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Human Development Theories
Chapter 5, Nugent & JonesIntroduction to the Profession of
CounselingCG 501
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Human Development
These theories influence and underliecounseling theory and practice
Connection to human development theory
helps distinguish counseling from remedialemphasis of psychiatrists, clinicalpsychologists
Emphasis on helping to resolve normalconflicts and maintain healthy personal,social and career development
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Pioneers in
Human Development Theory
Jean Piaget: theory of cognitivedevelopment, focused on childhood
Carl Jung: stages of life (emphasis
on importance of midlife and later) Charlotte Buehler: psychosocial
aspect of devel. through life cycle
Robert Havighurst: also psychosociallife stage model, coined termdevelopmental tasks
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More Recent Life-Span
Development Theories
Erik Erikson: 8 psychosocial stages, eachwith a developmental challenge
(see p. 100 in text)
Lawrence Kohlberg: stages of moraldevelopment; spawned dialogue acrossdisciplines
Adult Development Theories
Perry: college student development Levinson: seasons of a mans life
Gould: transformation via confront. of conflict
Butler: productive aging (anti-ageism)
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More Recent Life-Span
Development Theories, contd
Feminist Development Theories
Carol Gilligan: criticized Kohlbergstheory as based on male norms (he
later modified his theory in response);women view moral decisions from acaringperspective (not just justice)
Stone Center at Wellesley College(Jordan et al., Miller, Surrey, etc.): therelational self of females
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More Recent Life-Span
Development Theories, contd
Religious and Spiritual Development
Fowler: faith not a fixed religious belief,but an orientation giving purpose and
goal to life; 6 stages of faith (Kohlberg)
Worthington: importance of counselorsunderstanding of tie between religious
faith and development Moody & Carroll: 5 Stages of the Soul
(p. 114 in text)
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More Recent Life-Span
Development Theories, contd
Emotional Intelligence
Coleman built on Gardners (MI)cognitive concept of EI (5 stages)
1. Awareness of own emotions (needs met)
2. Managing emotions (preschoolers, recognizeand accept boundaries)
3. Becoming self-motivated (drive to persist)
4. Empathic developmentfeelings of othersrecognized and important
5. Social intelligenceplays well with others
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More Recent Life-Span
Development Theories, contd
Ivey: Developmental Counseling andTherapy
Combined first two stages from Piaget, then
added a new 4thpostformal stage:dialectic/systemic
emphasis in this dialetic/systemic stage onthe recognized importance of context
Realization that self-reflection andinteractions with family and culture providefor possibility of constant change/growth anddevelopment
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Trend: Toward an Integrated
Theory of Development Recent theorists focusing beyond narrow
time spans or concernstowardinclusiveness
Emphasis on psychological development in
contextstill peaking Constructivistsemphasis on selfs
tendency to make meaning out ofexperience
Social constructionistsself determined bysociocultural influences Theories to bridge the gap: Bruner,
Haste, Noam
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Theories to Bridge the Gap
1. Jerome Bruner
Supports social-cultural influences Humans find meaning thru
narrative understandingmode of
organizing
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Theories to Bridge the Gap,
(contd)
2. Helen Haste
Triadic relationship between:
a. Autonomous, self-organizing self
b. Interpersonal self
c. Self in relation to social-cultural milieu
Based on Vygotskys work Called Lay Social Theory
Addresses pluralistic moral position
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Theories to Bridge the Gap,
(contd)
Noamsimilar model to Hastes
Two structures of the self
1. themata: biographical structure,development as a life story
2. schemata: self-perspective arisingfrom interaction with others and
environmentStage theory as inadequate model
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