were skillful leaders of the empire. They were relatively stable persons who secured the empire’s borders.
Were the Five Good Emperors good for Christians? The first four were more moderate toward Christians
than Domitian had been, but they still persecuted them. Extension: Hadrian eradicated the Jews in the Holy Land.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTION Why was Trajan a successful emperor from the
Roman point of view? Trajan treated abandoned children and the poor
humanely, achieved military glory for himself and Rome, undertook many public works projects, extended the territory of the empire, and ruled nearly twenty years.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Work with a partner to complete the following table
about the content of Trajan’s Rescript.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What was the origin of Trajan’s Rescript (AD 112)? Pliny the Younger, one of Trajan’s governors, asked his
advice concerning the persecution and punishment of Christians. Trajan’s Rescript is his reply.
What did Pliny’s letter reveal about the spread of
Christianity? By his time Christians existed across all strata of society
and lived in rural areas as well as urban centers. What choices did denounced Christians have? They could have renounced the Faith or have been
sentenced to death.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Why was St. Ignatius of Antioch an important
writer? His direct contact with the Apostles Sts. Peter and John
give his writings special authority. Who persecuted St. Ignatius of Antioch, and why? He was arrested under Emperor Trajan for being the
Bishop of Antioch.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTION Why did St. Ignatius of Antioch ask Christians not
to intervene with the pagan officials when he was on his way to Rome?
St. Ignatius was afraid the Christians of Rome might persuade the pagan officials to spare his life. He wanted to be God’s wheat, ground by the teeth of wild beasts, so he could be Christ’s pure bread.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
GUIDED EXERCISE Review the concept of bread and circuses (cf. p. 15).
Perform a Focused Reading of the sidebar “The Coliseum” (p. 103) using the following two questions:
Is it moral to attend entertainments like the ones described?
Are there legal forms of entertainment today that followers of Christ ought to avoid?
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTIONS How does Hadrian’s reign reveal the Pax Romana
did not manifest peace for everyone? The Jews were decimated in the Holy Land and were
banned from entering Jerusalem. How did the plight of Christians improve somewhat
after Hadrian’s Rescript? Hadrian ruled that mobs should not be able to take the
law in their own hands to murder Christians and that Christians should only be prosecuted for actual violations of the common law instead of solely for being Christian.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTION Why did Hadrian’s ban on circumcision and his
plan to turn Jerusalem into a Roman colony infuriate the Jews?
Circumcision is essential to the identity of Jews, the sign of the covenant between God and Abraham. Jerusalem had been the Jews’ most important city for a millennium; they had hoped to rebuild the Temple there so they could again offer ritual sacrifice. Extension: Hadrian could not have attacked the Jews more personally than this.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Under whose peaceful reign was St. Polycarp martyred? He was martyred under Emperor Antoninus Pius. What was the nature of St. Polycarp’s writings? He defended orthodox Catholic beliefs against several early
heresies. What merciful offer did the governor of Smyrna make
to St. Polycarp? If St. Polycarp would have cursed Christ publicly, his life
would have been spared.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
GUIDED EXERCISE Search the Internet for the entire Martyrium Polycarpi
(“The Martyrdom of Polycarp”), and then read it.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Of what philosophy was Emperor Marcus Aurelius an
adherent? He was a Stoic, which encourages a person to live free of passion
and be unmoved by joy or grief, submitting fully to fate. What practice did Marcus Aurelius reinstate that made
things worse for Christians? He reinstituted anonymous denunciations of Christians. Why did provincial governors tolerate mob attacks on
Christians? For Roman governors serving in unruly provinces, allowing mob
attacks on Christians was a way they could let people defuse their anger on something other than the empire itself.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What did St. Justin Martyr have in common with Emperor
Marcus Aurelius? Both loved philosophy, although St. Justin came to believe that the
teachings of Christ were far superior to philosophy alone. To whom did St. Justin Martyr address his two defenses of
the Faith? He addressed them audaciously to the Roman emperor and the
senate. What did the judicial sentence Ad Metalla mean? This dreaded punishment sent a prisoner “to the metal mines,”
where the prisoner endured brutal conditions and certain death.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Work with a partner to complete the following table on
evidence for three beliefs held by early Christians (cf. p. 123).
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Study Questions 4–8 (p. 125) Workbook Questions 22–43 Read “Later Persecutions and the Edict of Milan”
through “Pope St. Sixtus II and Deacon St. Lawrence” (pp. 108–114)
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
CLOSURE Free write for five minutes summarizing the
persecutions experienced by Christians in the period of time after Emperor Domitian through Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Free write for five minutes on what was most surprising
about this period in the history of the Church.
2. The Five Good Emperors (pp. 101–107)
ANTICIPATORY SET Imagine you are the bishop of an Italian diocese AD 202
and have received word Emperor Severus has outlawed circumcision and Baptism. Write a brief letter to the Christians under your care, advising them how to respond to this decree.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
BASIC QUESTION Why did the Roman government attack Christianity
with such vehemence?
KEY IDEA With the aim of reinvigorating the Roman Empire by
reviving the ancient pagan religion, Emperor Decius unleashed the first empire-wide persecution of Christians AD 250, creating new martyrs as well as lapsi. Decius was afraid of the Christians’ fidelity to Christ and his Church.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What was the relationship between Sts. Perpetua
and Felicity? St. Perpetua was a wealthy noblewoman, and St. Felicity
was one of her slaves. How did Sts. Perpetua and Felicity show their faith? They had to endure entreaties from their families to
abandon the Faith, taunts from their jailers, the heartbreak of raising their children in jail, scourging, attacks by wild animals, and finally the sword. The worst was seeing their children slain.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTION What decree of Emperor Septimus Severus
threatened both Christians and Jews? His decree (AD 202) forbade both Baptism and
circumcision.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Even though St. Irenæus was from Asia Minor, where did
he serve as bishop? He served in Lyons in Gaul (modern-day France). Extension:
This indicates the catholic (universal) nature of the Church. What key elements of the nature of the Church did St.
Irenæus emphasize to defend the Faith against Gnostic heretics?
He emphasized the episcopacy, Scripture, and Tradition. What method did St. Irenæus use to combat heresy? He described systematically the origin and history of each
heresy, contrasting its false claims against the true Faith.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
GUIDED EXERCISE Work with a partner to identify what St. Irenæus
claimed that the early Church held with respect to (1) Apostolic Succession, (2) the authority of the Church hierarchy, and (3) Scripture and Tradition.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTIONS How did Decius attack Christians to a new degree? Before his reign attacks on Christians were local, either
limited to the city of Rome or directed toward specific provinces. The Edict of Decius (AD 250) was empire-wide.
Why did Decius order a return to the ancient
religious practices? He intended to reinvigorate the empire’s strength by
unity.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTION How numerous were Christians by AD 250, and
why did Decius see them as a threat? About one-third of the empire was Christian. Decius
assumed, because Christians’ ultimate allegiance is to Christ and not the state, that they might prove an obstacle to unify the empire. Extension: It may seem strange to a modern student a ruler would be willing to kill as many as one-third of his subjects, but similar events occurred in the twentieth century. Pol Pot of Cambodia, Mao of China, Lenin and Stalin of the Soviet Union, and many others killed large percentages of their populations for political ends.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTION Who were the sacrificanti, the thurificati and the
libellatici? These were Christians who had apostatized under
Decius’s persecution. The sacrificanti were those who made a sacrifice. The thurificati were those who burned incense. The libellatici did not sacrifice but purchased certificates of sacrifice.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What strategy did Decius employ to identify
Christians? Anyone who refused to offer a sacrifice would be sent
into exile or put to death and lose all of his or her property.
What double loss did the Church suffer because of
Decius’s persecution? The Church lost both those faithful who became martyrs
and those who apostatized.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What is the difference between a heretic and an apostate? A heretic denies one or more articles of the Faith after his or her
Baptism. An apostate denies the Faith altogether after his or her Baptism.
Who are the lapsi? These are Christians whose faith had lapsed, that is, formally
renounced the Faith by offering sacrifices to pagan gods. Into what error did Novatian fall regarding apostasy? He taught that the lapsi could never be readmitted into the
Church, which caused the Novatianist schism. Extension: Essentially, Novatian denied God’s power to forgive certain sins.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTION Where was the first Catholic university founded? What might be called the first Catholic university was
the Catechetical School in Alexandria, Egypt, in which instruction in Catholic doctrine was combined with an investigation into the sciences and philosophy.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
FOCUS QUESTIONS How was Origen distinguished? Origen was a prolific writer and scholar who headed the
Catechetical School. He was faithful despite two years of imprisonment and torture. He initiated the use of the homily.
How do Origen’s writings illustrate that individual
theologians are not infallible? Despite being one the greatest theologians of the early
Church, he held erroneous positions on the relationship between God the Father and God the Son and on the final salvation of the damned.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
GUIDED EXERCISE Think/Pair/Share using the following questions (cf. p.
114):
According to St. Lawrence the deacon, what is the Church’s greatest treasure?
Why might he have thought this?
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Work with a partner to complete the following
table about Valerian’s Rescripts.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
CLOSURE Free write for five minutes framing an answer to the
Basic Question of this lesson:
Why did the Roman government attack Christianity with such vehemence?
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Study Questions 9–13 (p. 125) Practical Exercise 2 (p. 125) Workbook Questions 44–68 Read “Persecutions under Diocletian” through
“Conclusion” (pp. 114–122)
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Work with a partner to complete Practical Exercise 3 (p.
125) about the Christian values most important to the early Christian martyrs.
3. Later Persecutions Before Diocletian (pp. 108–114)
ANTICIPATORY SET Review the map “Diocletian’s Tetrarchy” (pp. 116–117),
focusing on geographic divisions.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
BASIC QUESTIONS How were persecutions under Diocletian the worst that
Christians had suffered under Roman emperors? Why was the Edict of Milan (AD 313) issued, and what
change did it make in the lives of Christians?
KEY IDEAS Persecutions under Diocletian were the worst that Christians
had endured because they were the most widespread and inclusive; Christians throughout the empire had either to renounce the Faith or to face death.
Constantine attributed his victory at the Milvian Bridge to the intervention of the Christian God. To stay in his good graces, he issued the Edict of Milan, which gave the Christians freedom to worship.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTIONS How did Diocletian become emperor? Diocletian was named emperor by the army after
Numerian had been murdered. Why did the Church historian Eusebius praise
Diocletian initially? Diocletian left Christians alone initially, but this was
only because he was distracted by fighting the Persians and Germanic tribes.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTION Why did Diocletian form the tetrarchy? He thought that the empire was too large for one man
to govern. He divided the empire into four regions, ruled one himself, retained full leadership over all, and appointed three co-emperors to administer the other regions; this secured twenty years of peaceful prosperity.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTIONS Why did Diocletian decide to eradicate Christianity? Though he admired some of its adherents, he decided to
eradicate Christianity at the urging of two of his co-emperors, who argued it would be good for the empire.
Why was Diocletian’s persecution the worst the early
Christians had suffered? It was the most widespread and targeted all Christians,
including in the eastern half of the empire, which had not been targeted often.
What was the effect of Diocletian’s edicts? Thousands of faithful Christians were martyred.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Complete the following table about the effects of
Diocletian’s edicts on Christians in the Roman Empire.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Work with a partner to complete the following table
according to the map “Diocletian’s Tetrarchy” (pp. 116–117).
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTIONS When was St. Agnes martyred? She was martyred about AD 304, when she was twelve
or thirteen years old. Why was St. Agnes denounced as a Christian? Because she was very beautiful, a number of young
Roman men wanted to marry her. However, she had consecrated herself a virgin, which enraged them.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTION What was the fate of St. Agnes? She refused to renounce the Faith, even after torture by
fire. The judge sentenced her to prostitution, but when a young man approached her thusly, he was blinded. Hearing of this, the judge had her beheaded.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
GUIDED EXERCISE Search the Internet to research the life of St. Maria
Goretti. Write a paragraph comparing Sts. Agnes and Maria Goretti.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTIONS To what did Emperor Galerius attribute his leprosy? He believed it was a divine punishment from the Christian God
for persecuting Christians. How did Galerius improve the situation of Christians? His Edict (AD 311), which was adopted all over the empire, gave
Christians free exercise of their religion as long as they obeyed the civil law and promised to pray for the emperor and empire.
Do you think the early Christians objected to Galerius’s
demands? No; they had been praying for the emperor and the empire from
the beginning.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What vision did Constantine have just before the Battle of
Saxa Rubra? He saw in the sky a cross with the inscription In hoc signo
vinces (“In this sign you will conquer”). What action did Constantine take based on his vision? He had his soldiers etch a cross on each shield. What was Constantine’s attitude toward Christianity after
his victory? He declared the Christian God had favored him, so, to stay in
his good graces, he restored the property of the Church and aided the construction of church buildings.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What was the effect of the Edict of Milan? It restored all property taken from the Church by the
empire and granted Christians the right to worship in freedom. It legitimized the Church for the first time since Nero’s decree had outlawed her AD 64.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTIONS What might have been the political motives for
issuing the Edict of Milan? Constantine might have seen Christianity as a way to
unify his empire. What did Constantine do at the end of his life? He was baptized (though by an Arian bishop) on his
deathbed.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
GUIDED EXERCISE Read silently the selection from “The Edict of Milan” (p.
123), and then discuss the following questions:
What rights were granted by the Edict of Milan? Why might the only religion named be Christianity? What is the significance of a reference to the Supreme
Deity in this edict, issued by an officially polytheistic state?
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTION What role did St. Helen play to turn the Roman
Empire toward Christianity? St. Helen, the mother of Emperor Constantine,
converted to Christianity in her sixties. When she was in her eighties, she traveled to the Holy Land and believed she had found Mount Calvary, the Holy Sepulcher (tomb of Christ), and the true Cross.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
FOCUS QUESTIONS How did St. Helen determine which of the three
crosses she had found was the true one? She had a sick woman touch each. When the woman
touched the true Cross, she was healed. What is the Titulus Crucis? Literally “title,” or “inscription, of the Cross,” it is an
ancient piece of walnut believed to be part of the sentence nailed to the Cross of Christ.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
GUIDED EXERCISE Read an article explaining and defending the Catholic
veneration of relics.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Study Questions 14–18 (p. 125) Practical Exercises 3–4 (p. 125) Workbook Questions 69–88
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
CLOSURE Free write for five minutes in response to the following
question:
How did the relationship between the Church and the Roman Empire change between AD 300 and 313?
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Write a paragraph on the episcopacy and Tradition in
the early Church.
4. The Triumph of the Church (pp. 114–122)
THE END
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