Name:________________________
Chapter 1 Science Skills
1.1 What is Science?
● How does the process of science start and end?
○ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
● Curiosity provides questions, but scientific results rely on finding answers.
○ In some experiments, observations are qualitative, or _______________.
○ In some experiments, observations are quantitative, or ______________.
○ Some questions - for example, how the universe began- cannot be answered by
direct observations and measurements but only by other kinds of evidence.
● What is the relationship between science and technology?
○ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
○ Science - ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
○ Technology - __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
● What are the branches of natural science?
○ _______________________
Name:________________________
■ __________________ - the study of the composition,
_______________, properties, and _______________ of matter.
■ __________________ - the study of matter and _____________ and the
interactions between the two through _____________ and ___________.
○ _______________________
■ ______________________
■ ______________________
■ ______________________
■ ______________________
○ ____________________ - the study of living things also know as biology.
■ _____________________
■ _____________________
■ _____________________
Biology includes the physics and chemistry of living things, as well as their origin
behavior .
Biologists study the different ways that organisms grow, survive, and reproduce.
● There is overlap between different areas of science.
● The Big Ideas of Physical Science
○ ______________________ - The universe is both very old and very big.
○ ______________________ - A very small amount of the universe is
matter, All matter that you are familiar with is made up of building blocks
called atoms.
○ ______________________ -___________ cause changes in _________.
The laws of physics allow these changes to be calculated exactly.
Name:________________________
○ _______________________ - ___________ exists in many forms.
___________ can be transferred from one form or object to another, but
can never be destroyed.
● Science is both a process and a body of knowledge. As more knowledge is
added, the models that science uses to describe the universe change.
● Be skeptical. Ask questions. Be aware that the scientific facts of today might be
changed as knowledge grows. However, believe in the scientific process that has
discovered them.
1.2 Using the Scientific Approach
● An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information is called a
_____________ _____________.
○ Can be used to search for the answer to a question.
○ Can vary from case to case, depending on the question and how the researcher
decides to look for an answer.
● What is the goal of the scientific method?
○ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
● Scientific Methods
○ ____________________ - information that you obtain through your senses.
○ ____________________ - a proposed answer to a question.
■ In an experiment, any factor that can change is called a variable.
● _____________________ - causes a change.
Name:________________________
● _____________________ - changes in response to the
_________________ variable.
● ____________________________ - an experiment in which only
one variable, the __________________ variable, is deliberately
changed at a time.
○ ____________________ - Describes how facts apply to a hypothesis.
○ _______________________________ - a well-tested explanation for a set of
observations or experimental results. Once a hypothesis has been supported in
repeated experiments, scientists can begin to develop a theory.
#1 Label with the correct terms for one example of the scientific method.
Name:________________________
#2 Identify the following as a part of the Scientific method.
Test whether speed affects how wet you get in the rain.
Scientists determined that running in the rain keeps you drier
The faster your speed, the drier you will stay.
How does speed affect how wet you get in the rain?
● __________________ - a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature.
○ Example: Newton’s __________ of gravity is a scientific __________ that has
been verified over and over. Scientists have yet to agree on a ____________
that explains how gravity works.
● A ________________________ describes an observed pattern in nature without
attempting to explain it. The explanation of such a pattern is provided by a
______________________.
● Why are scientific models useful?
■ A model is a representation of an object or event. A street map is a model
of a city.
○ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Name:________________________
Safety plays an important role in science. Laboratory work may involve flames or hot plates,
electricity, chemicals, hot liquids, sharp instruments, and breakable glassware. Always follow
your teacher’s instructions and the directions exactly.
1.3 Measurement
● ________________________________ - is a way of expressing a value as the product
of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10.
■ Example: the speed of light is about 300,000,000 meters per second. In
scientific notation, that speed is _________________m/s. The exponent
____ tells you that the decimal point is really ____ places to the
__________ of the 3.
○ For numbers less than 1 that are written in _________________
_______________, the exponent is __________________.
■ Example: An average snail’s pace is 0.00086 meters per second. In
________________________, that speed is _______________________
m/s. The ________________ exponent tells you how many decimal
places there are to the ___________ of the 8.6
○ To multiply numbers written in scientific notation, you multiply the numbers that
appear _____________ the multiplication signs and __________ the exponents.
■ Example: (3.0 x 10 8 m/s) x (5.0 x 10 2 s ) = __________________
(This is about the distance between the sun and Earth.)
● When dividing numbers written in scientific notation, you divide the numbers that
appear before the exponential terms and _______________ the exponents.
○ Example:(1.5 x 10 11 m) (3.0 x 10 8 m/s) = _______________________÷
Name:________________________
● What units do scientists use for their measurements?
○ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
○ Scientists around the world use the same system of measurements so that they
can readily interpret one another’s measurements.
○ ___________________ - the straight line distance between two points.
○ ___________________ - the quantity of matter in an object or sample.
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length
Mass
Temperature
Time
Amount of substance
Electric current
Luminous intensity
● Additional SI units, called __________________, are made from combinations of
base units.
○ ________________ - the amount of space taken up by an object.
○ ________________ - the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume.
Name:________________________
Formula:
Quantity Unit Symbol
Area
Volume
Density
Pressure Pascal ( kg/m s 2 )• Pa
Energy Joule (kg m 2 /s 2 )• J
Frequency Hertz (1/s) Hz
Electric charge Coulomb (A s)• C
● ______________________ - indicates how many times a unit should be multiplied or
divided by 10.
Si Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Meaning Multiply Unit by
Billon (10 9 ) 1,000,000,000
Million (10 6 ) 1,000,000
Thousand (10 3 ) 1000
Name:________________________
Tenth (10 -1 ) 0.1 or 110
Hundredth (10 -2 ) 0.01 or 1100
Thousandth (10 -3 ) 0.001 or 11000
Millionth (10 -6 ) 0.000001 or 11000000
Billionth (10 -9 ) 0.000000001 or1
1000000000
● _________________________ - is a ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert
a quantity expressed in one unit to another unit.
○ Example 1km1000 m 1 km
1000m
Convert the height of Mount Everest, 8848 meters, into kilometers.
x -------------- = km
● ____________________ - a gauge of how exact a measurement is.
● _________________ ________________ - are all the digits that are known in a
measurement, plus the last digit that is estimated.
● How does the precision of measurements affect the precision of scientific calculations?
○ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
● ___________________ - the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is
being measured.
Name:________________________
○ Example: suppose a digital clock is running 15 minutes slow. Although the clock
would remain precise to the nearest second, the time displayed would not be
accurate.
● __________________ - an instrument that measures temperature, or how hot an object
is.
● ○ C = ( ⚬ F - 32.0 ⚬ )95 ⚬ F = ( ⚬ C) + 32.0 ⚬5
9
● The SI base unit for temperature is the _____________________
○ A temperature of 0K, or 0__________, refers to the lowest possible temperature
that can be reached.
○ In degrees Celsius, this temperature is -273.15 ⚬ C. To convert between
__________ and degrees Celsius, use the formula:
K =
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
● In order for new to be useful, it must be reported in a clear, organized manner. Like the
news, scientific data become meaningful only when they are organized and
communication.
● How do scientists organize data?
○ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
○ _____________ - relates two variables -- a manipulated variable/independent
variable and a responding variable/dependent variable.
Name:________________________
○ ________________ - useful for showing changes that occur in related variables.
■ The ____________________variable is generally plotted on the
________________
■ The ____________________ variable is plotted on the
____________________
■ Sometimes the data points in a graph yield a straight line.
● The steepness, or ___________, of this line is the ratio of the
__________________ change to
the corresponding
__________________ change.
● Formula:
● ___________________________ - a relationship in which the ratio of two
variables is constant. The relationship between the mass and the volume
of water is a great example.
○ Example:
A 3 cm 3 sample of water has a mass of 3 grams
A 6 cm 3 sample of water has a mass of 6 grams
A 9 cm 3 sample of water has a mass of ____ grams.
Name:________________________
● ___________________________ - a relationship in which the product of
the two variables in a constant.
○ Example:
A flow rate of 0.5 gallon per minute will fill the pot in 2 minutes.
A flow rate of 1 gallon per minute will fill the pot in 1 minute.
A flow rate of 2 gallons per minute will fill the pot in __________
● ________________________ - often used to compare a set of measurements,
amounts, or changes.
● ________________________ - shows how a part or share of something relates to the
whole.
● How can scientists communicate experimental data?
○ ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
● ___________________ - a process in which scientists examine other scientists’ work.
○ Encourages comments, suggestions, questions, and criticism from other
scientists.
○ Based on their peers’ responses, the scientists who submitted their work for
review can then reevaluate how to best interpret their data.
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