Cell Cell StructureStructure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFuEo2ccTPA&feature=youtu.be
Measuring Cell StructuresMeasuring Cell Structures
1. Measurement taken by scientists are 1. Measurement taken by scientists are expressed in Metric Units. The official expressed in Metric Units. The official name of the metric system is name of the metric system is International System of Measurements.International System of Measurements.
The metric system is based on powers The metric system is based on powers of 10.of 10.
fill in the metric chart.fill in the metric chart.Unit Prefix Metric equivalent Real life equivalent
Kilometer (km) Kilo- 1,000 m About 2/3 of a mile
Meter (m) ------- 1 m (SI base Unit) A little more than a yard
Centimeter (cm) Centi- 0.01 m About half the diameter of a penny
Millimeter (mm) Milli- 0.001 m About the width of a pencil tip
Micrometer (um) Micro- 0.000001 m About the length of a bacterial cell
Nanometer (nm) Nano- 0.000000001 m About the length of a water molecule
Types of MicroscopesTypes of Microscopes
1. 1. Compound Light MicroscopeCompound Light MicroscopeThe most powerful Light microscopes can The most powerful Light microscopes can
magnify up to magnify up to 2000X2000X..
2. 2. Electron MicroscopeElectron MicroscopeElectron microscopes can magnify up to Electron microscopes can magnify up to
200,000X200,000X.. Transmission Electron Microscopes Transmission Electron Microscopes
(TEM)(TEM) reveal internal detailsreveal internal details..
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) shows 3-D images of surface.shows 3-D images of surface.
Eyepiece
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Stage Clip
Stage
Course Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Base
Objectives
Light
Diaphragm
Eyepiece – lens closest to the viewers Eyepiece – lens closest to the viewers eyeeye
Body Tube – directs light from the Body Tube – directs light from the objective to the eye objective to the eye
Revolving nosepiece – hold the Revolving nosepiece – hold the objectives objectives
Arm – holds the base of the microscope Arm – holds the base of the microscope with the objectives and eyepiecewith the objectives and eyepiece
Stage Clips – hold the slide in place Stage Clips – hold the slide in place Stage – supports the slide Stage – supports the slide
Course Adjustment – used to bring an object Course Adjustment – used to bring an object into focus under LOW powerinto focus under LOW power
Fine Adjustment – used to fine tune the focus Fine Adjustment – used to fine tune the focus under LOW and HIGH power under LOW and HIGH power
Base – holds the light source, connects to the Base – holds the light source, connects to the arm to hold the other parts of the microscope arm to hold the other parts of the microscope together together
Objective – more magnification of the Objective – more magnification of the objective objective
Light source – light source Light source – light source Diaphragm – controls the amount of light that Diaphragm – controls the amount of light that
travels through the specimentravels through the specimen
Levels of Organization Levels of Organization
OrganismOrganism
Organ System Organ System
Organ Organ
TissueTissue
Cells Cells
Atoms (Chemical) Atoms (Chemical)
I. Looking at CellsI. Looking at Cells A. Scientists only became aware of A. Scientists only became aware of cellscells
after the invention of the after the invention of the microscope.microscope. 1. 1. 16651665:Robert Hooke observed cork cells :Robert Hooke observed cork cells
and called them “little boxes”.and called them “little boxes”. 16751675:Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a :Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope and observed pond water. He microscope and observed pond water. He discovered many living creatures.discovered many living creatures.
Cell TheoryCell Theory A. Whose observations helped form the A. Whose observations helped form the
CELL THEORY?CELL THEORY? 1838- 1838- Mattias SchleidenMattias Schleiden concluded that concluded that
cells make up every part of the cells make up every part of the Plant.Plant. 1839- 1839- Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann concluded that concluded that
animalsanimals are made up of cells. are made up of cells. 1858- 1858- Rudolph VirchowRudolph Virchow determined that determined that
cells only come from other cells only come from other cellscells..
3 parts of the Cell Theory3 parts of the Cell Theory
1. All living things are made up of one or 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.3. All cells arise from existing cells.
CELL SIZECELL SIZE
Small Small cells function more efficiently cells function more efficiently than large cells.than large cells.
How many cells are our bodies made up of? How many cells are our bodies made up of?
100 trillion100 trillion The advantage of cells being smaller is thatThe advantage of cells being smaller is that substances that enter or leave a cell substances that enter or leave a cell
must cross that cell’s surface; if the cell must cross that cell’s surface; if the cell is small they can exchange substances is small they can exchange substances more readily than large ones. more readily than large ones.
Relationship between Surface area and Relationship between Surface area and
VolumeVolume
Common Features of CellsCommon Features of Cells Cell MembraneCell Membrane-- outer boundary of cellouter boundary of cell Function- Function- regulates what enters and leaves regulates what enters and leaves
the cellthe cell Made up of- Made up of- phospholipids and proteinsphospholipids and proteins
Cytoplasm- Cytoplasm- fills the cell; cell parts are fills the cell; cell parts are suspended in thissuspended in this
Function- same as aboveFunction- same as above Made up of-Made up of- water and salts water and salts
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton- - a system of microscopic a system of microscopic fibersfibers
Function- Function- provides framework, shape and provides framework, shape and supportsupport
Made up of- Made up of- protein fibersprotein fibers
RibosomesRibosomes-- proteins are made hereproteins are made here
DNADNA- found in the nucleus- found in the nucleus Function- Function- provides instructions for making provides instructions for making
proteins, regulates cell activitiesproteins, regulates cell activities Made up of- Made up of- nucleotidesnucleotides
ProkaryotesProkaryotes Smallest and simplest cells.Smallest and simplest cells. Prokaryote- is a single-celled organism that Prokaryote- is a single-celled organism that
LACKS a nucleus and other compartmentsLACKS a nucleus and other compartments They were the only They were the only organismsorganisms on Earth for on Earth for 2 2
billion yearsbillion years. They are very . They are very simplesimple and and smallsmall. The familiar prokaryotes that cause . The familiar prokaryotes that cause infection and cause food to spoil are infection and cause food to spoil are commonly called commonly called BacteriaBacteria..
Characteristics of Characteristics of ProkaryotesProkaryotes They can live everywhere.They can live everywhere.
They can cause infection in humans and grow They can cause infection in humans and grow and divide very rapidly.and divide very rapidly.
Some do not need oxygen to survive.Some do not need oxygen to survive. Some can make their own food.Some can make their own food. Prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm, cell wall, Prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm, cell wall,
ribosomes, cell membrane & DNA (circular). ribosomes, cell membrane & DNA (circular). Some have flagella for movement.Some have flagella for movement.
Some prokaryotic cell walls are surrounded by a Some prokaryotic cell walls are surrounded by a capsule that enables the cell to cling to almost capsule that enables the cell to cling to almost anything.anything.
..
Flagellum
Capsule
DNA
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Ribsomes
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells A eukaryote is an organism whose A eukaryote is an organism whose
cells have a nucleus.cells have a nucleus. OrganelleOrganelle-parts of the cell that -parts of the cell that
carry out specific activities carry out specific activities
NucleusNucleus-internal compartment that -internal compartment that holds DNA holds DNA
Function- controls cells activitiesFunction- controls cells activities
CiliaCilia-short hair-like structures-short hair-like structures Function-used for movementFunction-used for movement
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton- provides interior framework- provides interior framework Function- support and shape of the cellFunction- support and shape of the cell Made up of- protein fibers: microfilaments, Made up of- protein fibers: microfilaments,
microtubules, intermediate fibersmicrotubules, intermediate fibers
CellCell MembraneMembrane Cell Membrane- selective Cell Membrane- selective
permeability (barrier)permeability (barrier) Made up of- phospholipids and Made up of- phospholipids and
proteinsproteins Draw a picture below of the Cell Draw a picture below of the Cell
Membrane- Phospholipid and a Membrane- Phospholipid and a Lipid bilayer:Lipid bilayer:
Membrane ProteinsMembrane Proteins
Serve many roles including: as markers; Serve many roles including: as markers; as receptors to recognize and bind to as receptors to recognize and bind to substances; as enzymes; as transport substances; as enzymes; as transport proteins to move substances across the proteins to move substances across the membranemembrane
Cell OrganellesCell Organelles The NucleusThe Nucleus
– Contains Hereditary information- DNA & RNAContains Hereditary information- DNA & RNA– RNA- made in nucleus; used to make proteinsRNA- made in nucleus; used to make proteins– DNA- wound tightly into chromosomesDNA- wound tightly into chromosomes– Humans have 46 chromosomes. Garden peas Humans have 46 chromosomes. Garden peas
have 14 chromosomes.have 14 chromosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum-system of Endoplasmic Reticulum-system of internal membranesinternal membranes
Function- moves proteins and other Function- moves proteins and other substances through the cell substances through the cell
Made up of- lipid bilayer & embedded proteinsMade up of- lipid bilayer & embedded proteins
Rough ER- contains ribosomesRough ER- contains ribosomes
Smooth ER- (lacks ribosomes)-makes lipids Smooth ER- (lacks ribosomes)-makes lipids and breaks down toxinsand breaks down toxins
C. Golgi Apparatus- flattened membrane- C. Golgi Apparatus- flattened membrane- bound sacbound sac
Function- package and distribution center Function- package and distribution center (UPS)(UPS)
Made up of- proteinsMade up of- proteins
D. Lysosomes- vesicles that bud off of D. Lysosomes- vesicles that bud off of Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Function-contains cell digestive enzymesFunction-contains cell digestive enzymes
They are present in plant cells just fewer than They are present in plant cells just fewer than are found in animal cells. are found in animal cells.
E. Mitochondria- “MIGHTY E. Mitochondria- “MIGHTY
MITOCHONDRIA”-site of cell metabolism MITOCHONDRIA”-site of cell metabolism
(more mitochondria=more energy)(more mitochondria=more energy)
Function-makes energy ATP for the cellFunction-makes energy ATP for the cell
Made up of- 2 membranes-inner is folded out Made up of- 2 membranes-inner is folded out and outside is smooth.and outside is smooth.
F. Centrosome and Centrioles F. Centrosome and Centrioles
Function- aid in cell division. Attaches to Function- aid in cell division. Attaches to DNA to help divide it between the two DNA to help divide it between the two cellscells
Made up of- microfilameMade up of- microfilaments, nts, microtubules, microtubules, protein protein
They are not found in plaThey are not found in plants cell nts cell
F. Structures of Plant Cells--------F. Structures of Plant Cells--------3 structures found only in PLANT 3 structures found only in PLANT
CELLS.CELLS. 1. 1. Cell Wall-Cell Wall- surrounds the cell membrane surrounds the cell membrane Function- support & maintains shape of the cell Function- support & maintains shape of the cell Made up of- proteins, carbohydrates->celluloseMade up of- proteins, carbohydrates->cellulose 2. 2. ChloroplastsChloroplasts-- found in plant cells as well as algae found in plant cells as well as algae
Function-use light energy to make Function-use light energy to make Carbohydrates ->glucose (sugar)Carbohydrates ->glucose (sugar) Made up of- 2 membranes; has own DNA Made up of- 2 membranes; has own DNA 3. 3. Central vacuole-Central vacuole- takes up most of a plant cell’s takes up most of a plant cell’s
volumevolume Function-stores water ,nutrients, wastes (when full cell Function-stores water ,nutrients, wastes (when full cell
wall is rigid)wall is rigid)
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