Chapter 18 Chapter 18
Positive PunishmentPositive Punishment
Two Types of Positive PunishmentTwo Types of Positive Punishment
Punishment by application of aversive Punishment by application of aversive activitiesactivitiesPunishment by application of aversive Punishment by application of aversive stimulationstimulation
Punishment by Application of Punishment by Application of Aversive Activities Aversive Activities
OvercorrectionOvercorrectionContingent exerciseContingent exerciseGuided complianceGuided compliancePhysical restraintPhysical restraint
Overcorrection Overcorrection
The individual has to engage in effortful behavior The individual has to engage in effortful behavior contingent on the problem behaviorcontingent on the problem behavior
Restitution Restitution Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual is Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual is required to fix the environment disrupted by the problem required to fix the environment disrupted by the problem behaviorbehaviorPositive PracticePositive PracticeContingent on the problem behavior the individual has to Contingent on the problem behavior the individual has to engage in correct forms of relevant behavior for a period engage in correct forms of relevant behavior for a period of timeof time
Contingent ExerciseContingent Exercise
Contingent on the problem behavior, the Contingent on the problem behavior, the individual engages in some effortful individual engages in some effortful behavior for a specified period of time. behavior for a specified period of time. The effortful behavior is unrelated to the The effortful behavior is unrelated to the problem behavior.problem behavior.
Guided ComplianceGuided Compliance
Contingent on problem behavior that occurs Contingent on problem behavior that occurs following a request, the individual is physically following a request, the individual is physically guided to comply with the request.guided to comply with the request.
Involves Involves positive punishmentpositive punishment to decrease the to decrease the problem behavior because physical guidance is problem behavior because physical guidance is contingent on the problem behavior.contingent on the problem behavior.Involves Involves negative reinforcementnegative reinforcement to increase to increase compliance because removal of physical compliance because removal of physical guidance is contingent on compliance.guidance is contingent on compliance.
Physical RestraintPhysical Restraint
Contingent on the problem behavior, the Contingent on the problem behavior, the body part involved in the behavior is held body part involved in the behavior is held immobile for a specified period of timeimmobile for a specified period of timeOften used with response blocking or Often used with response blocking or response interruptionresponse interruption
Cautions in the Use of Aversive Cautions in the Use of Aversive Activities Activities
1. Change agent must be physically capable 1. Change agent must be physically capable of using the procedureof using the procedure
2. Client may actively resist the procedure2. Client may actively resist the procedure3. Must be certain the physical contact 3. Must be certain the physical contact
involved in the procedure is not involved in the procedure is not reinforcing to the clientreinforcing to the client
4. Must be certain that the procedure can 4. Must be certain that the procedure can be carried out without harm be carried out without harm
Punishment by Application of Aversive Punishment by Application of Aversive StimulationStimulation
Rarely if ever used in behavior modificationRarely if ever used in behavior modification
Examples: Examples: lemon juicelemon juicespray mistspray misticeiceSIBISSIBISaromatic ammoniaaromatic ammoniareprimandsreprimandsauditory stimulation (noise)auditory stimulation (noise)
Considerations in the use of Punishment by Considerations in the use of Punishment by the Application of Aversive Stimulation the Application of Aversive Stimulation
1. Use functional/nonaversive procedures first.1. Use functional/nonaversive procedures first.2. Implement differential reinforcement with 2. Implement differential reinforcement with
punishment.punishment.3. Consider the function of the problem behavior.3. Consider the function of the problem behavior.4. Choose the aversive stimulus carefully.4. Choose the aversive stimulus carefully.5. Collect data to make treatment decisions.5. Collect data to make treatment decisions.6. Address ethical issues.6. Address ethical issues.
Problems With PunishmentProblems With Punishment
Emotional reactions / aggressive behaviorEmotional reactions / aggressive behaviorEscape and avoidance behaviorsEscape and avoidance behaviorsModeling the use of punishmentModeling the use of punishmentNegative reinforcement for the use of Negative reinforcement for the use of punishmentpunishmentEstablishing the user as a conditioned Establishing the user as a conditioned punisherpunisher
Before Using PunishmentBefore Using Punishment
1. Conduct a functional assessment1. Conduct a functional assessment2. Identify the behavioral 2. Identify the behavioral deficitdeficit as well as as well as excessexcess3. First use functional/nonaversive treatments3. First use functional/nonaversive treatments- Extinction- Extinction- Differential reinforcement- Differential reinforcement- Antecedent manipulations- Antecedent manipulations- Behavioral skills training procedures- Behavioral skills training procedures
Ethical Issues and AcceptabilityEthical Issues and Acceptability
The use of painful or uncomfortable stimulationThe use of painful or uncomfortable stimulationInformed consentInformed consentAlternative treatmentsAlternative treatmentsSafetySafetyProblem severityProblem severityImplementation guidelinesImplementation guidelinesTraining and supervisionTraining and supervisionPeer review and accountability - prevent misusePeer review and accountability - prevent misuse
Chapter 17 Chapter 17
Negative Punishment - Negative Punishment - Time Out and Time Out and
Response CostResponse Cost
Time Out Time Out
1. Following the problem behavior1. Following the problem behavior2. The child is removed from the reinforcing 2. The child is removed from the reinforcing
environment for a brief period of timeenvironment for a brief period of time3. The problem behavior decreases in the 3. The problem behavior decreases in the
futurefuture
Types of Time OutTypes of Time Out
Exclusionary Exclusionary NonexclusionaryNonexclusionary
Using Time OutUsing Time Out 1. Start with a functional assessment and implement 1. Start with a functional assessment and implement
functional/nonaversive treatments firstfunctional/nonaversive treatments first2. Make sure the ‘time-in’ environment is reinforcing2. Make sure the ‘time-in’ environment is reinforcing3. Reinforce desirable behaviors 3. Reinforce desirable behaviors 4. When the problem behavior occurs, take the child to the 4. When the problem behavior occurs, take the child to the
time-out area immediatelytime-out area immediately5. Provide no attention when taking the child to time-out5. Provide no attention when taking the child to time-out6. Time-out must be 6. Time-out must be briefbrief, , practicalpractical, and , and safesafe7. Provide no attention or other reinforcers during time-out7. Provide no attention or other reinforcers during time-out8. Prevent escape from time-out8. Prevent escape from time-out9. Child must be calm before release from time out9. Child must be calm before release from time out10. Time-out must be acceptable to parents or other 10. Time-out must be acceptable to parents or other
change agents before using the procedurechange agents before using the procedure
Response CostResponse Cost
1. Following the problem behavior1. Following the problem behavior2. A specified amount of a reinforcer is 2. A specified amount of a reinforcer is
removed or lostremoved or lost3. The problem behavior decreases in the 3. The problem behavior decreases in the
futurefuture
Using Response CostUsing Response Cost
1. Conduct a functional assessment and first implement 1. Conduct a functional assessment and first implement functional/nonaversive treatmentsfunctional/nonaversive treatments
2. Reinforce desirable behaviors2. Reinforce desirable behaviors3. Identify the reinforcer to be lost3. Identify the reinforcer to be lost4. Decide if the loss if permanent or temporary4. Decide if the loss if permanent or temporary5. Contingent on the problem, implement response cost 5. Contingent on the problem, implement response cost
immediately if possibleimmediately if possible6. Symbolize the reinforcer loss if it is not immediate6. Symbolize the reinforcer loss if it is not immediate7. Consider ethical issues regarding the loss of some 7. Consider ethical issues regarding the loss of some
reinforcersreinforcers8. Response cost must be practical and acceptable8. Response cost must be practical and acceptable
Comparing Extinction, Time Out Comparing Extinction, Time Out and Response Costand Response Cost
Extinction - The reinforcer for the problem Extinction - The reinforcer for the problem behavior is no longer contingent on the behaviorbehavior is no longer contingent on the behaviorTime Out - The person is removed from all Time Out - The person is removed from all sources of reinforcement or from the reinforcing sources of reinforcement or from the reinforcing environment contingent on the problem behaviorenvironment contingent on the problem behaviorResponse Cost - Contingent on the problem Response Cost - Contingent on the problem behavior a reinforcer is removed, but not the behavior a reinforcer is removed, but not the reinforcer for the problem behaviorreinforcer for the problem behavior
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