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PreviewStarting Points Map: Monarchs of Europe
Main Idea / Reading Focus
The King Becomes Emperor
Artistic Achievements
Spain under Philip II
The Power of Spain
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Reading FocusWhat challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V?
What were some artistic achievements of Spains golden age?
How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?
Main Idea Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s.The Power of Spain
Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right
Monarchs received power from God, must not be challenged
1500 through 1700s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe, lands beyond
In Spain, Charles struggled to keep empire under control
Imposing Their Will1516, teenaged Charles became King Charles I of Spain
Inexperienced, but had one kingly traitas member of ancient, powerful Hapsburg family, prepared to rule as absolute monarch
Absolute monarch, ruler whose power not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their representatives
Kingly TraitThe King Becomes Emperor
When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant
Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes
Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states
So vast the sun never set over it
Emperor Charles VRuling vast territories not easy task for Charles
Faced enemies on all sidesOttoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes
Also fought for religious control over Europe
Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic
Growing Protestant movement threatened influence
Enemies Everywhere
Charles V and the Empire
PeaceAgreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant
Charles vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality
Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy
Confrontation1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly
In spite of Charles efforts, Protestants gained influence
Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread
After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg
Success in AmericasCharles V more successful in Americas than in Europe During reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain
Among explorers King Charles supported
Hernn Corts, who conquered Aztec empire
Francisco de Coronado, who explored American Southwest region
Silver and gold flowed from American colonies
Brought Spain fabulous wealth
Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria
Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spains colonies
Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled
Imposing Their WillFrustrated by failures in Europe
1556, Charles V gave up thrones
Decided to divide large empire
Split between his brother and his son
Relinquished ThronesDividing the Empire
Draw Conclusions
In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful?
Answer(s): successfulexploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessfuldid not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems
From 1550 to 1650, Spanish golden age of artistic achievement
Became known as the Golden Century
One of most prominent painters, Greek Domenicos Theotocopoulos
Became known as El Greco; style famous for elongated figures
Much work religious, reflected Spains central role in Counter-Reformation
ArtAnother Spanish painter, Diego Velzquez
Created masterpieces portraying people of all social classes with great dignity
Velzquez had privilege of being the court painter
Court PainterArtistic Achievements
WritersSpanish golden age also produced fine writers
Greatest was Miguel de Cervantes
Colonial WritersWriters in Spains colonies produced works of merit
Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote poetry, prose, plays
CervantesMost famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha
About man caught between medieval, modern worlds
Church CriticismChurch officials criticized Sister Juana for some of her ideas
She believed women had right to education
Literature
Summarize
What were some achievements of Spains Golden Century?
Answer(s): paintings by El Greco and Velsquez, writings by Miguel de Cervantes and Juana Ines de la Cruz
Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II
One reasonstream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas
With wealth came powerbut gold could not solve Spains problems
King Philip II devout Catholic
Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation
Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism
Religion and Revolt
Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith
Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories
Catholicism in Territories
Philips faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces
1560s, bloody revolt began
Revolt in the Low CountriesSpain under Philip II
Dutch Revolt Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke of Alba
Alba set up court
Known locally as Court of Blood
Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels
Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew
Revolt dragged on for decades
1609, truce reached
Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands
Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands
English Aid to DutchDutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain, England
As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels
Englands assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip
Invasion PlannedKing Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church
Decided to invade England
Attacks on Spanish ShipsPhilip also worried about English attacks on his ships
Englands Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England
Spain and England
Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada
Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 soldiers, sailors
1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel
Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack
Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion
Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands
Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet
Naval BattlesEnglish aimed eight fire ships at remaining ships of Armada
Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray
As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked
Armada Not Invincible
Philips Armada
Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spains economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss.
But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated.
Spains real problems internal
Philips government centralized
He trusted no one
Court riddled by factions, suspicion
Government action practically came to standstill
Internal ProblemsAn Empire in DeclinePhilip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare
Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times
Prices driven up, inflation
Spain did not develop industries
Americans Join the Battle
Recall
What were two events that caused problems for Spain?
Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Monarchs of EuropeSection 1
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