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LCS 212:
NETWORK PRINCIPLES ANDPROGRAMMING
MS. KATHRINA S. TAMBOTInstructor, CCS
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Chapter 01
NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
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WHAT IS A NETWORK? A simple collection of computers at one location
that have been tied together using a particular
connectivity medium (such as network cabling or
wireless technology) to a giant global network, such
as the Internet, that uses a number of differentconnectivity media, including microwave and
satellite technology.
Consist of the computers, the connectivity medium
(such as copper wire or fiber optic cables), and otherdevices, such as hubs, switches, and routers, that
make up the network infrastructure. Some devices,
such as network interface cards, serve as the
computer's connection to the network.
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WHAT IS A NETWORK? Two connected computers qualify as a network
Networks are not networks just because they
contain highly complex connectivity strategies. Two
computers running the Windows Me operating
system can be joined together by their COM ports(also known as serial ports) by a single serial cable.
Is this a network? Sure, it allows you to share
resources between the two computers and
therefore meets the basic definition of what anetwork is.
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WHY NETWORK YOUR COMPUTERS? File sharing. Networking computers makes it very
easy for the users on the network to share data files.
Files on a particular user's computer can be shared
on the network or files can be placed on a file
server, which provides a central location for all files
needed by the users on the network.
Hardware sharing. Users can share devices such as
printers, CD-ROM drives, and hard drives. Once
networked, computers can share their own localdevices, such as CD-ROM and hard drives, or take
advantage of high-speed printers or other devices
that are provided by a particular server on the
network.
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WHY NETWORK YOUR COMPUTERS? Program sharing. Applications such as spreadsheets
and word processors can be run over the network.
You keep most of the files that make up the
application on a special application server on the
network. This makes installing the software on a
computer easier. It also makes upgrading an
application easier because the upgrade only has to
be performed on the server itself.
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WHY NETWORK YOUR COMPUTERS?User communication. Networks allow users to take
advantage of communication media such as
electronic mail, newsgroups, and video
conferencing. Because voice, pictures, and video can
be moved across the network as data, network
communication is certainly not limited to just text
messages.
Multiplayer gaming. While this certainly isn't a
reason for networking computers in a businessenvironment, individuals who set up home-based
peer-to-peer networks can take advantage of a large
number of computer games that provide support for
multiple players on a network.
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CLIENTS AND SERVERS A CLIENT is a computer that allows a user to log on
to the network and take advantage of the resources
available on the network.
A client computer will run a client operating system.
The purpose of the client is to get a user onto thenetwork.
Don't usually have the processing power, the storage
space, or the memory found on a server because
the client does not have to serve up resources toother computers on the network.
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CLIENTS AND SERVERS A SERVER is typically a much more powerful
computer that runs a network operating system
(NOS) such as Microsoft Windows Server 2003 or
Novell NetWare.
The server provides centralized administration ofthe network and serves up the resources that are
available on the network, such as printers and files.
The administrator of the server decides who can and
cannot log on to the network and which resourcesthe various users can access.
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CLIENTS AND SERVERS PC networks consist of clients and servers.
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CLIENTS AND SERVERS Because client and server computers both have
processing capabilities, the workload on a PC
network can be distributed between the client and
the server.
You may hear the term workstation usedinterchangeably with client in reference to the
computers used by network users to access the
network. In reality, workstation more commonly
refers to higher-end client machines that requiremore memory and processing power to run more
complex software, such as the design software used
by engineers.
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USERS AND ADMINISTRATORSUSERS make up most of the folks you find on a PC
network.
They are there to access network resources.
A user requires a user logon and password to gain
access to the network.
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USERS AND ADMINISTRATORSADMINISTRATORS serve as the caretaker of the
network.
The administrator controls the network servers.
This means that network access and the level of
access is controlled by the administrator using thetools provided by the NOS.
Most network operating systems supply the network
administrator with the ability to monitor network
use, including user logons. The administrator is alsoresponsible for disaster planning and securing the
network resources from outside attack and virus
infestation.
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USERS AND ADMINISTRATORSOne of the most difficult aspects of being a network
administrator is convincing users that the access
levels and security policies used on the network are
there for a purposeand that purpose is to protect
the valuable corporate resources found on the
network.
Although network administrators are typically
thought of as dime-store dictators or control freaks
by the users, administrators are typically faced withlong hours and a great deal of hard work to keep
their networks up and running.
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terScience,DMMMSU-SL
UC
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USERS AND ADMINISTRATORSOne of the most difficult aspects of being a network
administrator is convincing users that the access
levels and security policies used on the network are
there for a purposeand that purpose is to protect
the valuable corporate resources found on the
network.
Although network administrators are typically
thought of as dime-store dictators or control freaks
by the users, administrators are typically faced withlong hours and a great deal of hard work to keep
their networks up and running.
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terScience,DMMMSU-SL
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USERS AND ADMINISTRATORSNetwork administrators also supervise technical
employees and be responsible for the budgeting and
procurement related to the computer network.CollegeofCompu
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UNDERSTANDING LAN DATA TRANSMISSION A bit is the smallest unit of data found on a
computer.
Bits are represented by either a one (1) or a zero (0).
When you type a letter or create a spreadsheet, you
see your data as words in paragraphs or numbers ina column. Your computer sees this information as
binary dataones and zeros.
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UNDERSTANDING LAN DATA TRANSMISSIONOn a computer, data in the form of a bit stream
travels in parallel across wires arranged on the
motherboard.
These parallel wires on the motherboard are
referred to as the data bus.When data is required by the computer's processor
from the computer's hard drive, the data moves
along the bus, which is very much like a multilane
superhighway, allowing several bit streams to movesimultaneously.
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UNDERSTANDING LAN DATA TRANSMISSION To actually move data from one computer to
another on the network, there obviously needs to
be some kind of network medium; copper wire is
actually the most often used network medium.
Unfortunately, no matter what type of networkmedium you choose, the data can only travel along
it as a single bit stream, which is referred to as a
serial transmission.
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UNDERSTANDING LAN DATA TRANSMISSION A NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC) is a device is
needed to take the parallel data from the computer,
which is like a multilane super highway, and
condense it into a serial transmission, which is the
equivalent of a one-lane road.
This device also provides the connection between
the PC and the network media.
The NIC contains a transceiver (a transmitter and
receiver) that is able to convert data from parallel toserial, and vice versa.
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UNDERSTANDING LAN DATA TRANSMISSION A NIC can come in the form of a separate card that
you install in the computer.
Some personal computers, such as the Apple iMac,
come with a built-in NIC that's ready to go.
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UNDERSTANDING LAN DATA TRANSMISSIONNetwork interface cards provide the physical
connection between a computer and the network.CollegeofCompu
terScience,DMMMSU-SL
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