A D
IAM
-TU
DE
LF
T S
EM
INA
R
No
ve
mb
er
22
nd
, 2
01
2
Pro
fes
so
r F
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Li
CH
AL
LE
NG
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IN
MO
DE
RN
LA
RG
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CA
LE
PO
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Fu
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Ch
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allen
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tim
ea
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ca
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Cu
rren
t p
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in
syste
m m
od
ellin
g
Large Power Station
Substation
Bulk Supply Point
Substation
(GSP)
415V
syste
m
132kV
syste
m
33kV
syste
m
Primary
Substation
11kV
syste
mFactory
Homes
Distribution
Transform
er
400/2
75kV
sys
tem
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inte
gra
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pe
rate
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o-o
pe
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on
Sophisticated
Separate
transmission
and
distribution
modelling
No large
scale
modelling
tool
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LV
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rren
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osit
ion
in
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m m
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ns
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h D
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d
dem
on
str
ati
on
pro
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Lo
w C
arb
on
Ne
two
rk F
un
dP
roje
cts
Ofg
em
se
ts £
50
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ov
er
5 y
rs t
o:
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rom
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th
e g
row
th o
f s
ma
rt g
rid
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ste
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trib
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V N
etw
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mp
late
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20
10
)
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en
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tre
ss
at
larg
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ca
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roje
ct
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sto
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on
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or
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od
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sta
nti
al D
Gs
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rob
lem
:-
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nti
fy t
he
ma
xim
um
additional
po
we
r a
cir
cu
it o
r tr
an
sfo
rme
r h
as
to
ca
rry
in
a o
uta
ge
: N
-1&
N-2
co
nti
ng
en
cie
s
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hall
en
ge 1
-co
nti
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en
cie
s :
-S
ys
tem
co
nfi
gu
rati
on
ch
an
ge
s,
ca
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bia
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trix
to
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o r
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th
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nd
s o
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me
s,
de
pe
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ing
on
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e
nu
mb
er
of
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nti
ng
en
cy
ev
en
ts
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hall
en
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ltag
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es
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rovin
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on
verg
en
ce f
or
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mo
del w
ith
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nti
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eth
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he
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tio
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rea
cti
ve
po
we
r a
nd
sh
un
ts
1.
Co
nv
erg
e a
nd
div
erg
e a
ss
es
sm
en
t a
re t
hro
ug
h e
xte
ns
ive
ta
p
se
ttin
g a
nd
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ro
pti
mis
ati
on
2.
De
term
inis
tic
ap
pro
ac
h i
s d
es
ire
d t
o d
ete
rmin
e i
f it
is
po
ss
ible
to
ha
ve
vo
lta
ge
s w
ith
in t
he
lim
its
wit
h t
he
av
aila
ble
re
so
urc
es
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computational time
by 10 tim
es
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racti
cal d
em
on
str
ati
on
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ou
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t te
rrit
ory
of
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rme
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um
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om
pu
tati
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tim
e:
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flo
w:
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ec
on
ds
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-1:
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ho
urs
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-2:
88
8h
ou
rs
1.
Th
e i
nit
ialis
ati
on
of
all
co
nti
ng
en
cie
s a
re f
rom
th
e
res
ult
s o
f b
as
e p
ow
er
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w
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t d
oe
s n
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nv
erg
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the
n i
nit
ialis
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ith
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an
d 1
s
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du
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co
nti
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s
Lo
w V
olt
ag
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late
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nit
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trib
uti
on
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bs
tati
on
s
(11
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om
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wp
ort
to
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an
se
a
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o i
de
nti
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str
es
se
s o
ve
r ti
me
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la
rge
sc
ale
fro
m i
ntr
od
uc
ing
low
ca
rbo
n t
ec
hn
olo
gie
s
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sta
llin
g m
on
ito
rin
g d
ev
ice
s a
t e
ve
ry
sin
gle
dis
trib
uti
on
su
bs
tati
on
is
ex
pe
ns
ive
, in
eff
icie
nt
an
d u
nn
ec
es
sa
ry
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ty
pic
al
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two
rk t
em
pla
tes
ca
n b
e
de
ve
lop
ed
to
ec
on
om
ica
llya
nd
eff
icie
ntl
yid
en
tify
LV
str
es
s?
Ho
w m
an
y p
att
ern
s a
re s
uff
icie
nt
an
d h
ow
th
ey
lo
ok
lik
e?
(WP
D,
Ba
th U
niv
, N
Po
we
r, G
E,
We
lsh
Go
ve
rnm
en
t, 2
01
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01
3)
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till
a g
oo
d f
it f
or
su
bs
tati
on
s w
ith
hig
h c
us
tom
er
po
pu
lati
on
-c
an
no
t d
isti
ng
uis
h d
iffe
rin
g n
etw
ork
de
sig
ns
an
d v
olt
ag
e p
rofi
les
-c
an
no
t re
fle
ct
low
ca
rbo
n e
ffe
cts
Dra
wb
acks w
ith
th
e C
urr
en
t A
pp
roach
-u
sin
g E
lex
on
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typ
ica
l c
us
tom
er
pro
file
s5222
54
Pro
file
Nu
mb
er
Nu
mb
er
of
cu
sto
mers
Profile 1
213
Profile 2
4
Profile 3
1
Profile 4
0
Profile 5
0
Profile 6
0
Profile 7
0
Profile 8
0
Pro
jec
t B
ris
tol
Mit
igati
ng
LV
netw
ork
str
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s, R
en
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les a
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teg
rate
d S
tora
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Tari
ffs t
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etw
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s (
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fo
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l D
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to t
he f
utu
re
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th U
niv
, S
ime
ns
, N
Po
we
r, B
ris
tol
Cit
y C
ou
nc
il,
loc
al
Sc
ho
ols
, 2
01
1-2
01
4)
Pro
ject
Bri
sto
l-
Wh
y D
C n
etw
ork
?
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0%
of
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r h
om
e c
on
su
mp
tio
n a
re
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, c
om
pu
ters
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on
su
me
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ctr
on
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C c
om
po
ne
nts
ha
ve
to
be
co
nv
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in
to A
C t
o a
cc
es
s m
ain
s’
su
pp
ly,
inc
urr
ing
40
%lo
ss
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C/A
C
co
nv
ers
ion
•1
1%
en
erg
y l
os
se
s i
n s
up
ply
sy
ste
m
•P
ho
tov
olt
aic
an
d E
V c
ha
rgin
g a
nd
dis
ch
arg
ing
are
in
he
ren
t D
C
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ign
ific
an
t e
ne
rgy
ca
n b
e s
av
ed
by
su
pp
ly l
oc
al
DC
co
ns
um
pti
on
wit
h
loc
al
ge
ne
rati
on
or
sto
rag
e
•H
igh
carb
on
su
pp
ly s
yste
m –
gen
era
tio
n f
ollo
w d
em
an
d
En
erg
y/n
etw
ork
co
nfo
rmin
g (
80
% i
n 2
010)
1).
Wh
en
de
ma
nd
hig
h,
pri
ce
is
hig
h
2).
Wh
en
de
ma
nd
re
sp
on
ds
to h
igh
pri
ce
, it
will
re
du
ce
pre
ss
ure
fo
r e
ne
rgy
/ne
two
rk
0.0
0
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
60
.00
70
.00
80
.00
13
57
91
11
31
51
71
92
12
32
52
72
93
13
33
53
73
94
14
34
54
7
Se
ttle
me
nt
pe
rio
d
Energy price(£/MWh)
00.2
5
0.5
0.7
5
11.2
5
1.5
1.7
5
22.2
5
2.5
Load(kw)
En
erg
y P
ric
e (
£/M
Wh
)L
oa
d p
rofi
le(k
W)
En
erg
y/n
etw
ork
ma
y b
e
co
nfl
icti
ng
(20%
in
2010)
1).
Wh
en
de
ma
nd
is
hig
h,
pri
ce
is
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w
2).
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ma
nd
re
sp
on
din
g t
o
pri
ce
s m
ay
ex
ce
ed
ne
two
rk l
imit
s
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ow
carb
on
su
pp
ly s
yste
m –
dem
an
d f
ollo
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en
era
tio
n
0.0
0
20
.00
40
.00
60
.00
80
.00
10
0.0
0
12
0.0
0
14
0.0
0
16
0.0
0
13
57
91
11
31
51
71
92
12
32
52
72
93
13
33
53
73
94
14
34
54
7
Se
ttle
me
nt
pe
rio
d
Energy price(£/MWh)
00.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
11.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Load(kw)
En
erg
y P
ric
e (
£/M
Wh
)L
oa
d p
rofi
le(k
W)
Peak Shaving
Peak Building
Key c
hallen
ges –
ho
w t
o r
eso
lve c
on
flic
ts
En
erg
y/n
etw
ork
ma
y b
e
co
nfl
icti
ng
(20%
in
2010)
1).
Wh
en
de
ma
nd
is
hig
h,
pri
ce
is
lo
w
2).
De
ma
nd
re
sp
on
din
g t
o
pri
ce
s m
ay
ex
ce
ed
ne
two
rk l
imit
s
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carb
on
su
pp
ly s
yste
m –
dem
an
d f
ollo
w g
en
era
tio
n
0.0
0
20
.00
40
.00
60
.00
80
.00
10
0.0
0
12
0.0
0
14
0.0
0
16
0.0
0
13
57
91
11
31
51
71
92
12
32
52
72
93
13
33
53
73
94
14
34
54
7
Se
ttle
me
nt
pe
rio
d
Energy price(£/MWh)
00.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
11.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Load(kw)
En
erg
y P
ric
e (
£/M
Wh
)L
oa
d p
rofi
le(k
W)
Ba
tte
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era
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po
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ten
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om
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ch
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ls,
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ce
nte
rs
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pacts
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ne
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ys
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itiz
en
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ole
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wh
en
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