Cellular Energetics
Catabolic pathways
Fermentation: Partial degradation (O2) Cellular respiration: Full degradation (O2) Organic compounds + O2 CO2 + H2O +
energy (gasoline burning) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Enzyme facilitate the break down of organic fuels to CO2 in a SERIES of steps. Why not just one step?
Electrons (along with a proton) are stripped from glucose, but not directly to O2, instead they are transferred to…
NAD Conezyme derived from the vitamin niacin NADox vs NADre
Very little PE lost Energy can be tapped into when ATP needs to be made
How do electrons finally reach oxygen?
Substrate level phosphorylation
Enzymes transfer a phosphate group from the substrate to ADP
In oxidative phosphorylation inorganic phosphate is added to ADP
Glycolysis “splitting of sugar”
Location? cytosol Inputs? Glucose, ATP Outputs? ATP, NADH, H+ , Pyruvate Purpose? Energy
Fermentation
Sources of energy
Autotrophs (self-feed from CO2 and inorganic materials): plants, some algae, some bacteria Synonym: Producers
Photosynthesis (photoautotroph)
Chemosynthesis (chemoautotroph)
Chloroplast structure
Read through :birth of complex cells to get further detail about other plastids and organelles such as peroxisomes
Water: rootsveinsmesophyll cellsSugar: mesophyll cellsveinsrest of plantCO2, O2 stomata
Absorbing/reflecting light Problem: How do plants utilize
energy from light to produce carbohydrates?
Properties of light While traveling, acts as a
wave (properties depend on this wavelength)
When interacting with matter (like your clothes) acts as a particle
Photon: Discrete packet of light
Pigment structure/function
Pigment structure/function
When chlorophyll absorbs light, energy is transferred to electrons.
Plant pigments
Chlorophyll a: primary pigmentChlorophyll b: broadens range of wavelengths that can be usedCarotenoids: Also broadens range, absorbs, dissipates excessive energy, prevents interaction w/ O2EAT YOUR CARROTS, why?
Light dependent reactions
Role of chlorophyll: Capture energy from light
Role of an electron carrier: transport electrons which carry the energy initially from light (NADP+ + 2e- + H+ NADPH)
Photosynthesis overview NADP+ : Same function as NAD+ Photophosphorylation
How do photosystems work?
Only photons with energy equal to the atoms ground state excited stated is absorbed Redox Why does isolated chlorophyll
fluoresce?
Noncylic electron flow
Noncylic electron flow
Noncylic electron flow
Noncylic electron flow
Noncylic electron flow
Noncylic electron flow
Cyclin electron flow
Function: Regenerate ATP lost through Calvin Cycle (more ATP consumed than NADPH)
Electron transport chain
Location: _____Input: ______Output: ___Purpose: _____
Chemiosmosis comparison
Calvin Cycle
Purpose: _____ Location: ____ Input : ____ Output : ____
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