Cell Energy and Enzymes
Cell Metabolism Metabolism
The ________________occurring within a living cell
Necessary for maintaining life Uses_______________ Break down or build material the cell needs
chemical processes
enzymes
Cell Metabolism
Enzymes Are _____________ Required for every chemical reaction in an
organism Without, would not be able to maintain
_______________ They do not make the reaction happen that
couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make the reaction occur much _________
proteins
homeostasis
faster
Cell Metabolism
Function of Enzymes Serve as ____________ Work by lowering the ________________
energy required to get the reaction started
catalysts
activation energy-
Cell Metabolism
Characteristics of Enzymes Work best in a narrow _______________
range They are not changed or used up in the
reaction; can be __________________ again They are substrate-specific; Because of their
shape Substrate- is what the __________________ Substrate fits into a portion of the enzyme; where
they meet is the ______________
pH & temperature
used over & over
enzyme binds to
active site
Cell Energy
Energy is the _________________ We & other organism obtain energy from
food; called ________________ Plants & other organism obtain energy
from the sun; called ______________ Process called ________________,
______________________ The equation for photosynthesis: ____+ _____ + ______ → _________+____
ability to do work
heterotrophs
autotrophsphotosynthesis
occurs in the chloroplasts
CO2 H2O energyC6 H12 O6 O2
Cell Energy
A. Chemical Energy Stored in chemical
_________energy
When bonds are broken; converted to _______________ in the form of ______
Food molecules ________________ directly The amount of energy released would be
_________ and ________
bondsPotential
useable energy
ATPcannot be used
wasteful
destructive
Cell Energy
B. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate ___________ composed of:
_________ base- adenine ________ sugar- ribose ___ phosphate groups
NucleotideNitrogen5-carbon3
Cell Energy
• Energy is stored in ______________________ __________. • ATP works like a rechargeable battery. • Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by breaking off or adding a ___________ group
Energy ____________ when phosphate bond is broken & ATP is converted to ADP- adenosine diphosphate
ADP is like an “___________” battery Energy ___________when phosphate bond is added to ADP
making ATP ATP is “_____________” like a fully charged rechargeable
battery
phosphate – phosphatebonds
phosphatereleas
ed unchargedstored
recharged
Cell Energy
C. Cellular Respiration ___________ Energy Production
Cellular respiration Breakdown of _______ in presence of _______ To make ________ Occurs in _________ of ___________ cells Equation for cellular respiration
_______________________________________
Aerobic
glucose
oxygenATP
mitochondria
eukaryotic
C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
Cellular Respiration
2
2 34
+
Cell Energy
Steps in making ATP
1. Glycolysis ____molecule of ________is broken in half pyruvic acid is formed (________ molecule) occurs in the___________ produces ___ ATP’s Pyruvic acid enters ______________ for next
step in CR
one glucose 3
carboncytoplasm2
mitochondria
Cell Energy
2. Krebs Cycle• Pyruvic acid is broken down in a
series of reactions into __________• ____________ formed as waste
product• Produces ___ ATP’s
citric acidCarbon
dioxide2
Cell Energy
3. Electron Transport Chain ____________electrons from the Krebs Cycle are
converted to ATP ___________ must be present at the end of chain to
accept electron Forms _________ If oxygen is not present ETC______ ; Krebs ______
Produces on average 34 ATPs
TOTAL ATP GAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION = __________________________________
High energyOxygen
waterstops
stops
36 ATPper MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE
Electron Transport Chain
Cell Energy
D. Fermentation - ________ Energy Production
Occurs if _________________ available __________ still takes place ___ ATP’s are made for one glucose
Anaerobic
oxygen is notGlycolysis2
Cell Energy
2 types of Fermentation1. Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Human _________ Cells Occurs when muscles run out of __________ Muscle switches to fermentation Lactic acid builds up; causes ______________________ Will switch back to CR when _________ is re-
supplied Lactic acid is sent to ______ to be broken down
• Bacteria some bacteria during __________ conditions Utilized by dairy industry to produce _________
__________
Muscleoxygen
pain, soreness &fatigueoxygen
liver
anaerobic yogurt
&cheese
Cell Energy
2. Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in ________ during ___________ conditions Important in ___________________ industries
**TOTAL ATP GAIN IN FERMENTATION =
_________________________________**
Yeast
anaerobicbrewing &
baking
2 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE
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