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Chapter 13:Conflict and
PeacemakingSAMSON, SANTIAGO, SILVESTRE, SUCALDITO
TENEFRANCIA & YU
2PSY4
What creates conflict?
How can peace be
achieved?
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Chapter 13 OverviewGuide questions we can analyze interactively
What social situations
feed conflict?
What are the processes
that enable theachievement of peace?
Social Dilemmas
Competition
Perceived Justice
Misperception
Contact Cooperation
Communication
Conciliation
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Conflict
A perceived incompatibilityof actions and goals.
What causes conflict?
• Social Dilemmas
•
Competition• Perceived Justice
• Misperception
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Conflict:
Social Dilemmas
Social traps: when twogroups or persons in
opposition are found in ascenario where each has
the potential to bedestructive in behavior dueto pursuing self-interests.
Two laboratory gamesthat are each anexample of a socialtrap:
• The Prisoners’
Dilemma
• The Tragedy of
Commons
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The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Most people wouldchoose to confess to be
granted immunity.
Self-interest would beseen in the confession.
You can think of it as a“win-win” situation. Ifthe other does not
confess, you go free.However, if he/she does,then he/she does not get
the immunity
Two suspects are being
questioned by the districtattorney who creates an incentive
for each to confess privately.
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The Tragedy of Commons
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The Tragedy of Commons
This phenomenon occurswhen people take inmore than their fair
share of the “commons”that lead to its collapseor “tragedy” due to lack
of regulation or fear thatothers might diminish the
“commons”
“Everybody’s businessbecomes nobody’s
business.”
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Similarities between the two social traps
– The Fundamental Attribution of Error
• Both tempts you to think and explain why you
acted that way and also explain the behavior of
your partner
– Evolving Motives
• Motives often change
– Outcomes Need Not Sum to Zero
• Non-zero-sum Games
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Conflict:
Competition
Social traps: when twogroups or persons in
opposition are found in ascenario where each has
the potential to bedestructive in behavior dueto pursuing self-interests.
Two laboratory gamesthat are each anexample of a socialtrap:
• The Prisoners’
Dilemma
• The Tragedy of
Commons
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Conflict:
Perceived Justice
Equity Equality
People perceive justice as:
i
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Equity
People perceived justiceas equity – the
distribution of rewards in proportion to individualcontributions (Walster &
others, 1978).
If one contributes moreand benefits less than the
other, he will feelexploited and irritatedwhile the other one willfeel exploitative and
guilty (Greenberg, 1986;Messick & Sentis, 1979).
• Western Capitalistnations
• Individualistic cultures
li
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Equality
Some non-capitalistcultures define culture not as equity but as a
equality or even fulfillment of need .
“From each according tohis abilities, to each
according to his needs”(Karl Marx).
• Collectivist cultures
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Mirror-Image
Perceptions
“If A expects B to be hostile, A may treat B in such a way
that B fulfills A’s expectations, thus beginning a viciouscircle (Kennedy & Pronin, 2008).
Opposing sides tend to have a “bias blind spot” in whichthey see their own understandings as not biased by
their liking or disliking for others; but those whodisagree with them seem unfair and biased (Frantz,
2006).
Reciprocal views of each otheroften held by parties in conflict;
for example, each may viewitself as moral and peace-loving
and the other as evil andaggressive.
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Simplistic
Thinking
When tension rises, rationalthinking becomes more
difficult (Janis, 1989).
View become more simplisticand stereotyped and seat-of-
the-pants judgments become
more likely (Carnevale &
Probst, 1998)
Inflexible thinking
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Shifting
Perceptions
When in conflict, do not assume
that the other fails to share yourvalues and morality. Rather,compare perceptions, assumingthat the other is likely perceivingthe situation differently (Myers,2013).
Images of our enemies change
with amazing ease.
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Peace
A condition marked by low levelsof hostility and aggression and bymutually beneficial relationships.
How can peace be achieved?
• Contact
•Cooperation
• Communication
• Conciliation
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Peace:
Contact
When tensions run high,contact may fuel a fight.
Two laboratory gamesthat are each anexample of a socialtrap:
• The Prisoners’
Dilemma
• The Tragedy of
Commons
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