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The Italian Renaissance
As the Renaissance began, threeItalian city-states were the centers ofItalian political, economic, and sociallife.
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Rebirth Rediscovery of the literature and
philosophy of classical Greece and Rome
Marks the beginning of Modern History Focus shifts from the study of God to
the study of humanity
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The ItalianRenaissance lasted from 1350 to1550. It was a time period in which
Europeans believed they had witnessed arebirth of the ancient Greek and Romanworlds.
Characteristics of the Renaissance:
The Italian Renaissance
The Renaissance was mainly led by an
urban society, and Italian city-statescame to dominate political, social, andeconomic life.
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The Renaissance witnessed the rise ofa secular(worldly) viewpoint of wealthand material items.
The Italian Renaissance
The Renaissance occurred during a
time of recovery from the disasters ofthe fourteenth century: the plague,political instability, and a decline of
Church power.
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Improvements in business methods andpractices Specialization of labor by region Standard of Living increased - people had more
money to spend
People changed way of thinking: property wasnow a source of income; a way to get money sothey could buy other things = CAPITAL
CAPITALISM: An economic system in whichprivate individuals or companies, not thegovernment, own businesses; goal: to make aprofit
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Location
Wealth of powerful merchants
Political structure: independent city-
states Heritage of Rome
Banking
Florence: Medici Family
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Lorenzo deMedici
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With the lack of centralized power,Italian city-states such as Milan, Venice,and Florence played a crucial role inItalian economics and politics.
Milans location as a crossroadsbetween the coastal Italian cities andthe Alpine passes made it a very wealthystate.
The Italian Renaissance
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Popes and emperors competed for power withinthe cities
City-states became independent republics
Balance of Power: system whereby any statethreatened its neighbors, others joined together tooppose it
Despots: rulers who gained power by force andtrickery Each city-state had own laws
Constant plots to overthrow leaders
Needed to be clever and able
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Writer, diplomat,
scholar, civic humanist THE PRINCE
Ways that rulers
should act The end justifies the
means
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The Renaissance also stressed the
individual ability of human beings.Well-rounded individuals, such asLeonardo da Vinci, emphasized the
belief that individuals could create anew social ideal.
The Italian Renaissance
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Italian Renaissance Humanism
Humanism, based on study of theclassics, revived an interest in ancient
Latin; but many authors wrote greatworks in the vernacular.
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Focus on the individual and the beliefs
that humans can improve the society Civic humanism: individual
achievement and education only fullyachieved by people using their talentsand abilities in service to their cities
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The Italian authorDante and the English authorGeoffrey Chaucerwrote in VERNACULAR,
(everyday language)making vernacularliterature very popular.
Dantes masterpiece was the story of the soulsjourney to salvation, called the Div ine Com ed y.
ChaucersThe Ca nte rb ury Ta le sused English
dialect to tell the tale of pilgrims journeying tothe tomb of Saint Thomas Becket atCanterbury, England.
Italian Renaissance Humanism
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A key intellectual movement of the Renaissancewas humanism.
Humanists studied the classics, grammar, rhetoric,poetry, moral philosophy, and history.
Petrarch (the Father of Humanism) believed thatintellectuals had a duty to live an active civic lifeand put their study of the humanities to the statesservice.
The humanist emphasis on classical Latin led to anincrease in the writings of scholars, lawyers, andtheologians.
Italian Renaissance Humanism
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Italian Renaissance Art
The Renaissance produced great
artists and sculptors such asMichelangelo, Raphael, andLeonardo da Vinci.
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Renaissance artists sought to imitatenature through a human-focused
worldview.
Frescoscreated the illusion of three
dimensions, leading to a new realisticstyle of painting.
Realistic portrayal of the individual,especially nude depictions, became oneof the chief aims of Italian Renaissanceart.
Italian Renaissance Art
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Giotto: first artist to make figures appear
to move, to be alive; depict things theysee in nature
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Raphaelwas a well known artist for hispaintings of the Madonna. His worksreveal a world of balance, harmony,and order.
Raphael: painted contemporary,
Biblical, and classical scenes
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Donatello: Wanted to show the human
body in motion
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Advances in understanding humanmovement and anatomy led to advances
in Renaissance sculpture and architecture.
The final era of Italian Renaissance
painting (1490 to 1520) is known as theHigh Renaissance.
Leonardo da Vinci mastered the art of
realistic painting and sought to advanceto idealized forms of nature and humans.
Italian Renaissance Art
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How did Renaissance painters and
sculptors portray humans?
A. As masters of nature
B. With religious overtones
C.Realistic and human centered
D. Powerful and strong
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Ideal Renaissance Man: universal man,well versed in the classics, a man of action
one who could respond to all situationsTraits
Aristocrat/member of wealthy class Well-mannered, witty
Educated in good literature; painting;
music
Well-formed (physically fit)
Art of war: a brave and able soldier
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Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor,
and architect. His depictions of idealizedhumans are meant as a reflection ofdivine beauty.
Sculptor, painter, architect, and poet
Patron: Lorenzo de Medici Sistine Chapel: commissioned by Pope
J ulius II
Sculptures: Moses, the Pieta, David
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Engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor
Ideal Renaissance Man Paintings: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
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During the second half of the fifteenthcentury, adherents of Christian
Humanism sought to reform the CatholicChurch.
Christian humanists believed thathumans could improve themselves andthus improve society.
Prelude to Reformation
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Education travel made easier
Printing PressJohannes Gutenberg
Movable metal type to print books Multiple copies, quicker and cheaper
Gutenberg Bible
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Christianhumanism: appliedhumanist principles toreligious rather than secular
topics DesideriusErasmus(The
Netherlands): The Praise ofFolly
Erasmusthought that externalforms of medieval religionsuch as pilgrimages, fasts,and relics were unnecessaryand that inner piety derived
from religious philosophy wasmore important.
Sir Thomas More (England):Utopia
Erasmus
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Elizabethan Age: Queen Elizabeth
William Shakespeare: sonnets, plays Christopher Marlowe: The Tragicall
History of Dr. Faustus
Believed that with creativity human beingscould control their own destinies and the
world around them
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Art depicted more down-to-earthviews of humanity
Albrecht Durer: German; usedwoodcuts and engravings
Pieter Brueghel: Flemish; landscapesand common peasants
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