Chapter 13Chapter 13APUSHAPUSH
Mrs. PriceMrs. Price
““Success is a journey, not a Success is a journey, not a destination. The doing is destination. The doing is
often more important than often more important than the outcome.” Arthur Ashethe outcome.” Arthur Ashe
Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
America was America was destined by destined by God to expandGod to expand
Name given by Name given by John O’SullivanJohn O’Sullivan
““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."growth."
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."growth." A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged. A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
TexasTexas
1820s: Mexican Govt encourages 1820s: Mexican Govt encourages American immigrationAmerican immigration
1824: colonization law – promised 1824: colonization law – promised cheap land & 4 yr exemption from cheap land & 4 yr exemption from taxestaxes
Most settlers were Southerners: Most settlers were Southerners: cotton & slavescotton & slaves
By 1830: 7000 Americans (twice # of By 1830: 7000 Americans (twice # of Mexicans)Mexicans)
Stephen AustinStephen Austin
Established 1Established 1stst American settlement American settlement in TX (1822)in TX (1822)
Worked as Worked as intermediaryintermediary
Intermediaries Intermediaries created power created power centers that centers that competed with competed with Mexican govtMexican govt
1830s: Tensions increase1830s: Tensions increase
1830: Mexican laws barring new 1830: Mexican laws barring new American immigration (dropped in American immigration (dropped in 1833)1833)
By 1835: 30,000 Americans in TXBy 1835: 30,000 Americans in TX Americans keep economic & cultural Americans keep economic & cultural
ties to US; wanted to legalize slaveryties to US; wanted to legalize slavery Some settlers want independenceSome settlers want independence
General Santa AnnaGeneral Santa Anna
Santa Anna seizes power Santa Anna seizes power
- Dictator- Dictator
- puts Austin in jail- puts Austin in jail conflict increases with settlers: conflict increases with settlers:
fighting breaks out in TX in 1835fighting breaks out in TX in 1835 1836: American settlers declared 1836: American settlers declared
independenceindependence
Santa Anna led Santa Anna led army into Texasarmy into Texas
- Americans - Americans disorganizeddisorganized
- American defeats - American defeats at Alamo & Goliadat Alamo & Goliad
General Sam HoustonGeneral Sam Houston
April 1836: Battle April 1836: Battle of San Jacinto: of San Jacinto: defeat of Mexico & defeat of Mexico & capture of Santa capture of Santa AnnaAnna
Santa Anna signs Santa Anna signs treaty giving Texas treaty giving Texas its independenceits independence
TexasTexas
Most Texans want annexation by USMost Texans want annexation by US Americans are dividedAmericans are divided President Jackson, Van Buren, & President Jackson, Van Buren, &
Harrison don’t support annexationHarrison don’t support annexation Texas is annexed Feb 1845 after it Texas is annexed Feb 1845 after it
becomes the issue of the 1844 becomes the issue of the 1844 electionelection
Election of 1844Election of 1844
James Polk (D)James Polk (D) Henry Clay Henry Clay
(Whig)(Whig) Polk wins (170 to Polk wins (170 to
105 electoral 105 electoral votes)votes)
Mexican WarMexican War
When Texas becomes a state, When Texas becomes a state, Mexico breaks off diplomatic Mexico breaks off diplomatic relations with USrelations with US
Texas boundary disputeTexas boundary dispute
- Texas: Rio Grande is boundary- Texas: Rio Grande is boundary
- Mexico: Nueces River is boundary- Mexico: Nueces River is boundary
President Polk accepts Texas claimPresident Polk accepts Texas claim Polk sends Z. Taylor & troops to protect Polk sends Z. Taylor & troops to protect
TexasTexas Polk sends J. Slidell to buy disputed Polk sends J. Slidell to buy disputed
land; offer was rejectedland; offer was rejected Jan 13, 1846: Polk orders Taylor’s army Jan 13, 1846: Polk orders Taylor’s army
to move across Nueces River to Rio to move across Nueces River to Rio GrandeGrande
Some Mexican troops crossed Rio Some Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande & attacked unit of AmericansGrande & attacked unit of Americans
May 1846: Polk asks for declaration of May 1846: Polk asks for declaration of warwar
Mexican WarMexican War
Controversial Controversial WarWar
Conflict Conflict spreads to spreads to CaliforniaCalifornia
War ends War ends when US when US captures captures Mexico CityMexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoHidalgo
Feb 1848Feb 1848 Mexico gives up CA & NMMexico gives up CA & NM Agrees that Rio Grande is boundary Agrees that Rio Grande is boundary
of TXof TX US pays Mexico $15 millionUS pays Mexico $15 million
Results of the Mexican WarResults of the Mexican War
17 month war cost $100 million & 17 month war cost $100 million & over 13,000 American lives (mostly of over 13,000 American lives (mostly of disease)disease)
New territories were brought into the New territories were brought into the Union which increased tensions over Union which increased tensions over slavery slavery
Created 2 popular Whig generals who Created 2 popular Whig generals who ran for Presidentran for President
Manifest Destiny partially realizedManifest Destiny partially realized
OregonOregon
Both US & Britain claimed sovereigntyBoth US & Britain claimed sovereignty 1818 treaty: joint occupation1818 treaty: joint occupation 1820s & 1830s: US interest grew – 1820s & 1830s: US interest grew –
more Americans than British by 1840more Americans than British by 1840 1846: British accept Polk’s proposal to 1846: British accept Polk’s proposal to
divide territory at 49divide territory at 49thth parallel parallel 54’40 or Fight!54’40 or Fight!
Westward MigrationWestward Migration
Between 1840-1860: 300,000 moved Between 1840-1860: 300,000 moved westwest
For farming, mining, or lumberingFor farming, mining, or lumbering Typically left from IA or MOTypically left from IA or MO Oregon Trail or Santa Fe TrailOregon Trail or Santa Fe Trail Most journeys lasted 5-6 months (15 Most journeys lasted 5-6 months (15
miles per day)miles per day) Indians more helpful than dangerousIndians more helpful than dangerous
Slavery & the TerritoriesSlavery & the Territories
Wilmot Proviso (1846)Wilmot Proviso (1846)
- Prohibited slavery in new territories- Prohibited slavery in new territories
- Passed House but failed in Senate- Passed House but failed in Senate
Other ProposalsOther Proposals
Polk: extend the MO Compromise Polk: extend the MO Compromise line to west coastline to west coast
Popular sovereignty (squatter Popular sovereignty (squatter sovereignty)sovereignty)
Led to creation of new parties: Free Led to creation of new parties: Free Soil & RepublicanSoil & Republican
New PartiesNew Parties
Free Soil PartyFree Soil Party Discontented Discontented
Northern DemocratsNorthern Democrats Anti-slave members Anti-slave members
of the Liberty & of the Liberty & Whig partiesWhig parties
Opposed to Opposed to extension of slavery extension of slavery in new territoriesin new territories
Republican PartyRepublican Party Northern WhigsNorthern Whigs Northern Northern
DemocratsDemocrats Know-NothingsKnow-Nothings Opponents of Opponents of
Kansas-Nebraska Kansas-Nebraska ActAct
Election of 1848Election of 1848
Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850
California asked to become a state in California asked to become a state in 18491849
Equal balance 15 free to 15 slaveEqual balance 15 free to 15 slave Compromise has something for free Compromise has something for free
& slave states& slave states
Free/NorthFree/North CA admitted as CA admitted as
free statefree state Slave trade is Slave trade is
outlawed in outlawed in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
Slave/SouthSlave/South Fugitive Slave Fugitive Slave
Law: slave owners Law: slave owners get more power to get more power to reclaim escaped reclaim escaped slavesslaves
Slavery is Slavery is protected in D.C.protected in D.C.
Compromise of 1850 cont.Compromise of 1850 cont.
Compromise is drafted by Clay but Compromise is drafted by Clay but Douglas gets it passedDouglas gets it passed
Many Northerners refuse to comply Many Northerners refuse to comply with Fugitive Slave Lawwith Fugitive Slave Law
Election of 1852Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (D)Franklin Pierce (D) Winfield Scott (W)Winfield Scott (W) John Hale (Free Soil)John Hale (Free Soil) Pierce won – avoided divisive issuesPierce won – avoided divisive issues
Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)(1854)
Objective: to survey & settle land in Objective: to survey & settle land in Great Plains in order to build a Great Plains in order to build a transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad
Gadsen Purchase: $10 million for Gadsen Purchase: $10 million for land from Mexico (part of AZ & NM)land from Mexico (part of AZ & NM)
Douglas wanted it to go through Douglas wanted it to go through ChicagoChicago
PartsParts
Divided Nebraska Territory into Divided Nebraska Territory into Kansas & Nebraska TerritoriesKansas & Nebraska Territories
Repealed MO CompromiseRepealed MO Compromise Slavery would be decided by Slavery would be decided by
territorial legislature (popular territorial legislature (popular sovereignty)sovereignty)
EffectsEffects
Divided Northern DemocratsDivided Northern Democrats Helped to create Republican Party Helped to create Republican Party
(1854)(1854) Divided & destroyed Whig PartyDivided & destroyed Whig Party Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas
“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery Missourians)
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery Missourians)
Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas
White settlers began pouring into White settlers began pouring into KansasKansas
Pro-slavery supporters attacked Pro-slavery supporters attacked antislavery town of Lawrenceantislavery town of Lawrence
John Brown & followers murdered 5 John Brown & followers murdered 5 slavery supporters (Pottawatomie slavery supporters (Pottawatomie Massacre)Massacre)
John Brown: Madman or John Brown: Madman or Martyr?Martyr?
Violent Violent abolitionistabolitionist
Wanted to lead a Wanted to lead a slave revolt by slave revolt by raising an army raising an army of freed slaves of freed slaves
Harpers FerryHarpers Ferry
Brown & followers Brown & followers attacked US attacked US Ammunition Ammunition depot to capture depot to capture weaponsweapons
Oct 1859Oct 1859 Unsuccessful & Unsuccessful &
captured by US captured by US military led by Leemilitary led by Lee
•He was found guilty of treason and sentenced
to death.
•His last words were to this effect: “I believe “I believe
that the issue of slavery that the issue of slavery will never be solved will never be solved unless through the unless through the shedding of blood.”shedding of blood.”
Trial of JohnTrial of John Brown Brown
Lecompton ConstitutionLecompton Constitution
1857: Pro slavery supporters wrote 1857: Pro slavery supporters wrote state constitution legalizing slavery state constitution legalizing slavery (KS)(KS)
President Buchanan pressured President Buchanan pressured Congress to acceptCongress to accept
Rejected by Congress & Kansas Rejected by Congress & Kansas votersvoters
Dred Scott v. Sanford Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)(1857)
Slave who sued Slave who sued for his freedomfor his freedom
S. Court ruledS. Court ruled
- Scott was not a - Scott was not a citizen & could citizen & could not suenot sue
- MO - MO Compromise was Compromise was unconstitutionalunconstitutional
http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP US History I/course files/multimedia/lesson34/lessonp.html?showTopic=2
Chart/Effect of ScottChart/Effect of Scott
•Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott
decision
•North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law
•Free states pass personal liberty laws.
•Republicans claim the decision is not binding
•Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in
the Union.
•Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property.
•They are not citizens and have no legal right under the
Constitution.•Supreme Court
legalized slavery by saying that
•Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new
territory•Missouri
Compromise and all other compromises
were unconstitutional
Election of 1860Election of 1860
Democrats splitDemocrats split
- Northern wing: Douglas- Northern wing: Douglas
- Southern wing: John Breckinridge- Southern wing: John Breckinridge Constitutional Union Party: John Bell Constitutional Union Party: John Bell
(ex-Whigs)(ex-Whigs) Republicans: LincolnRepublicans: Lincoln Lincoln wins (39% popular vote)Lincoln wins (39% popular vote)
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