Chapter 3 Currents of Culture & Thought Mr. Wilson
LMAC
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1867 - Confederation 1881 Trans-Canadian Railway
Industrialization.. 1914-1918 World War I 1920s The ROARING
Twenties 1929-1939 The Great Depression 1939-1945 World War II
Mechanization 1945-1991 The Cold War T h e 1 9 6 0 s The 1970s The
1980s Modernization
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Confederation to the Great Depression (1867 1939)
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Define what an Ideology is? a set of ideas that constitutes
one's goals, expectations, and actions The main purpose behind an
ideology is to offer either change in society or adherence to a set
of ideals where conformity already exists It is how society sees
things. Ideology. Wikipedia. April 9 th 2011. Web. April 12 th
2011.
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Define what a Social Movement is? a type of group action. They
are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations
focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on
carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change. Social
Movement. Wikipedia. April 3 rd 2011. Web April 12 th 2011.
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Confederation to the Great Depression (1867 1939)
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When? Mid-1800s until WWI What happened? The working world was
transformed, how? The shift from Primary, to Secondary Population?
Urban populations GROW Rural populations shrink
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What Happens in Quebec? The Catholic Church still has a lot of
influence over the French Canadians, until when? So if I asked you:
during the early days of Canadian Industrialization what was the
main type of ideology found in Quebec?
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As industrialization set in, many people moved to the cities in
search of work: What does this do to the cities? Overcrowded and
poor Solution? The Clergy tried to promote rural life and a
traditional agriculture way of life as a possible solution. So What
happens? This led to the settlement of the Laurentians, the
Lanaudire and the Lac-St-Jean regions.
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Agriculturalism: The Canadian and Quebec Governments supported
the idea, why? They even helped create specific groups and
magazines related to the agricultural life (Media) Un Homme et son
Pch by Claude Henri Grignon. This movement remained extremely
popular throughout the Great Depression.
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Confederation to the Great Depression (1867 1929)
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Liberalism and Capitalism When and where did these ideas take
shape? How did they get to North America? How were these ideas
circulated? Newspapers; newsletters; government officials; business
owners - all championed these ideologies. Individual rights,
freedoms and private ownership were a big deal...
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Montreal: The wealthy business class lived in a neighbourhood
called the Mille Carr Dor. Luxurious mansions were built, the
English Bourgeoisie was thriving. The French had a similar area but
it was less luxurious and further East.
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the Great Depression (1929 1939)
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Prior to 1929, what kind of ideologies were in place? VERY
Liberal VERY Capitalist What happened in October of 1929? BLACK
OCTOBER = the stock market crash The beginning of the Great
Depression
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New ideologies started to be explored: Communism Socialism The
Cooperative Because of poor working conditions, ideas like private
ownership were replaced with things like Collective Property,
Equality and Unions.
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Capitalism is based on the idea of private ownership with NO
GOVERNMENT intervention of any kind. The economic principle is that
if the market is left alone, prosperity will follow. John Locke
Adam Smith
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Karl Marx believed that systems like Capitalism led to internal
struggle between the classes. This could only be rectified through
a more socialist approach. So he came up with the idea of
Communism.
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Socialism is a pretty much the exact opposite of Capitalism.
Believes in direct worker ownership, with equal access to resources
and compensation based on labour expended.
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The idea that a company can share its profits with its workers.
The best example of a cooperative in Quebec is the DesJardins
Banking system.
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A Union is a socialist idea, where the interests of the workers
are protected by a Union. Through Unions, workers can put lots of
pressure on their employer for things like wages, working
conditions and benefits.
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Ideas like Socialism, Capitalism and the Cooperative were
debated but were never wholly embraced in Canada or Quebec. During
the Great Depression: The Canadian Government definitely became
more socialist E.G.: agriculture, unemployment insurance, family
allowances, pensions, etc. This Anti-Liberalist movement led to the
creation of Hydro-Quebec and the Welfare state of the 1960s.
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Conclusion? Cooperatism was the only ideology that really made
some change in Quebec. For the most part Quebec and Canada remains
a Liberalist Capitalist statewith some socialist influences
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Effects on The Catholic Church? Still very active during the
Contemporary period Newspapers, radio broadcasts, literature and
art. Banned books - but encouraged agriculturalism and a return to
Christian values. Basically, the Catholic church exerted a lot of
pressure on artists up until the 1960s. It was only at the
beginning of the 20 th century that ideas began to move away from
the Church especially with regards to education.
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1939 1960s
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Secularization Feminism The Nationalist Movement (Quebec) After
WWII, and all of the changes it brought about In Quebec, many
people were more comfortable speaking out against the Church and
the government.
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1939-1960
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The first major Quebec movement involved he secularization of
the Church and the State. Although many government officials
believed in traditional Catholic values liberalist intellectuals
felt let down. The main goal was to remove the Churchs influence on
education and hospital care.
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Throughout the 1950s and the 1960s the debate would continue:
The Churchs authority on censoring books The patriarchal society
and the submission of women. The Churchs influence on learning and
the poor quality of learning. During the time the Church lost a lot
of followers (see tables 3.23 and 3.24)
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The Quebec Ministry of Education was finally created in 1964:
Increased school funding Student loans and bursaries Mandatory
University training for teachers CEGEPs (1969) Mixed gender schools
The standard of education increased dramatically.
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The Church was essentially removed from having any influence
over the government. But by losing its control over the schools, it
also lost its moral authority over the population and so religious
belief as a whole began to decline. Free from the Church, art began
to change moving away from traditional subjects towards new
original styles.
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1939-1960
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The Depression did little to alter the role of women in the
American workplace. According to the 1930 census almost eleven
million women, or 24.3 percent of all women in the country, were
gainfully employed. Three out of every ten of these working women
were in domestic or personal service. Of professional women
three-quarters were schoolteachers or nurses. Working Women in the
1930s. eNotes.com. 2011. Web. April 18 th 2011.
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During WWII many women had to participate in the war effortbut
for some reason the were expected to go back home once the war was
over.
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Gaining momentum at the end of the 19 th century, especially
from the British Suffragettes (1903-1918), Canadian women set out
to obtain equal political rights and access to education. At first,
feminism was not very demanding, but by the end of WWII women would
demand equality on all fronts.
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The first womens groups organized by French Canadian women were
devoted to charity and education. So the Church approvedAs long as
they maintained the traditional role of the woman.
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During WWII, many women had to help with the war effort working
in factories no less! When the war was over, and the men came home
the real question was if we can do the same thing as you why cant
we get paid the same as you? Although they had the right to work
and vote, women were still treated as inferior.
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Women were still being paid less then men and women were unable
to apply into certain University programs that were considered
male. By the 1960s, Feminist groups were fighting against violence,
discrimination and injustices towards women. By the 1970s, Feminism
was much more radical featuring the right to abortion, available
childcare, remuneration for women who choose to stay home and pay
equity.
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Now go! My little culturally uninhibited Ninjas
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1960s the Present.
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Not exactly a new idea
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involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with
a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. It is
usually the belief that a nation has a right to statehoodAlthough
there are various definitions for what constitutes a nation, which
leads to several different strands of nationalism. Nationalism.
Wikipedia.com April 24 2011. Web. April 25 2011.
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In Quebec, Nationalism is not just about separation or the idea
of sovereignty. There are many ways of expressing the idea of a
collective identity. Language The Jouale Quebecois Education
mandatory bilingualism Media Art, theatre, Cinema, music, Etc. As a
result, many different representations of Quebec Nationalism have
been expressed throughout the years.
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1534-1763 (Dossier 2) UUp until the treaty of Paris, Canadian
nationalism was free to develop on its own. WWhat was the biggest
influence during these times? TThe Natives TThe Church TThe Mother
Country?
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The Coureur de Bois The perfect example of the first Canadian
Not exactly French, Not exactly Native but something in
between.
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1763-1867 (Dossier 3) After the Seven Years War / French Indian
War Quebec started to see themselves as very distinct from the rest
of the British Colonies. Why? Well it was pretty obvious from their
language and Religion that they shared very little in the way of
culture with the British.
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The Quebec Act 1774 What does this have to do with French
Canadian Nationalism? The British wanted to keep the French calm.
Did it work? Apparently it did, because we dont really hear
anything about Nationalism until
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So when did French Nationalism really begin? The arrival of the
Loyalists? The Creation of Upper and Lower Canada? New Liberalist
ideas? What did all this lead to?
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Leading up to the Rebellions: The French Canadians are
surrounded: Ontario The Loyalists (Upper Canada) South The U.S.A.
(Very new) East New Brunswick and Nova Scotia North not much The
Canadians suddenly realize they would need to protect their
culture. So they started to get into politics, or to make monuments
and art commemorating French Canadian heroes.
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Leading up to The Rebellions of 1837-38 The United States The
French Republic Haiti Paraguay Etc. All were accomplished by
military means so these violent national liberations were nothing
new...
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How were the ideas of French Canadian Nationalism originally
spread? Le Devoir Le Nationalist LAction
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Founder of Le Devoir and opponent of Canadian involvement in
foreign military adventures, Bourassa inspired the growth of a
vigorous Nationalism in Qubec
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What kind of values did these Newspapers talk about? Working
the land Preserving the family Maintaining traditions Social and
political stability One of the biggest supporters of these
traditional values was the Church for example father Lionel
Groulx.
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Lionel-Groulx called the Canadian Confederation of 1867 a
failure and espoused the theory that French Canada's only hope for
survival was to bolster a French State and a Roman Catholic Quebec
as the means to emancipate the nation and a bulwark against English
powerIn 1928, the Universit de Montral insisted that Groulx sign a
paper saying that he would respect Confederation and English-
Canadian sensibilities as a condition of receiving a respectable
salary for his teaching work. He would not sign, but finally agreed
to a condition that he would limit himself to historical studies
Lionel-Groulx. Wikipedia. Jan 31 st 2011. Web. Apr 28 th 2011.
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The Early 1900s How was this Nationalism expressed? Art
Literature Music This kind of media became extremely popular with
the invention of the Radio in the 1920s, and late the rise of
Television after WWII.
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After World War II After the 1950s, Quebec Nationalism changed
and split between Federalism and Neo-Nationalism. The ideas behind
the Neo-Nationalist government sparked a huge national debate which
dominated the airwaves in the 1970s.
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Traditional Nationalism: (1) Connected to traditions, Religion
(2) Quebec autonomy (3) believes in Capitalism and Economic
Liberalism Neo Nationalism: (1) Quebec Independence (2) Mostly
Francophones Federalism: (1) Keeping Quebec in Canada (2) Made up
of Anglophones and Francophones
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In the late 19 th Century, many English Canadians were torn
between their loyalty to the Canada or to Great Britain. So much so
that many worried Canada would be annexed by the United States!
But, most were confident that even though we shared the same
language as the Americans, we did not necessarily share the same
values.
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This imperialist sentiment (loyalty to GB) was very much
apparent during the two World Wars where Canada readily went to
Englands aid (much before the Americans ever did!) N.B.: Quebec did
not miss its chance to be heard, however, as many French Canadians
refused to fight.
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But again, like in Quebec, Canadian Nationalism changed in the
1960s. The biggest change was how Canada dropped its reference to
Great Britain. This sentiment was finalized in 1982 when Pierre
Elliot Trudeau re-patriated the Constitution Act (formely known as
the British North American Act of 1867)
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Just like the English and the French Canadians the Aboriginal
people of Canada also began to assert their Nationalism. They too
recognize the distinctiveness of their society, and express it
through their culture, their art and their traditions.
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500 words with sources! How is The Sweater a good reflection of
Quebec Society and its distinctive culture? What examples are there
in the film related to the conflicts between French and English
Canadians? Why is the ending of the film so important and so
Quebecois?