Download - CCDA Arabic

8/21/2019 CCDA Arabic

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1 | P a g e

ربوث

ؽخ

ى١

ا

اب١خ

٠بد

ا

خ٠

ا

زجوا

جىبد

ا

ي

ؽ

غبي

بخ

بعؼ

ا

ى ب زح

اجوأ ؽ ؼعب

ػ و

عت ه

غبي

ا ا ٠ع

باد

ا

ى

زا

ب١زعا

١

عت

ثىبءح

١خ

ب

ارب

ب

.

٠ك

ى

لأ

ب

أ

١مب

ا

١خ

ا

بح

ا

ا

ا

ة

ا

ثاثخ

..

با

:

٠ؤي

ل؟دا

بث

بح

ا

ب١زبث

لذ

بح

ا

أ

ب١خ

ثبخ

ىث

١ىؤلي

بظ

عح

ا

ا

ا

أ

عأ

ر

ب

ىضح

أ٠ب

٠مخ

ا

ؽأ

ؤؽججذ

ع

ح

خ

١

اد

وض١ح

ز٠بد

جل

ع٠ح

بح

ى

أ

برب

خ

ثب

أ

CCDA..

خ

مخ

إ

أ

أ

أؽت

جء

ا

جل

ع

:ا

ة

ا

ثاثخ

ز

بى

ا

لف

ا

ص

ع

ا

و

بث

أ

اؿ

ا

ا

از

ا

ك

ا

)

ثأ

(ؾ

.

ؾج١ت

اءبأ

ؾزف

وف

ثا

٠

ا

اؿ

٠ى

ا

ز

ا

إاح

ىأ

وب

جاثخ

ا

7

ؽث

لأ

ثب

ضمخ

ا

خ

عأ

أ

ا

ع

بؤث

جبن

ؾجخ

ا

١ث

با

ثا

ا

ب

أ

.

***م

***

ــ

ا

بح

CCDAـ

بزا

Cisco Certified Design Associateب

وب

زر

ب

ؤث

اب

ى١

ا

جىبد

١ر

١خ

...

:بؾزا ل46-18

بجزا ح: 75ل١م

..

١ث

رزاػ

:خ

ا

55

إ

5ا

..

١خ

ا

بح

ام

ا

:

Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.2

ثا

ا

ا

٠بح

عبء

ا

زاح

:ـ ـ ـ

ا

٠ز

ا

CCDA١ى

ل

***٠مز

ا ***آ١خ

بى

ا

مزػ

ا

اى

ا

اأ

ى

لأـ

ا

بط

ز١خ

CCDAعا

ا

أؽس

ثاخ

ه

ىز

ب

أ

مزأ

ه

ىزت

ازث

غبي

ا

ثا

ث١خ

ا

ز٠بد

ا

ؽ١ح

ا

خ

بم

ا

http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le3/le2/le0/le4/learning_certification_type_home.html














2 | P a g e

اؽزا١خ

ب١

ا

جت

ا

ى١

غز

ثػ

ئث

ز١ك

ا

ث

ى

عبم

ا

ا

ى

ار

ز

ا

..

ج

ثػ

لؤ

:ة

ا

زأب

ا

خ

ا

ث

لؤ

خ

بم

ا

١

غء

جؾش

ا اخ

ا ؾ ىزخ١ث

ا خ

بث ػ

ا ى١ ج

ا ػ

ا ء

ا

خ

بث

خ

ا

ا

٠١خ

غ

١ث

ا

خ

بث

..

ثػ

لؤ

ز

ا

ح

ا

ث

ب

ا

ا

ى

أ

٢او

ي

ى

ب

بز

ا زر١ت

مب ١ج

:-

اا

Network Design Methodologies

جىخ

١ر

غ١بد

ابض

ا

Evaluating Organizational Policies and Producers

١١مر١١١

ز

ا

١غز

ا

١ببد

ا

ابض

ا

Examining Customer Requirements

ث

ا

جبد

ز

ؾ

اثا

ا

Characterizing the Existing Network

جىخ

ا

١١ر١

بؾ

ا

ب

ا

ا

Implementing the Design Methodologies

١ز

ا

غ١بد

رج١ك

اب

ا

Network Hierarchiesجىخ

رعبد

اثب

ا

Modular Network Designs

جىخ

١بر

ؽاد

http://edu.arabsgate.com/showthread.php?t=473150

























3 | P a g e

ابض

ا

Switching Design Considerationsازجباد

٠ؾر١ز

ا

بز

ا

ا

Campus Design Details

ؽ ١ر ١بربع

ب

ا

ا

Enterprise WAN Solutionsاخ ي جىخ

ؽمز زث بق

ا

ا بؾ

ا

IP addressing

ث ٢ا ( ذ

ز

ا ثروي خ

)

ا بضاRouting Protocols

١عز

ا

(باد

ا

ثرود

)

ا ش

بض

ا

Security

ــا

ا١ا ثااVoice

ــد

ا

***اع

ا

***

Cisco Press/CCDA Flash Card

CCDA Cisco Press Book

Testking updated exam






































4 | P a g e

ى١

ا

ث

اي

ا

ى

جأ

CCDA

***ا

ا

***Network Design Methodologies

١ر

غ١بد

خىج

اب

ب

بز

ز

ا

١١خ

ا

مبح

ا

جىبد

ب

١ر

: PDIOOـ

بزا

:

Planning:ب

ثب١عب١زؽا ٠٠ه ١ث ا ٠ب

١

ا

١خ ثبزبء

ا خ

اىج

ا

..

Design:جى

ا

١ربثىج

ا

١ضر

و١١خ

١خ

مز

ا

زبعبد

زا

اي

ج

ا

بز

..

Implementation: ع ح

ا أ

١ز

ا ؾ

١ز

ا ث ه

بو

ؾ١ؾخ

ا

٠مخ

بث

١ضر

ر

ئا

لا

اث

بن

أ

بب

بو

إا

أب

١

١ز

ا

إ ربف أ از٠ غت ١زاعح

١١ضز

بث ر ح

ا بزبث ب عت ب

١ضر

..

Operation:١ز

ا

بء

ج

ا

ج

١خ

ا

زو١ت

ات١وز

ا

١خ

إ

غز

١

ا

ؾ

ا

ىث

لا

ا

أ

..

Optimization:

١خ

بض

ا

إ

ي

ال

بعؼ

ا

زو١ت

ا

ث

ه

جىبد

ا

بء

ثزر

زؾ

ا

وب

ا

أ

ابء

ج

أ

جل

رؾ١ؾب

١ؾب

زث

مر

بز

بث

جىخ

ا

ؽصب

أأ

ب

إ

زر

..

اي

ا

:

What does the P stand for in the PDIOO life cycle?

(ؾ

ا

١

٠ي

ا

ب

P

ا

PDIOO)؟

غاة

ا

:

In the PDIOO life cycle, P stands for planning. D is design; I is

implementation; O is operation; and O is optimization.

Design Methodology



5 | P a g e

١ز

ا

غ١بد

اد

بص

بن

دبىج

ا

١ر

١١خ

ا

مبح

ا

زمخ

١وؤز

بث

ج

ا

ا

ضر

وح

ابمثب

:

- Identify Customer Requirements :١

ا

جبد

ز

٠ؾر

..

- Characterize the Existing Network:١

مز

ا بؽ١خ

ا ١خ

ؾ

ا جىخ ا

..

- Design the topology and Network Solutions:جى

ا

ي

ؽ

٠خ

١ر

..

- Plan the implementation:١ضز

١ز

ا

..

- Build a Pilot:م

ا

ب١

ا

بء

ث٠

ا

جل

مزؽخ

ا

١بز

ا

و

أ

ثب

ا

١ىت

ث

ا١خ

ى

زر

ف

ا

..

- Document the Design:١ز

ا

رص١ك

..

- Implement and Verify:١ز

ب

خ

ج

ا

١ضز

ا

..

-Monitor and Redesign:بإ

الجخ

از

ا١

..

اي

ا

(1):

Cisco recommends that a particular design methodology be used. This

methodology follows and is derived from PDIOO. What is the first of

the design methodology's eight steps?

(١

ر

ك

١ز

ا

غ١بد

اد

أ

١ىب

وخ

PDIOO)

(غاة

ا

8):

The first step in the design methodology is to identify the customer

requirements.

( اي

ا2):

Cisco recommends that you follow a specific design methodology when

designing a network. This methodology consists of eight steps.What is

the last step in this recommended design methodology?

(١

ر

ك

١ز

ا

غ١بد

اد

آ

١ىب

وخ

PDIOO)

(غاة

ا

2):

The last step in the design methodology is to monitor and potentiallyredesign portions of the network.



6 | P a g e

ROI: Return On Investment

بضزا

ب

ع

ا

ؼ

ا

اا

ظ

بء

إ

بز

CCVP١بد

مزث

ب

ا

ـ

ا

IP TelephonyVoice over IP ..

رج١ك

١ضر

١غ

ا

ب

ا

ثبغ٠ا

صا

ب

م

ا

زاك

ا

١ز

ا

ا

جىخ

ربعب١زؽا١ر

١خ

مز

١ع

بضزأ

بن

ب

ح

ا

٠ب

١جو

ى١

بز

بث

أصب

ب

ح

خ

ىر

أ؟ج

١ز

جىح

Top-Down Design Approach

ح

ا

ز٠١١مخ

اا

-ا

جىبد

ا

١ر

١خ

زخ

ا

ق

ا

إؽ

١

ا

اؽز١بعبد

بزبث

ه

بزبث دب١

مز

ا ١ر رؤر ص ب١عب١زؽا

..

١عز

ا ١خ

ر بم

بن صصخ

خم٠ا :



7 | P a g e

-Careful analysis of Customer Requirements:١ل

ا

١

ؾز

ا١

ا

جبد

ز

..

-Use an Open System Interconnection – OSI model as a guide:ازا

٠

OSI١

ا

و

..

-Gather additional Data about the Network:جى

ا

ؽي

إب١خ

بد

ب١ث

ع

..

ا

م٠

أ

Top-Down Design Approach

خ

بم

بث

أي

لزب

ؤر

ا ق

اــث ١زر بأ إ

:

- Involve meeting Customer Requirements :١

ا

اؽز١بعبد

ج

ر١جو

ىث

ع

..

- Provides Cclients a straightforward "Picture" of the network:٠ر

١ج

ا

اؾخ

ا

ح

ا

ء

اىج

خ

..

- Typically meets the client's current and future requirements:ثبمر

١خ

بؾ

ا

ث

ا

جبد

زخ١

جمز

ا

..

Bottom-Up Design Approach

ا٠مخ

ز١١خ

ا

ح

ا

-ا

ب

ت

بث

زر

٠مخ

ا

غ

ر

أ

١ه

٠غت

١

ل

لذ

ا

ى٠خ١

بزؽا

ثخ

١ز

ا

٠ز

اا

.

اي

ا

:

What is an advantage to the use of the top-down design approach?

(

بح

ا

اب

ز١١خ

ا

ح

ا

٠مخ

ازا

-ا؟

)

غاة

ا

:

the top-down approach to designing the network features several

potential advantages, including the following:

- Centers around meeting customer requirements

- Provides for an easy-to-comprehend "picture" of the network to

clients

- Typically meets the client's current and future requirements by

incorporating scalability



8 | P a g e

Decision Tables

ام

ا عاي

عاي جزر أ ز١رؾزبط

ا ارجببد ه

بح اما(Design

Engagements)

ع

بح

١باد

بن

ى٠

ب

بح

ز

١بر

بء

إ

جىخ

ا

بء

ث

زح

..

ؾبة

غاي

ا

رؾزبط

جىبد

ا

١ر

:

-Routing Protocol:ا

زع١باد

..

-Type of Security:١

ب

ا

بأ

أ

..-Physical Topologies:

ع١ب

ج

ا١ب٠١

ا

..

عاي

بء

ث

أب١خ

١خ

بز

ا

١بد

ز

اام

ا

:

-Decide where the use of decision tables is appropriate and required:

ما

ا

عاي

زر

٠أ

ام

ا

برا

ىث

..

-Gather all possible options:ؽ

خ

رؾذ

ىر

ز

ا

اؽزبد

و

ع١بز

ا

..

-Create a table of requirements and Options:

ؾ

ا

عي

بء

ث

اؽز١بعبد

..

اي

ا

(1):

What is the purpose of a decision table?

ف

ا

ماادعب

ا

(غاة

ا

8):

A decision table allows you to make a systematic decision when multiplepotential solutions exist for a given problem.

( اي

ا2):

Give a specific example of when a decision table might prove useful in a

design engagement.



9 | P a g e

(أ

١ا

ى٠

أ

مااد

ا

غي

٠ى

ؽ١ش

بض١ز

ا

..)

(غاة

ا

2):

You might use a decision table when deciding on the following:

- Routing protocol

- Type of security

- Physical topology

- WAN technology

- Switching technology

- Redundancy methods

***ز

ا٠بع

٠بؽ

ؾ

بزا

أ٠خ

اي

ا

***

ز



10 | P a g e

***بض

ا

ا

***

Evaluating Organizational Policies and Producers

١غز

ا ١ببد

ا ١١مر١١١

ز

ا

Network Organization Module

جىخ

١١خ

ز

ا

ؽح

ا

ؽح

أىج

ا

خ

ىر

جىخ

١١خ

ز

ا

ؽح

١١خ

ز

ا

١خ

ا

:

ا

بىز

ا

:أ

Vertical Inegration..

ىر

وخ

١خ

ا

ا

ا

١خ

ج

ىر

ؽح

ا

١

جز

٠

ى١

ب

بأ

ى٠ ط

ا ا و ه

ب

ا إ ثل

بزبث دب خ

١ زبع١خ

ا

و

غر

ب٠خ

ا

خ

١ى

ا

زن

ؽا

ف

ي

ا

عأ

بلبد

ا

أ ١ر خ

ى بر ب

ا ا ١اد

ا أ زبط

ا ١لر

.

ما بىزا ..Horizontal Integrationصب١ب:

١

ا

ب

ؽح

ا

حز

وبأ

خ

ز

ثغبد

اد

ل

ح

زؼ

٠ك

بوخ

ا

أاف

رؾم١ك

ع

بث

ر

خ

زو

ا

.

اي

ا

:

Why is a network organization model based on vertical integration

often less beneficial than a horizontal integration model?

غاة

ا

:

In an organizational model that is based on vertical integration, almost

all of the production comes from within the organization. Based upon

the horizontal integration model, modern internetworking leveragespartnerships with entities outside the organization. These partnerships

can dramatically increase competitive advantage.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration



11 | P a g e

ؽح

ا ب

٠

٢ا :أب

١ج

ا ب

ا

Ecosystem Model..

ــ

بزا

Ecological System

Ecosystem model calls upon horizontal integration wherever necessary

for the achievement of business objectives

بىز

ا ١جا ب

ا ١ث ص١ك

ا ثاز

ا

خ ري

غ

ا ما.

ث ب

زا ١خ

مز

ا ؾبد

ا أب رل٠ ؤي ب ب لخ ثبح ؽ١ش

غبد

زر

وض١ح

ؾبد

بن

أ

ألي

!!خ

١

أغبد

ب

ف

ا

أ

٠زا اب ثب

ا١ث ا ٠ب

١

ا ك٠٠

.

أ خ

ا ب٠خ جىخ ىاؤ

ا

... (Network Organization Architecture

Component)

جىخ

ا

ب٠خ

مر

network organizational architecture componentsإ

:

- Application. (١جر).

- Enabling Network Solutions. ( ١رىج

ا

ي

).

- Prerequisite Systems. (

ا

).- Network Infrastructure, including intelligent network services

(content networking, storage networking, VoIP). (١ جىخ ثب

زؾز١خ

ا ١خ

ج

ا

ا

ج

د

ا

م

٠ز

ا

أعح

ض

جىخ

ا

و١خ

ا

ي

ؾ

اىج

)

اي

ا

:

Name at least two of the network organizational architecture

components.

غاة

ا

:

The network organizational architectures components include:

- Applications

- Enabling Network Solutions

- Prerequisite systems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem



12 | P a g e

- Network infrastructure including intelligent network services (Content

Networking, Storage Networking, and Voice over IP)

Organizational Policies

١ببد

ا١١

ز

ا

ا

ا اف

ي

زر با دبب١

ابب١

ا أ :رؾم١مب

1- Common legal and regularity policies. (١١

ز

ا

١خ

ا

١ببد

ا

).

2- Organizationally specific policies. (١

زث ؾح

ا ١ببد

ا)

صر زا ؾح

ا ١ببد

ا

خ

ضا ىج

ا ١ر

١جو ىث

:

Vendor preferences, technology preferences, and employment policies( ٠ا ب١زاجب

ا خ

ا م١بد

ز

ا خ

بغ

ا ا ١ز

ا ١ببد

)

اي

ا

:

Name an organizationally-specific policy that could dramatically impact

network design decisions.

غاة

ا

:

Examples of organizationally-specific policies that could impact

network design decisions include vendor preferences, technologypreferences, and employment policies.



13 | P a g e

Organizational Procedures

١١خ

ز

ا

اعاءاد

جزربلأ

زؾ٠

ا

١

ز

ا

ى١

ا

١

ا

غ

ا

١١خ

ز

ا

خاعاءاد

ز

ز٠ك

ا

ض

-اؾ٠

أ

١ز

ا

٠غت

بز

بث

خ

ا

جخبثبد

بث

ثلخ

ا

ح

جز٠

خ

ز

ا

اااد

١ث

زمخ

ا

بد

١ث

..

ي

بر

أ

١ب

٠غت

جىخ

ا

٠أ٠ب

وخ

ا

أ

خ

ا

اف

:

1- Functionality. (١

ا

).

2- Scalability. (١ب١م

ا

).

3- Availability. (ز

ا

).

4- Performance. (اا

)

5- Manageability. (اا

).

6- Efficiency. (ىبء

ا

).

١ث

أب

اعت

ا

بم

ا

أ

أ

اعاءاد

بر

جىخ

١ر

بء

ث

بجزا

ث

خ

ا

اف

ي

١جو

ىث

بر٠

.

اي

ا

:

The network that a designer recommends should help the organization

achieve its business goals. This is accomplished by adhering to the

network's guidelines, such as scalability, manageability, and efficiency.

Name at least two additional guidelines.

غاة

ا

:

The network should contribute to all of the organizational goals by

adhering to the following:

- Functionality

- Scalability

- Availability

- Performance



14 | P a g e

- Manageability

- Efficiency

ز

***بض

ا

ا***

Examining Customer Requirements

١

ا

جبد

ز

ؾ

ا

ح

ا

:

Determine Organizational Goals

١١خ

ز

ا

ااف

٠ؾر

١خ

بض

ا

ح

ا

:

Examine all organizational constraint (Budget Personnel, Policies and

Scheduling)

١م

ا

بجزاغ

ا

١ببد

ا با خ١

ا١

١١خ

ز

ا

ضخ

بض

ا

ح

ا

:

Examine planned applications and Network Services (security, QoS

management and high availabilityض دبم١جز

ا جىخ ا بازجب بد

ا بد عح

ا بأ أ١

ب

ا اح

ح

اثا

ا

:

Determine Technical goals (improve performance, improve security,

improve reliability, decrease downtime, modernize technologies,

improve scalability and simplify management)

ااف

٠ؾرخىج

بث

ضمخ

ا

١ؾر

بد

ا

بأ

أ

١ؾر

ااء

١ؾر

ب

١خ

مز

ا

١جر

م١ب١خ

ا

جىخ

بث

ز

ا

١ؾر

١بد

مز

ا

٠ر

جىخ

ا

ل

١

مرحاإ

جىخ

ا

ح

اب

ا

:

Examine technical constraints (existing equipments, bandwidth

availability, application compatibility and personal qualifications)



15 | P a g e

زج١ك

ا

رام١خ

بق

ا

ر

١خ

بؾ

ا

اعح

١خ

مز

ا

١م

ا

بجزابا

د

اي

ا

:

What is an example of a question that should be asked regarding the

scope of a network design?

غاة

ا

:

Following are possible questions that should be asked during a scope

analysis:

- Is the design for a single network segment?

- Is the design for a single network module?- Is the design for a subset of the overall network?

- Is the design for the entire network?

- Is the design's purpose to add a single network function?

- Is the design's purpose to add entire network functionality?

اي

ا

:

Which of the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model layers deals

with the design of routing and addressing issues?

غاة

ا

:

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model's network layer designs

routing and addressing issues. The OSI model's application layer

includes the design of voice over IP, for example. Physical and data link

layer design decisions include fiber versus copper and ATM versus

Frame Relay, for example.

اي

ا

:After you determine the organizational goals during the design

engagement, what should you do next?

غاة

ا

:

After determining the organizational goals, you should determine the



16 | P a g e

organizational constraints.

اي

ا

:

After you determine the technical goals during the design engagement,

what should you do next?

غاة

ا

:

After determining the technical goals, you should determine the

technical constraints.

اي

ا

:Provide an example of a organizational goal that might be discovered

during the design engagement.

غاة

ا

:

The following are examples of organizational goals:

- Increase revenue

- Increase profits

- Shorten development cycles

- Increase competitiveness

- Add new customers

- Enhance productivity

- Improve customer service

- Improve customer satisfaction

- Improve the sharing of data inside and outside of the organization

اي

ا

:

Provide an example of an organizational constraint.

غاة

ا

:

The following are examples of organizational constraints:

- Budget



17 | P a g e

- Personnel

- Policies

- Scheduling

اي

ا

:

Provide an example of a planned application in a design engagement.

غاة

ا

:

Planned applications for an organization might include the following:

- E-mail

- Groupware

- Voice networking- WWW

- Video on Demand

- Database

اي

ا

:

Provide an example of a planned network service in a design

engagement.

غاة

ا

:

Planned network services might include:

- Security

- QoS (quality of service)

- Network Management

- High Availability (Service Level Offerings)

- IP Multicast

اي

ا

:Provide several examples of technical goals that an organization might

possess.

غاة

ا

:

Following are examples of technical goals that an organization might



18 | P a g e

possess:

- Simplify network management

- Improve scalability

- Replace legacy equipment

- Improve availability

- Increase security

- Improve performance

- Improve reliability

اي

ا

:

Provide an example of a technical constraint that might be discovered

during a design engagement.

غاة

ا

:The following are examples of technical constraints that might be

discovered:

- Legacy equipment

- Bandwidth availability

- Application compatibility

- Personnel Qualifications

ز



19 | P a g e

***اث

ا

ا

***

Characterizing the Existing Network

جىخ

ا

١١رخ١

بؾ

ا

ا

ؾز٠بد

:

General Steps to Characterizing Existing Networks

١١ر

بء

صأ

ثب

ا

اعت

ا

ضصخ

ا

اد

ا١

بؾ

ا

جىخ

ا

Network Auditing

جىخ

ا

ؽبثبد

اعخ

Network Auditing Recommendations

بخ ثاعخ

ا ز١بد

ابثبؽىج

ا

Manual Network Auditing Modules

ؽاد

١

ا

زل١ك

اىج

ا

Automated Network Auditing Modules

ؽاد

٢ا

زل١ك

اىج

ا

Network Traffic Analysis

جىخ

ا

بد

رك

١

ؾر

Summary Report

ـــــــ٠ــــمز

ا



20 | P a g e

اد

ا

ب

م٠

ا

١ا

بؾ

ا

جىخ

ا

ب١خ

٠ؾز

١بد

اخ

ه

ف

ا

ؽت

ز٠ب

١ب

و

ازي

مبخ

ا

جىخ

ا

بد

ى

١

ا

جبد

ز

..

ج١خ

ا

مخ

ا

ي

إدب

ى

١١ر

٠ؾر

١١خ

اد

صصخ

بن

أ

مي

جىخ

ا١

بؾ

ا

:

ح

اا

:

Collect input from network customersثد

بخ

ا

بد

ا

ع

Inputsبز

ا

ي

ه

١

ا

جىخ

:

Network Topology

جىخ

ا

ع١خ

ج

Network Services

جىبد

ا

Network Solutions and applications

جىخ

ا ي

ؽربم١جر

Expected Network Functionality

جخ

ا

زل١خ

ا

Identify Network Modules

ؽاد

١١رىج

ا

١خ

بض

ا

ح

ا

:

Perform Network Auditجىخ

ا

رل١ك

أاء

ضخ

بض

ا ح

ا

:

Perform Traffic Analysis

بد

ا

رك

١

ؾر

أاء



21 | P a g e

اي

ا

:

Name at least one step in which a designer should engage when

characterizing the existing customer network.

غاة

ا

:

Following are the three general steps a designer should engage in when

characterizing the existing network:

- Collect customer input- Perform a network audit

- Perform traffic analysis

Network Auditing

جىخ

ا

ؽبثبد

اعخ

ب

أأب

ب

ب١

ر

بد

رل١ك

بثمخ

ا

اد

ا

ر

ب

اعخ

رى

ف

بوأ

صصخ

ىر

جىخ

ا

ؽبثبد

اعخ

١خ

جمز

ا

خ

ؽ

ب

بز

ا

:

1- Hardware/Software Specifics

بز

ا جاابد

ا

2- Configurations

اعح

جىر١خ

ا

3- Usage Data

ازا

بازبي

ب١ج

ا

اي

ا

:

List four components a network designer should collect during the

network audit of an existing network.



22 | P a g e

غاة

ا

:

The network audit of the existing network might include the following

components:

- Detailed list of devices in the network

- Hardware specifications of devices in the network - Software specifications of devices in the network

- Device configurations

- Output from various auditing tools

- Expandability information for devices

- Utilization statistics for devices

Network Auditing Recommendations

ز١بد

اىج

ا

ؽبثبد

ثاعخ

بخ

ا

Leverage existing auditing tools

أاد رل١ك ازا ثبغ٠ا بابثبؾ

ا اعخ

Introduce additional tools as needed

ؽت

إب١خ

أاد

٠مرعبؾ

ا

Minor changes to the network might be necessary to collect the required

data; log these changes and reverse when complete

ثخ

ا

بد

ب١ج

ا

غ

٠خ

رى

ل

جىخ

ا

إ

٠خ

بض

ا

ز١١اد

ادا١١ز

ا

غر

خ

بو

ىر

ب

ىر

Automated auditing approaches should be employed in large networks

ىج١ا٢ااد

ا

جىبد

ا

زر

خ



23 | P a g e

Create summary reports based on detailed information

بد

ا

ثبزبء

٠مر

بء

ث١

١ز

ا

اي

ا

:

Name at least one network auditing recommendation.

غاة

ا

:

Network auditing recommendations include:

- Leverage existing auditing tools, if such tools exist.

- Introduce additional tools as needed.- Minor changes to the network might be necessary for collecting the

required data; when complete, log these changes and reverse.

- Automated auditing approaches should be employed in large

networks.

- Create summary reports based on detailed information.



24 | P a g e

Manual Network Auditing Modules

ؽاد

١

ا

زل١ك

اىج

ا

ب

١

ا

زل١ك

ا

١ز١بأ

١زم

بن

:

ا

مخ

ا

:

Monitoring Commands on devices:

اعح

ي

اا

١الجخ

بز

ا

:

اي

بغ

ا

: Routers (عب

ا

)

اا

:

Show tech-support

Show processes CPU

Show processes memory

بض

ا

بغ

ا

: Switches (ب

ا

)

اا

:

Show version

Show running-config

Show tech-support

ش

بض

ا

بغ

ا

: PIX (ب

ا

اغ

ا

)

اا

:

Show version

Write terminal



25 | P a g e

١خ

بض

ا

مخ

ا

:

Scripting tools to collect information in large networks

غ

ااد

ىج١وزبثخ

ا

جىبد

ا

بد

ا

Automated Network Auditing Modules

جىخ

ا

ؽاد

٢ا

زل١ك

ا

ي

صص

ثاظ

:

CiscoWorksCisco Secure Scanner

Third Party: HP Open View, Visio

اي

ا

:

You are interested in using a Cisco network-auditing tool that can

provide topology information and details about hardware and software

configurations in an automated fashion. What tool should you use?

غاة

ا

:

CiscoWorks provides dynamic topology information for Cisco devices

through use of the Campus Manager application. Campus Manager can

work in conjunction with Resource Manager Essentials, which provides

details about hardware and software configurations.

اي

ا

:

You are performing a manual network audit of an existing customer

network. What command should you use on a Cisco router to determine

the exact version of IOS that is in place and the hardware modules thatare installed?

غاة

ا

:

You should use the show version command to determine the exact

version of software and the network modules in use. The show version



26 | P a g e

command also provides the amount of uptime for the device.

اي

ا

:

ou are performing a manual network audit of an existing customer

network. What command should you use on a Cisco router to determine

the extent of CPU utilization?

غاة

ا

:

You should use the show processes cpu command to gain valuable

information about device CPU utilization. To increase the effectiveness

of this command, consider examining the output over a period of

samples. Also, to view non-zero processes, use show processes cpu |exclude 0.0.



27 | P a g e

Network Traffic Analysis

جىخ

ا

بد

رك

١

ؾر

بؾ

صصخ

ي

:

Cisco IOS Manual Analysis

ض

:

NBAR

NetFlow

Cisco Analysis Products

ض

:

Flow Collector

Network Analyzer

Third Party

ض

:

Sniffer

Network Monitor

EtherPeek

اي

ا

:You are engaged in a manual analysis of network traffic in an existing

customer network. You would like to rely on IOS-based tools and,

specifically, you would like to display statistics for all interfaces that are

broken down by protocol and an average 30-second bit rate. What tool

should you use?



28 | P a g e

غاة

ا

:

Thanks to the NBAR Protocol Discovery feature, the Cisco IOS NBAR

tool provides such statistics.

Summary Report

زمـــ٠ـــ

اــ

ع

زظ

ب

خ

زؾ٠١

بؾ

ا

جىخ

بث

بخ

ا

بد

ا

رل١ك

..

زؾ٠

أ

زب٠غت

ا

:

1- Describe the required software features

ث

ا

جاظ

ا

١اد

2- Describes Possible Problems

خ

زؾ

ا

(ؽصب

زلخ

ا

وب

)

3- Identify actions necessary for modifying networks

اخ

اد

ا

١رىج

ا

٠ز

4- Influence the customer regarding the requirements and changes

جبد

ز

ا

ث

١

ا

ثبغ٠ا

١صؤز

اىج

بث

بخ

ا

ز١اد

ا

اي

ا

:

Based on a characterization of the existing customer network, name at

least two components that should be included in the summary report.

غاة

ا

:

The summary report document should summarize the results of

characterizing the existing network. It should do the following:



29 | P a g e

- Describe the required software features

- Describe possible problems

- Identify actions needed to modify the network

- Influence the customer in terms of requirements and changes

ز١ك

بث ١غ

رب١

ر ءب إ با إ

ز

***ب

ا

ا

***

Implementing the Design Methodologies غ١بد

ز١رج١ك

ا

ا

ؾز٠بد

:

Introduction

مخ

ا

Pilot versus Prototype

ط

ثبم

ب١

Documenting the Design

ز١رص١ك

ا

Network Hierarchies

١خ

ى١

أ

جىرعبد

ا

مخ

ا

:

ج

ا

زى

مخ

ا

ا

رص١ك

١خ

جىخا٠خ

ا

١مر

١خ

ص

جىخ

ا

اأ

إ

Phasesا

ب

و

خ

ى

و

ز١بد

ا

بجزا

١ث

ا

ث .١مز

ا زص١ك

ا ١خ

ج

:



30 | P a g e

ز١بد

ا ر ثأ recommendationsاب ١خ

٠خب

ا

ا

جىخ

ا

بء

ث

:

If there are multiple complex implementation steps, implement each

separately (advantages include easier rollback and troubleshooting

reduction)

رؾزبط

مح

اد

ا

ع

عت

بز

بث

١١

بو

١

ؾر

إىث

ب

١ض

ب

ؽ

١

اؽح

ى

خ

ب

ؽ

ر

ح

ز

ا

وب

ا

١

مر

ا

ا

خ

ز

رج١مب

اؽح

If there are not multiple complex steps, proceed with implementation as

an entirety

ب

١ضر

ز٠

اؽح

خ

ب

أ

غر

ث١خ

ا

ذ

بو

بإا

اي

ا

:

Why is it beneficial to implement each step of the design separately if

the steps are complex?

غاة

ا

:

It is beneficial to implement each complex step of the design separately

for two main reasons:

- To reduce troubleshooting in the event of failures

- To reduce the time to roll-back in the result of failure

زج١ك

ا

١ضز

ا

Implementationأا

ببث

ىز٠

Phases

ىز٠

و

اد

Stepsو

ب

ا

زؾر

أ

٠غت

ح

:

Description

ا

Reference to appropriate Design Documents

١ز

ا

زص١ك

ع



31 | P a g e

Detailed Implementation Guidelines

خ

ا

زج١ك

ا

١بد

ر

Detailed Rollback Guidelines

خ

ا

ع١خ

ا

١بد

ر

Estimated Time for Required Implementation

١

ز

ة

ا

ا

٠مر

اي

ا

:

A network design implementation should consist of several phases, each

of which should consist of separate steps. Name at least two components

that each step should contain.

غاة

ا

:

Each step should contain the following elements:

- Description

- Reference to appropriate design documents

- Detailed implementation guidelines

- Detailed roll-back guidelines

- Estimated time required for implementation

Pilot versus Prototype

ط

ثبم

ب١

ب

و

١ع

ا

٠

ف

ا١

ر

١خ

ا

جل

١

ا

بأ

١ضز

ز٠

ث

أب٠أ

١ب

ىح

وئصجبد

ز٠

Pilot Network

Tests and verifies the design before the network is lunched

ق

ا

١ل

١ز

ا

خ

ث

ؾ

ا

Prototype Network

Test and verifies a redesign in an isolated network before applying it to

the existing network

ي

ا

١ز

ا

إصجبد

ؾم١جر

جل

مبخ

ا

جىخ

ا

ىث١



32 | P a g e

اي

ا

:

You are interested in proving your design concept to the customer of

your design engagement. You are planning on testing and verifying the

redesign in an isolated network at your facility. What is this type of

proof of concept called?

غاة

ا

:

When you test and verify a redesign in an isolated network, you areengaging in what is called a prototype network.

A pilot network tests and verifies the design before it is launched.

Documenting the Design

١ز

ا

رص١ك

رص١ك بب

ث

اثا

اؽزا١خ

لخ

ه

١ز

ا

ؽا

أ

أ

١ز

ا

ب

رص١ك

أ٠خ

١

بأ

ىث

ب

ا

ع

عت

بز

بث١ز

:

Introduction

مخ

ا

Design Requirements

جبد

ز١ز

ا

Existing Network Infrastructure

جىخ

زؾز١خ

ا

١خ

ج

ا١

بؾ

ا

Design

١ز

ا

Proof of Conceptازبث

ه

(ىح

ا

بثم١١إصجبد

ا

١ع

ا

ؽأ

)

Implementation Plan

١ضر

ا

Appendices

ؾك

ع

:ؽك

ا



33 | P a g e

اي

ا

:

Name at least four components you should include in the final design

document.

غاة

ا

:

The final design document should include the following components:

- Introduction

- Design Requirements

- Existing Network Infrastructure

- Design

Network Hierarchies

أ

جىرعبد

ا

١خ

ى١

ؾ

جىخ

ا

١خ

ى١

خ

ز

ا

زم١اد

ا

ع

ب

٠مز

ى١

عبخ

ل

ح

خ

ز

ابد

١خ

ج

ىح

زج١ك

ر

ا

ا

١جو

ىث

١ر

بز

ا

ى

ا

١

رط

:

Access Layer:

ي

ا :جمخ

زرب٠زؾ

إ

ي

ا

إ

١ز

ا

٠ز

ب

ا

بأ

أ

:ض

جىبد

ا

Security ب

AuthenticationL2 Switching بجر

ه

ازا١خ

١خ

ؾ

ا

جىبد

ا

VLANL3 Switchingث

ث

زر

Remotely

Distribution Layer:

ز٠جمخ

ا

:

بثمخ

ا

جمخ

ا

ذ

بو

ز

ا

جىخ

ا

)ب

(ثب

إ

ي

١ز

١رؼ

ؽخ

Core Layer:

١١خ

ا :اجمخ

ت

ث

ا

م

ام

١

ؾر

١خ

ع

١خ

ب

ثبد

ززر

أ٠ب

جىخ

ا

اأ

١بد

بد

ا



34 | P a g e

ز

***ب

ا

ا

***

Network Hierarchies

جىخرعبد

مخ

ا

ربئث

لؤ

ى

ب

ا

ا

ا

ا

ػ

رخ

ا

جث

م

ا

ا

وزبة

خ

ا

CCDA/CCDP Flash Cardجث

ب

ا

Network Hierarchies

جىخ

ا

١خ

ى١

أ

رعبد

ع

ب

٠مز

ى١

عبخ

ؾ

جىخ

ا

١خ

ى١

خ

ز

ا

زم١اد

ر

ا

ا

١جو

ىث

١ر

ل

ح

خ

ز

ابد

١خ

ج

ىح

زج١ك

بز

ا

ى

ا

١

رط

:



35 | P a g e

جىح

ا

رط

ضصخ

ا

جمبد

٠ز

ا

١خ

١جر

Access Layer:

جمخ

ا

:

أ : ض دبىج

ا ؾز٠بد إ ي

ا إ ١ز

ا ٠ز زرب

ا بأSecurity

ب

AuthenticationL2 Switching

بجر

١خ ازا١خ

ؾ

ا جىبد

اVLANL3 Switchingث ث

زرRemotely

ي

ا جمخ ــح

ا ١خ

مر ع اؼ

IPT



36 | P a g e

Distribution Layer:

ز٠ج

ا

مخ

:

بثمخ

ا

جمخ

ا

ذ

بو

ز

ا

جىخ

ا

)ب

(ثب

إ

ي

١ز

١رؼ

ؽخ

Error!

جمخ

رؼ

ح

خ

ا

ب

آ

ػ

ر

وب

٠ز

ا١زمج

ا

ث

Core Layer:

١١خ

ا :اجمخ

أ٠ب

جىخ

ا

اأ

١بد

ت

ث

ا

م

ام

١

ؾر

١خ

ع

١خ

ب

ثبد

ززر

بد

ا



37 | P a g e

١خ

اب١خ بد

بث جىخ ا ٠زث زخ

ا ١١خ

ا جمخ

ر١ب ٠ؾزبطح

جبد

ز

٠زاك

ب

ب١خ

ز

لخ

إ١

ا

اي

ا

:

What are the three layers of the Cisco hierarchical network model?

غاة

ا

This Cisco hierarchical network model consists of three layers, which

include the following:

- Access layer

- Distribution layer

- Core layer

اي

ا

Which layer of the Cisco hierarchical network model features speed asits biggest focus?

غاة

ا

The core layer is most concerned with speed. In fact, security and other

such measures are typically not employed in this layer to ensure that

packets move as quickly as possible.



38 | P a g e

اي

ا

Which layer of the Cisco hierarchical network model is most likely to

feature Quality of Service controls?

غاا

The distribution layer most often features QoS measures. This ensures

that certain types of traffic take precedence over other types of traffic.

اي

ا

Redundancy is most important at which layer of the Cisco hierarchical

network model?

غاة

ا

Redundancy is critical at the core layer of the Cisco hierarchical

network model. This ensures that failures do not have a major impact

on network connectivity. While this is the correct certification response,remember that redundancy can be critical at all layers of the model-

especially the distribution layer.

اي

ا

At which layer of the Cisco hierarchical network model are you most

likely to find authentication to take place?

غاة

ا

The access layer frequently features authentication to ensure that

network users are actually permitted to use the network. While this is

the optimal certification response, understand that authentication also

takes place in the distribution layer, especially in the case of VPNs.

اي

ا


feature Layer 2 switching?

غاة

ا

The access layer of the Cisco network hierarchal model most often

features Layer 2 switching. These are low-cost switches that provide full

duplex network access to clients.

اي

ا


feature Layer 3 switching?



39 | P a g e

غاة

ا

The distribution layer of the Cisco hierarchical network model often

features Layer 3 switching. This permits packets to be routed to other

areas of the network or beyond

.

ز



40 | P a g e

***بث

ا

ا

***

Modular Network Designs

١بر داؽخىج

ا ؾز٠بد

:

Introduction

مخ

ا

Classification for Enterprise Composite Network Module

جىخ

١

رو

Sub-Classification for Enterprise Composite Network Module

١

رز

آ

و

ا

١

Introduction

مخ

ا

ا

زؾ٠

أ

رؼ

ؽ

وب

جىبد

ا

١ر

خ

بث

أ١خ

ا

خ

أ

ثب

ؤث

خ

بى

زؾر

أ٠ب

ب

أ

غ٠

ح

ا

عح

ا

ظ

و

ز١ذ

اخ

ا

٠زؾزبعب

ز

ا

لذ

ا

خ

ا

اؾخ

ا

بث

جىخ

بء

ج

ازؾ

ا

١خ

ا

Classification for Enterprise Composite Network Module

وت

جىخ

١

ر

Error!



41 | P a g e

١

ز

ر١ؾ١خ

وح

جىخ

بلأ

صصخ

ىز٠

١

ز

ا

ا

١١خ

Enterprise Campus

ل

ا

وؤث

ا

ي

ا

١ز

ل

ىث

ب

ج

Enterprise Edge

ؾبخ

ا

ا

ف

ا

ز٠

١وؾز

ا

١ز

ا

ذ

ز

ا

:جىخ

ا

بأ

أ

أ

بؽ١خ

ال

Mobile

Usersث ١ز

ا

Remote Users

Service Provider Edge

ا ؽبخ ف

ا بق

ا

اخ

جىخ

ا

از

ز

WAN



42 | P a g e

1-Management Module

2-Building Access Module

3-Building Distribution Module

4-Campus Backbone Module

5-Server Farm Module

6-Edge Distribution Module

Enterprise Campus Table

غي

ا8ب

ال

ا ث

1-E-commerce Module

2-Internet Connectivity Module

3-Remote Access/VPN Module

4-Campus Backbone Module

5-WAN ModuleEnterprise Edge Table

غي

ا

2ث

ب

ابؾ

ا

ا

ف

ا

1-ISP Module

2-Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Module

3-Frame Relay/ATM/PPP Module

Service Provider Edge Table

غي

ا

3

ا

ؽبخ

ا

ثف

ب

ا

اي

ا

What are the Enterprise Composite Network Model's three main

functional areas?

غاة

ا

The three main functional areas of the Enterprise Composite Network

Model are:

- Enterprise Campus

- Enterprise Edge- Service Provider Edge

اي

ا

What are the four major modules that make up the Enterprise Campus



43 | P a g e

major functional area of the Enterprise Composite Network model?

غاة

ا

The Enterprise Campus major functional area consists of the following

modules:

- Campus Infrastructure

- Network Management

- Server Farm

- Edge Distribution

Sub-Classification for Enterprise Composite Network Module

ب

آ

و

ا

١

ز

١

ر

إ

ع

بثيغ

ا

8

ىز٠

ل

أ

غ

Campus Infrastructureا

ىز٠

ث

Campus Network

Building Distribution

Building Access

ر

وب

ىج

رط

ؽ

Network Management Module

زؾ٠

ج

ا

Incursion Detection

System Logging

TAC ACS+/RADIUS Authentication

Network Monitoring

Server Farm

زؾ٠

ج

ا

ا

E-mail

DATABASE

DNS

١أ

Edge Distribution

اي

ا

What are the three submodules of the Campus Infrastructure module of



44 | P a g e

the Enterprise Composite Network Model?

غاة

ا

The Enterprise Composite Network Model's Campus Infrastructure

module consists of the following three submodules:

- Building Access

- Building Distribution

- Campus Backbone

اي

ا

The Network Management module is a module of the Enterprise

Campus major functional area. Name at least three functions that this

module performs.

غاة

ا

The Network Management module can perform the following functions

for an organization:

- Intrusion detection

- System logging

- Authentication

- Network monitoring

- Configuration management

- Terminal services (remote control)

اي

ا

Name at least three examples of servers that might be found in the

Enterprise Campus major functional area's Server Farm module.

غاة

ا

Many types of servers can exist in the Server Farm module of the

Enterprise Campus major functional area. Some of these servers

include:

- E-mail- Application

- File and Print

- DNS (Domain Name System)

- Database

- IP Telephony



45 | P a g e

ـ

جخ

بث

أب

Enterprise Edge

عي

اؼ

ىب

2

ىز٠

E-commerce Module

زؾر

ز

ا

Web Server

Application Server

Database Server

Firewall

Internet Connectivity Module

ىزر

SMTP

DNS

FTP

HTTP

Remote Access/VPN Module

ىزر

VPN Connection

Dailin concentrator

VPN Concentrator

Firewalls

Layer 2 Switches

WAN Module

ىزر

زؾم١ك

ض

ا

٠مخ

ا

اخ

ا

جىبد

ا

ث

ا

١خ

آ



46 | P a g e

أب

جخ

بث

Service Provider Edge Table

عي

اؼ

ىب

3ىز٠

ISP Module

ىجر١خ

ا

جىخ

ا

إ

١ز

بث

بخ

ا

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Module

جىخ

ي

ؽ

خ

ارب

ا

ISDN

ANALOG

WIRLESS TELEPHONY

Frame Relay/ATM/PPP Module

١ز

ا

اخ

ا

جىبد

ا

ث

ا

خ

ا

١خ

بض

ا

جمخ

ا

ثبد

اي

ا

What is the purpose of the Enterprise Campus major functional area's

Edge Distribution module?

غاة

ا

The Edge Distribution module of the Enterprise Campus major

functional area aggregates the connectivity from the Enterprise Edge

and routes the traffic into the Campus Backbone submodule.

اي

ا

What are the four modules that comprise the Enterprise Edge

functional area of the Enterprise Composite Network module?

غاة

ا

The four modules that comprise the Enterprise Edge functional area of

the Enterprise Composite Network module are

- E-commerce

- Internet Connectivity

- Remote Access and VPN

- WAN



47 | P a g e

اي

ا

What are the three modules that are commonly found in the Service

Provider Edge functional area?

غاة

ا

Three modules that are commonly found in the Service Provider Edge

functional area are

- Internet service provider

- PSTN (public switched telephone network)

- Frame Relay/ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

ز



48 | P a g e

***بض

ا

ا

***

Switching Design Considerations

٠ؾر١ز

ا إزجباد

Introduction

مخ

ا

Shared versus Switched

جىخ

ا

ث

ق

Network Application Comparison Criteria

ؾعخ

ا

خ

بم

ا

جىخ

ا

رج١مبد

L2 and L3 Design Considerations

١خ

بض

ا

جمخ

ا

١ر

ؤح

ا

ضازجباد

بض

ا

Spanning Tree Protocol

جىخ

ا

١ازاثروي

ؾ

اخ

Introduction

مخ

ا

زر

١بد

مز

ب

ر

٠

و١ىز

ا

ب

لؤز

ا

٠غت

ؽم١١مخ

مج٠

ا

١

ا

ع

بز

بث

ب

اش٠ؾ

ا

ا

جبد

ز

بت

ز٠

ثب

اد

ا

٠ر

أثا

اب

عت

ا

اد

بث

ا

)ب

ؽ

١بد

مز

ا

(٠خ

اجوؤث

لز٠

ز

ا

بف

ا

ب٠خ

ى

ل

ا

١

ا

اد

بث

اح

و

ر١ن

ز

ا

بد

ا

١

ا

ق

جىبد

ا

١ر

اربب

اعت

ا

ا

٠زؾس

١

ا

ب

بب

ث

خ

ز

ا

ز٠

ث

جىخ

ؽ

ؽا

١ر

بن

١

أ

اخ

ج١خ

ب

وض١ح

جىخ

ا

غؽ

١

ا

١ب

ا

ز٠

ز

ا

بد

ا

ؤح

ا١

:Geography

ل

ا

Applications

زج١مبد

ا

Physical Cabling



49 | P a g e

زخ

ا

ثب١ى

ا

Data Link Layer (Shared or Switched)

ث

١بجمخ

ا

Type of Traffic Forwarding

١خ ر

٠ب

ا

اي

ا

Name at least three major campus design decisions that are typical for a

design engagement.

غاة

ا

You must meet several major decision areas when designing scalable

and efficient campus networks. These design considerations might

include the following:

- Geography- Applications

- Transmission media

- Switched or shared

- L2 or L3 switching

اي

ا

Which is more expensive to install and implement as a physical layer

transmission medium: copper or fiber?

غاة

ا

Fiber is more expensive to implement than copper. This is primarily

because strict optical cable coupling requirements must be met.

اي

ا

What is long reach Ethernet, and upon what physical medium does it

rely?



50 | P a g e

غاة

ا

ong Reach Ethernet (LRE) relies upon copper media. As its name

implies, it permits longer distances than traditional Ethernet.

Specifically, it permits runs of up to 1.5 km. It is typically used as a

distribution technology for broadband building access.

Shared versus Switched

جىخ

ا

ث

ق

م٠

بخ

ا

١اد

Switched

Shared

:

Higher Bandwidth Support

١خ

ب

ا

بد

ا

بلبد

ا

Larger Network Diameter Possible

ز٠

خ

ا

جىبد

Additional Layer2 and Layer 3 Services

ضخ

بض

ا

١خ

بض

ا

١زمج

بد

إبخ

High Availability

ا١

ب

ا

ز٠خ

اي

ا

If you should opt for a switched design (as opposed to a shared design)

in your campus network, you achieve the benefit of larger networkdiameters. Why?



51 | P a g e

غاة

ا

Larger network diameters are possible with switched designs because

no collision detection algorithm is necessary.

Network Application Comparison Criteria

ؾعخ

ا

خ

بم

ا

جىخ

ا

رج١مبد

بن

جىخ

ا

١

ؾر

بجزا

جث

أب

عت

بم

Connectivity Type

١خ

ث

ا

Required Throughput

١ز

ا

بق

ا

High Availability

١خ

ب

ا

ز٠خ

ا

Total Network Cost

جىخ

ا

خ

ىر١

ى

ا

L2 and L3 Design Considerations

ؤح

ا

ضازجباد

بض

ا

١خ

بض

ا

جمخ

ا

١ر

What Network Services are required?

بخث

ا

جىبد

ا

بد

What size are the network segments?

١خ

غؽ

جىخ

ا



52 | P a g e

What level of availability is required?

ز٠خ

ا

ز

ا

Spanning Tree Protocol

جىخ

ا ١ثروي

ؾ

اخ١ازا

ىز٠

جىخ

بث

بؾ

ا

ج

ا

١

مر

ي

ا

جروي

ا

ا

ا

اخ

غخ

:

PortFast

BPDU Guard

BPDU Filtering

UplinkFast

BackboneFast

STP Loop Guard

BPDU Skew DetectionUnidirectional Link Detection

Rapid Spanning Tree

Multiple STP

اي

ا

You are interested in performing load sharing in your campus network

design. You are specifically interested in engaging in IP load sharing

between specific ports based on IP addresses. Should you engage in

Layer 2 or Layer 3 switching?

غاة

ا

L3 switching permits load sharing based on IP addresses. Any ports can

be used to implement this sharing behavior. L2 switching permits

limited load sharing based on VLANs across uplink ports only.

اي

ا

You are considering recommending the use of PortFast in a campus

network design. Where is this Spanning Tree protocol enhancement

typically implemented? Why?غاة

ا

PortFast allows for a much faster transition from the blocking state to

the forwarding state for a switch port. Because PortFast should be used

to connect end systems to the network, it is typically implemented in the

campus network's wiring closet (the access layer).



53 | P a g e

اي

ا

You are recommending the use of UplinkFast in a campus network

design. Where is this Spanning Tree protocol enhancement typically

implemented?

غاة

ا

UplinkFast is a wiring closet switch (access layer) technology that

permits the quick failover to an alternate uplink when a direct link

failure is detected.

اي

ا

Where would you implement BackboneFast in a campus design?

غاة

ا

BackboneFast allows for a faster convergence following the failure of a

remote link in the topology. BackboneFast must be implemented on allswitches in the campus.

ز



54 | P a g e

***بز

ا

ا

***

Campus Design Details

ؽ

١ر

١بربع

80/20 Rule

جىخ

ا

زي

ا

٠مخ

ا

20/80 Rule

جىخ

ا

زي

١خ

بض

ا

٠مخ

ا

MultiCast

ب

ا

ب١

بد

ا

Quality of Service

بد

ا

عح

Access Layer Considerations

ي

ا جمخ ازجباد

Distribution Layer Considerations

٠ز

ا

جمخ

ازجباد

Core Layer Considerations

١١خ

ا

جمخ

ا

ازجباد

Single L2 VLAN Core Design

جىخ

ا١١

ا

جمخ

ا

ازا١خ

١خ

ؾ

ا

Split L2 Core Design

١١خ

ا

جمخ

ا

١ر

١خ

بض

ا

جمخ

ا



55 | P a g e

L3 Core Design

١١خ

ا

جمخ

ا

ضخ

بض

ا

جمخ

ا

١ر

Dual Path L3 Core Design

ضخ

بض

ا

جمخ

ا

باد

ا

ح

Server Farm Module

جمخ (اا)

Edge Distribution Module

ؽبخ

جمخ

(٠ز

ا

)

Questions and Answers

خ

اثعا

80/20 Rule

جىخ

ا

زي

ا

٠مخ

ا

ىر

بز

بث

١خ

ؾ

ا

جىخ

ا

ا

جىخ

ا

ب

ا

ا

رى

٠مخ

ا

١

زا

Utilizations

ج

ا

بخ

ا

١

بصب

٠ى

لبىج

ا

20/80 Rule

جىخ

ا

زي

١خ

بض

ا

٠مخ

ا

٠مخ

ا

ىا

MultiCast

بد

ا

بد

ا

ب١

جبح

ا

ح

ا

اؾخ

وب

٠ز

١

جمز

ا

ؽا

ب١

ىز٠

بز

بثؤغ

خ

ى

ا

ا

ؾ

جىخ

ا

اإ

:

CGMP: Cisco Group Management Protocol

IGMP Snooping



56 | P a g e

١ح

آ ر

Multicast

Quality of Serviceبد

ا عح

ب١م

م

١خ

ب

ب١م

ز٠

عح

ا

غح

ا

صر

ز

ا

بد

ا

ا

ظ

بر :

Dely

١ؤز

ا

Variable Delay, Jitter

١ؤز

ا١ز

ا

Packet Drop

م

ا

Bandwidth

بق

ا

Access Layer Considerations

ي

ا

جمخ

ازجباد

١ر خ جم ازجباد

ا

:

Number of Ports Requiredثخ

ا

ا

Physical Layer Cabling

ثب١ى

ا

جمخ

Performance Required

١خ

ب

ا

Redundancy Required

بااز٠خ

ا

Speeds Required

بد

ا



57 | P a g e

VLANs and STP Configuration

ازا١خ

١خ

ؾ

ا

جىبد

ا

Additional Features :QoS, Multicast

ا٠ب إب١خ

Distribution Layer Considerations

٠ز

ا جمخ ازجباد

١ر

خ

ازجباد

مج

ا

:

L2 and L3 Switching

١خ

بض

ا

١خ

بض

ا

١زمج

ا٠ز

ا


١خ

ب

ا

Number of Ports Required

ث

ا

ا

Redundancy Required

ز٠خ

ااب

ا

Additional Features :QoS, Multicast

إب١ا٠ب

Manageability Required

جىخ

ا

إاح

Core Layer Considerations١١خ

ا

جمخ

ا

ازجباد

١ر

خ

ازجباد

مج

ا

:

L2 and L3 Switching

١خ

بض

ا

١خ

بض

ا

١زمج

ا٠ز

ا



58 | P a g e


١خ

ب

ا

Number of Ports Required

ثخ

ا

ا

Redundancy Required

ز٠خ

ااب

ا

Single L2 VLAN Core Design

ازا١خ

١خ

ؾ

ا

جىخ

ا

١١ظ

ا

جمخ

ا

١اد

ا

Simple to design and implementRequires single subnet

No STP convergence issues

١ة

ا

(١بد

ا

)

No Broadcast/Multicast control

L3 peering issues in the distribution layer

Split L2 Core Design

جمخ

ا ١ر اضب١خ اجمخ ١١

ا

١ح

ا

Two equal cost paths across the backbone for fast convergence and load

sharing

١خ

ا

No Broadcast/Multicast control

L3 Core Design

جمخ

ا

ضخ

بض

ا

جمخ

ا

١ر١١

ا

١اد

ا

Reduced L3 Peering

ظ

٠١ج

ا ١

مز

ا

Flexible without STP loops

با

خ

١

اىج

ا

د



59 | P a g e

Broadcast/Multicast controls

جىخ

ا

ثء

اث

ىؾز

ا

Scalable

م١ب١خ

ا

Intelligent Network Services Present

و١خ

ا

جىخ

ا

بد

Dual Path L3 Core Design

ضخ

بض

ا

جمخ

ا

باد

ا

ح

ا٠ب

ا

Two equal cost paths to every network destination

باا

ا

خ

ىر

بز

Quick recovery from link failures

بض

ا

ثا

ا

ز١خ

ا

Double link capacity

١١ب

ص

١٠ب

Server Farm Module

(ا

ا

جمخ

)

بجزا

١ث

أب

عت

بم

ا

:

Access control must be in place to secure access

ج١ب

ا ما

ل ر أ عت ثب بخ

ا بد

Connectivity

ث

ا

Edge Distribution Module

جمخ

(٠ز

ا

ؽبخ

)

بجزا

١ث

أب

عت

بم

ا

:

Unauthorized access

IP spoofing

Network reconnaissance

Packet sinffers



60 | P a g e

Questions and Answers

خ

ااثع

اي

ا

You are going to engage in a detailed design of the campus network for

a business client. In which campus modules would performance be the

biggest concern?

غاة

ا

Performance is the greatest concern in the Server Farm module or the

Backbone (Core) module.

اي

ا

You are going to engage in a detailed design of the campus network for

a business client. In which module of the campus would scalability bethe biggest concern?

غاة

ا

Scalability is a large concern for the Access module of the campus

network. This module must be able to easily grow to support additional

users who might require network connectivity.

اي

ا

What is the 80/20 rule of network traffic patterns?

غاة

ا

The 80/20 rule of network traffic flows states that 80% of the traffic

remains within the local workgroup. Only 20% is destined for remote

systems. This is now considered a legacy design because modern

networks feature much more remote resources. The modern traffic

pattern follows a 20/80 rule.

اي

ا

What is the technology described by the following statement:

This is a Cisco proprietary solution implemented in some Cisco switches

that permits the switch to learn multicast receiver registrationinformation from Cisco routers.

غاة

ا

This is a description of the Cisco Group Management Protocol

(CGMP).



61 | P a g e

اي

ا

You are interested in controlling traffic flows in your Enterprise WAN,

which consists of Frame Relay connections between several campus

segments. You want to drop or lower the priority of a frame that resides

outside of a traffic profile that you define. Is this a description of traffic

shaping or traffic policing?

غاة

ا

Traffic policing drops or lowers the priority of frames that fall outside

the policy that you define. You should contrast this with traffic shaping

that controls transmission rates through the buffering of traffic

اي

ا

Name at least two major considerations a network designer should have

when designing the access layer of a campus network.

غاة

ا

The designer should have the following considerations:

- Number of ports required

- Physical layer cabling

- Performance required

- Redundancy required

- Speeds required

- VLANs and STP configuration

- Additional features (QoS, multicast, etc.)

اي

ا


when designing a campus network's distribution layer.

غاة

ا

The following considerations should be the focus of the distribution

layer module:





- Additional features



62 | P a g e

- Manageability required

اي

ا


when designing a campus network's core layer.

غاة

ا

The following considerations should be the focus of the core layer

module:





اي

ا

Name at least two options for connecting servers to the network in a

server farm campus module design.

غاة

ا

Servers can connect to the network in several ways, include the

following:

- Single NIC

- Dual NIC

- Server load-balancing switch

اي

ا

Name at least two types of attacks a designer should consider when

designing the Edge Distribution module.

غاة

ا

Designers must be aware of the following types of attacks:

- Unauthorized access

- IP spoofing

- Network reconnaissance- Packet sniffers

اي

ا

Name a disadvantage found with the Single L2 VLAN (virtual LAN)

Core Design.



63 | P a g e

غاة

ا

Disadvantages to the single L2 VLAN core design include the following:

- No broadcast/multicast controls

- L3 peering issues in the distribution layer

اي

ا

Name at least one advantage of the dual-path L3 core design.

غاة

ا

Advantages to this design model include the following:

- Two equal-cost paths to every network destination

- Quick recovery from link failures

- Double link capacity

ز

***

ب

ا

ا

***

Enterprise WAN Solutions

جىخ

ي

ؽقب

ا

اخ

ا

Introduction

مخ

ا

Traditional WAN Technologies

ىى١خ

ا اخ

ا جىبد

ا

Emerging Technologies

جى

ا٠غ

ا

زح

ا

اخ

ا

بد

Application Drivers for WAN selection

جىبد

ا

ب١زا

صر

ز

ا

ا

اا

ا

Windows Size

بح

ا غؽ

Queuing Services



64 | P a g e

بثبد

ا

(

ا

)

WAN Backup Technologies

جىبد

ا

م١خ

ر

ب١زؽا

ا

Introduction

ام

ؽ

ا

ث١ؽ

ا

جأ

ف

١

بث

ىربلأ

أ

ربوث

ؽخ

ى١

ا

ب

ا

بث

بق

ا

اخ

ا

جىبد

ا

ي

ؽ

١ب

٠زؾس

ز

ا

ح

ا١ضز

ا

١خ

م٠خ

ا

ق

ا

صح

ا

ا

بث

ؾ٠ضخ

ا

ق

ا

إخ

ا

بح

ا

غؽ

إ

اخ

ا

جىبد

ا

ب١ز

ب

بجمزا

بد

ا

م

اخ

ا

جىبد

ا

اؽز١ببد

ثب

ا

بد

زؾس

ت

أ

ؤث

ابح

غ٠

ب

بز

بث

١جو

ىث

خ

١

بخ

ىر

ح

ا

١ا

ه

اؤي

ه

ب١زا

بز

ا

ف

بو

ىث

بح

ا

.

Traditional WAN Technologies

ىى١خ

ا

اخ

ا

جىبد

ا

بز

ا

ى

ا

ر

:

Leased Line

عح

ا

ا

Circuit Switching

١ب

جىبضبي

ISDN



65 | P a g e

جىبد

ـضبي

ا

ISDN

Packet Switching

ضبي

:Frame Relay

ر١ؾ١خ جىبح

Frame Relay

Cell Switched

ضبي

: ATM



66 | P a g e

ر١ؾ١خ

جىبح

ث

١خ

ATM

Emerging Technologies

زح

ا

اخ

ا

جىبد

ا٠غ

ا

بز

ا

ى

ا

ر

:

DSL

ل١خ

ا

ا

Long Reach Ethernet

اث

بد

ب١ج

ا

م

زر

بد

خ

رب

ا

خ

١و

٠ر

بغزر خ

ز

١ى

ا85غ١



67 | P a g e

بد

ازبث

١ز

ر١ؾ١خ

ح

LRE

زخ

ا ـاعح

ا ١خ

مر LRE

Cable

ج٠خ

ا

١بف

ا

ثب١و

:١ب

خ

ضأ

ضر

ى١ح

ث

١

Wireless

خ

بو

خ

بم

ب

أ

ل

:ى١خ

ا

جىبد

ا

ا

ا

ر١ؾ١خ

ى١ح

ا

جىبد



68 | P a g e

Application Drivers for WAN selection

ز

ا

ا

ارا

ا

جىبد

ا

ب١زا

ا

أ

أ٠خ

ب١زا

بر١ؼ

جزر

١ب

بزبث

از١بب

٠غت

خ

ا

جىبد

ا

:

Response Time

جىبلذ

ا

أاء

أ

بو

ب

و

٠ب

بو

ب

و

ازغبثخ

ا

Throughput

ز

ا

عخ

بق

ا

جبح

Client

Packet Loss

ا

ل

ب

و

ث

ى

بجب

ر

:بد

ب١ج

ا

ىج

ا

ازما٠خ

وبءح

ا

ب

و

Reliability

رام١خ

١ج٠

جىخ

ب١م

خ

ى

ا

ا

اعاء

جىخ

ا

Windows Sizeغؽب

ا

جىبد

ا

ع

ؼ

- مااربد

٠

ر١جى

ا

خ

ا

ى١خ

ا

ي

جل

ا

acknowledgment

Queuing Services

ثب

ا

(

ا

بد

)

٠مخ

FIFO: First Input First Output

بز

بث

بخ

Hardware

جاظ

ا

ث

أب

Softwareأؽ

ا

:

WFQ

White Fair Queuing

PQ

Priority Queuing

CQ

Custom Queuing

WAN Backup Technologies

جىبد

ا

م١خ

ر

ب١زؽا

ا

بن

ى١

ر

أ

لذ

خ

ا

جىخ

ا

ؽبي

زر

ق

ا

ب

آ

ب

ض

:

Dial Backup Routing

Permanent Secondary WAN Link

Shadow PVC



69 | P a g e

Dial Backup

Internet

اثعا

اي

ا

ISDN falls into which category of traditional WAN technologies?

غاة

ا

ISDN and asynchronous ****** dial-up connections are perfect

examples of circuit-switched traditional WAN technologies.

اي

ا

Which emerging WAN technology offers high-speed data transfers for

the Small Office Home Office (SOHO) WAN site using traditional

telephone copper lines?

غاة

ا

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) permits high-speed transfers for SOHO

WAN sites. Typically, upload speeds do not equal download speeds,

however. This is true for the most common form of small business,

residential installations of a technology called ADSL (Asynchronous

DSL).

اي

ا

Describe the concept known as jitter.

غاة

ا

Jitter is variable delay that the network experiences. This can be very

damaging for clear voice transmissions. Voice calls are quite intolerant

of variations in the delay within the network.

اي

ا

Which WAN technology is noted for transmission speeds of 15 Mbps?

غاة

ا

Long Reach Ethernet dramatically expands the maximum cable runs

that can be used for transmissions and features a transmission speed of15 Mbps.

اي

ا

Which queuing mechanism supported on Cisco routers features 16

interface output queues and guarantees some level of service to all



70 | P a g e

traffic?

غاة

ا

Custom queuing uses 16 interface output queues. This method of

software queuing provides some level of service to all traffic and is

therefore often considered better than priority queuing, which can

starve some types of traffic.

اي

ا

Name at least two issues that occur when a full mesh Frame Relay

topology is chosen.

غاة

ا

Full mesh Frame Relay topologies do have advantages, but they also

have disadvantages, including the following:

- The large number of virtual circuits can be quite expensive

- Several packets might have to be replicated in the topology

- Configurations can be quite complex

اي

ا

Describe a shadow PVC (permanent virtual circuit) as it is used for

WAN backup.

غاة

ا

A shadow PVC is a secondary permanent virtual circuit that is

implemented from the provider to backup a primary WAN connection.

Typically, there is no charge for this second PVC. Often, a charge for

the second link is levied should usage exceed a certain threshold.

اي

ا

What is the main difference between ADSL (asymmetrical digitalsubscriber line) and SDSL?

غاة

ا

ADSL often features dramatic differences in transmission speeds

upstream and downstream. SDSL features identical speeds upstream

and downstream.



71 | P a g e

اي

ا

Name two of the three different typical wireless implementations.

غاة

ا

Typical implementations of wireless technologies include the following:

- Broadband fixed wireless

- Mobile wireless

- Wireless LAN

اي

ا

What are the two main methods of tunneling private networks over the

public Internet?

غ

اا

The two main methods are:

- IPSec

- GRE

اي

ا

Describe multiprotocol label switching (MPLS).

غاة

ا

With MPLS, packets are labeled for quick and efficient forwarding

through an MPLS network.

ز



72 | P a g e

***

ؾب

ا

ا

***

IP addressing

ث

٢ا

(ذ

ز

ا

ثروي

خ

)

Class Addresses

خ

ا

١

بر

خ

ر

ه

ى١

بزا

ؽت

بف

أ

خ

إ

جروي

ا

:

Class A: First Octet starts with 0:0 to 127

Class B: First Octet starts with 10:128 to 191

Class C: First Octet starts with 110:192 to 223

Class D: First Octet starts with 1110:224 to 239

Class E: First Octet starts with 1111:240 to 255



73 | P a g e

١

ز

ر١ؾ١خ ب٠ح

ا

Define Subnet

عء إ عء Hostجبح ٠Networkؾي

١خ

١جر

بح

ب

ا

٠ر

Host-Network

Design Subnet



74 | P a g e

خ

ا

ز٠

:

How large is the network

بخ

جىخ

ا

How many locations does the network have?

لا

ا

What are the IP addressing requirements in the locations?

١خ ثب

ا خ

ا ١خ

Private IPV4 Addresses

بخ

ا

جىبد

ا

ازا

١ز

ؾغح

٠ب

ا

Public Network:

10.0.0.0/8

172.16.0.0/12

192.168.0.0/16

Network Addressee Translation -NATث

ب

١خ

مر

ب

ا

١خ

ؾ

ا

جىبد

ا

Privateز

ا

ض

بخ

ا

جىبد

ا

Publicب

اب

ا

بأ

أ

ب

جى

ا

Security

ــ

ا

جأ

١جر

ل١م١خ

ح

NAT

Route Summarization

ز٠ب

١عز

ا

عاي

بء

ث

١ز

١ى١

ىث جىخ

ا

ع

ا

عبد

ا

ز

ا

١بد

ا

١

مز

ب

بح

اع

ا

ثب

م٠رءبو

رر

بز

بث

Efficiency andperformance

Error!



75 | P a g e

غاي

زع١ح

ا

Fixed Length Subnet Mask-FLSM

١عز

ا ثرود ا

أ جث خب Routing Protocolى٠ أ اىح

Subnetأ

ز١ح

١ذ

اؽح

١برصبثذ

Variable Length Subnet Mask-VLSMبزر

١عز

ا

ثرود

أ

ؽ١ش

بثمخ

ا

٠مخ

ا

أ

Subnetخ

ز

عاي

ازا

رر

عبد

ا

وبءح

٠ر

بز

بث

خ

زا١ع

ث٠مخ

١عز

Classful versus Classless Routing Protocol



76 | P a g e

Classful Routing Protocol

ــ

ا

Subnetر

ز

ا١

ضبي

١عز

ا

ثرود

رؾ٠ضبد

FLSM

Classless Routing Protocol

ــ

ا Subnetضبي ١عز

ا ثرود رؾ٠ضبد ر زا١

VLSM

ىزبة

بح

ا

خ

ا

ذ

ز

ا

ا

٠ػ

Internet Protocol Version 6-IPV6

ذ

ز

ا ثروي غ٠ح

ا غخ

ا أ١ اد

128-bit addresses size from 32-bit

خ

ا

غؽ

٠بح

32

إ

ثذ

821ؽ

ا

ثذ

ىز٠ ااابغ

إ

8ث

No need for NAT

أ ا١

ا

Site Multi-homing

أ

رى

لذ

ا

ا

ضوأ

ؾ٠ــ

اخ

ا

اعح

بز

ا

١ز٠

IPV4

and IPV6

Fixed header size for more efficient processingضبثزخ

ا

بد

ا

أ

ؽ١ش

ب٠خ

خ

أ٠ب

ىر

١بد

ا

أ

عخ

ا

أ

ا

٠٠

ب

صبثزخ

بى

بثءبى

ا

Improve Privacy and Security

بأ

أ

١خ

ا

ب٠بح

ا



77 | P a g e

New Capabilities for labeling traffic for QoS

ع٠ح

ا

ا

ثغح

بخ

Increased Mobility Features

ؽ٠خ

ا

ى٠١بح

ا

جىبد

ا

ــ

بخ

ا

ؾوخ

ا

IP Header

ا

أز

ا

ضبثزخ

ا

بد

ا

زؾ٠

Version

Traffic Class

Flow Label

Payload LengthNext Header

Hop Limit

Source Addressee

Destination Addressee

IPV6 Types

ذ

ز

ا

ا

١ضر

١زر

خ

ز

ا

أ

-

اب

ا

Unicast

Anycast

Multicast

Link Local Addressee

Site Local Addressee

Global Aggregatable Addressee

IPV6 Routing Protocol

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)

RIPng

OSPFv3IS-IS

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

BGP4+



78 | P a g e

خ

اثعا

اي

ا

Provide an example of a flat address that is used in modern computernetworking.

غاة

ا

A Media Access Control (MAC) address is an example of a flat address

that is used in modern computer networks. MAC addresses are used for

Layer 2 addressing in Ethernet networks. These address uniquely

identify a system on the network.

اي

ا

What is the meaning of the following statement:IP addresses are hierarchical.

غاة

ا

This means that IP addresses are composed of multiple parts, each

having a specific meaning. IP addresses are composed of a network

portion and a host portion.

اي

ا

How many bits does an IP address contain, and how is it typically

presented?

غاة

ا

An IP address consists of 32 bits. It is typically presented in dotted

decimal form. For example: 10.24.65.128.

اي

ا

The following IP address and subnet mask are used on a workstation in

a subnet of the network.

IP Address: 172.16.2.100

Subnet Mast: 255.255.255.240

How many total host addresses are available in the subnet?غاة

ا

Given the subnet mask of 255.255.255.240, 28 bits are used for the

network identification. This leaves four bits for host addressing. 2 raised

to the 4th power is 16, minus 2 equals 14. Therefore, there are 14 total

available host addresses in the subnet.



79 | P a g e

اي

ا

What is the range of possible values in the first octet for a Class B IP

address?غاة

ا

128-191

Class A: first octet starts with 0; 0 to 127

Class B: first octet starts with 10; 128-191

Class C: first octet starts with 110; 192-233

Class D: first octet starts with 1110; 224-239

Class E: first octet starts with 1111; 240-255

اي

اList at least two questions that should be asked before designing a

network's IP addressing.

غاة

ا

It is important to ask all of the following questions:

- How large is the network?

- How many locations exist?

- What are the IP addressing requirements for locations?

- What class and how many networks can be obtained from the public

number authority?

اي

ا

Name at least two private address ranges.

غاة

ا

The private IP address ranges are:

- 10.0.0.0/8

- 172.16.0.0/12

- 192.168.0.0/16

اي

ا

What technology allows multiple internal addresses to be converted at a

router into addresses that are usable on the public Internet?

غاة

ا



80 | P a g e

Network Address Translation allows internal network addresses to be

translated into global Internet addresses. Port address translation

allows multiple internal addresses to be mapped to a single external

address.

اي

ا

A popular characterization of dynamic routing protocols examines

whether a routing update contains subnet mask information. What is

this characterization called, and which type of routing includes the

subnet mask information?

غاة

ا

The characterization is classless versus classful. Classless routing

protocols include the subnet mask information in routing updates.

These protocols are considered second generation and can use VLSM.

اي

ا

How many bits does an IPv6 address contain, and how is it typically

presented?

غاة

ا

An IPv6 IP address contains 128 bits. They are typically presented as

hexadecimal numbers separated by colons.

اي

ا

What is the meaning of two colons (:in an IPv6 address?

غاة

ا

Two colons can be used to represent successive hexadecimal fields of

zeros. This can be done once within an IP address.

اي

ا

What field is used in an IPv6 header to facilitate special handling, such

as QoS (quality of service)?

غاة

ا

The Flow Label field is used to label packets for special handling.

اي

ا

What IPv6 address scope type allows for a station to send data to the

nearest interface with the configured address type?

غاة

ا

The new anycast address scope permits this behavior. It can be



81 | P a g e

considered one to nearest behavior.

اي

ا

Name at least two transition strategies for IPv6.

غاة

ا

Following are the three major mechanisms that should assist with the

deployment and transition to IPv6:

- Dual Stack: System runs both IPv4 and IPv6.

- Tunneling: Encapsulates IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets, and vice

versa.

- Translation: One protocol is translated into another to facilitate

communications.

ز



82 | P a g e

ض

ا

ا

******

ب

مخ

ى١

ا

أ

ع

ا

٠

ز

ا

عت

هثا٠خ

ح

ا

ظ

ي

ا

أ

جز٠

ا

ا

بؽ١خ

ا

زج١م١خ

ا

ز١١عز

ا

باد

ثرود

ثببة

٠زؾس

١خ

ا

١ث

ز

ا

ق

ا

ب

ؽا

و

ازا

٠أ

.

ا

Static versus Dynamic

Distance Vector versus Link state

Interior versus Exterior

Hierarchal versus Flat

Static versus Dynamic

وبا

ضبثذ

ا

١عز

ا

ازا

وبأ

أ

١

بز

ا

:

Routing to and from a stub network

Small network

Special feature: such as dial on demand routing

اي

ا

Name at least two cases where static routing is appropriate within a

network design.

Static routing is appropriate in the following cases:



83 | P a g e

غاة

ا

- The network is small and not complex; the network also has a very

slow rate of expansion or change.

- The network consists of a main larger network with one or more stub

networks.

- The network should include special features, such as dial-on-demand

routing.

You are considering using static routes in a stub area configuration with

a network. What are two advantages that exist through the use of a

static route in this design?

By using a static route with a stub network, the following advantage

exist:

- Dynamic routing protocol control information is not used on the link

to the stub, or in the stub network; this reduces the amount of routing

protocol traffic the network must carry

- Smaller routing tables are present in routers with the stub and central

networks

- Low end routers can be used in the stub network

- Processor requirements for routers are lower

Distance Vector versus Link state

خ

ضأ

Distance VectorRIPv1, RIPv2, IGRP

١اد

١

ز

ا

ا

Entire Routing tables are transferred periodically between the systems

ىث

رؾس

١عز

ا

عاي

أ

١ث

ىج

ا



84 | P a g e

Trend to converge slowly

ب

ثء

١ز

ا

لذ

ا

Offer limited scalability

٠

ؾح

ز٠خ

ا

Easy to implement and maintain

خ

ب١

ا

زو١ت

ا

خ

Which of the following routing protocols are considered distance

vector?

- EIGRP

- OSPF- IS-IS

- BGP

- RIP v1

- IGRP

- RIP v2

BGP, RIP v1 and V2, and IGRP are all considered distance vector

routing protocols. EIGRP is considered a hybrid routing protocol.

Because it is a routing protocol that features the best of distance vector

mechanisms and the best of link state mechanisms, it is often considered

a hybrid routing protocol. Which is it?

EIGRP offers the best features of both types of protocols and, as a

result, is often considered a hybrid routing protocol.

Link state

١أض

خ

OSPF, IS-IS

Each router makes routing decisions based on local database

بزبث مز

ا لا ع وىج

ا عح

ا بد

ب١ج

ا لبح

Faster Convergence



85 | P a g e

١ز

ا

لذ

ا٠

Better Scalability

بثك

ا

ا

ذ

ل

ب

إا

Feature less routing traffic overhead

زؾ٠ بد

ا أ أ را١ أ أ أ دى٠ بزبث بد

لأ

Requires more knowledge and expertise to configure

جاء

إ

٠ؾزبط

ضوأ

بد

اي

ا

What algorithm does a link state routing protocol use to select the best

path to a destination?

غاة

ا

The common shortest path first, or Dijkstra's algorithm, is used.

What is the most common Exterior Gateway Protocol in use today, and

what is its function?

BGP version 4 powers the routing functions of the Internet as we know

it today. BGP+ takes over once IPv6 is fully deployed. BGP is

responsible for routing between separate Autonomous Systems.

اي

ا

What default metrics does EIGRP use?

غاة

ا

The default metrics used by EIGRP are bandwidth and delay.

اا

What is the default metric used by OSPF? From what is this value

derived, by default?

غاة

ا

The default metric used by OSPF is cost. By default, this metric is

derived from bandwidth.اي

ا

What default metric does RIP use?

غاة

ا

The default metric used by RIP is hop count.

اي

ا



86 | P a g e

Which type of routing protocol converges faster: distance vector or link

state? Why?

غاة

ا

Link state routing protocols converge faster than distance vector

protocols because they instantly propagate route updates, while distance

vector technologies rely on a periodic update. This statement remains

true when the distance vector routing protocols use their default timers,

of course.

Interior Gateway Protocol – IGPs

١ب

خ

ضا

OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, RIP

These routing protocol handle the dynamic routing that occurs within

the private network

ؤح

بث

بخ

ا

جىخ

ا

ا

ازاب

٠ى

بز

بث

Fast convergence and easier configuration

خ

بث

ززر

ا



87 | P a g e

Exterior Gateway Protocol – EGPs

١ب

خ

ضا

: BGP

They handle routing between the autonomous system

وبأعار

Slower convergence and more complex configuration

مح

ز١ث١خ

ا

Routing protocol metrics

ثرود

صر

ز

ا

ا

ا

١عز

ا

باد

RIP-Hop account

IGRP-Bandwidth and delay

EIGRP-Bandwidth-delay

BGP-Path

OSPF-Cost (bandwidth)

IS-IS, Link metrics

Hierarchal Routing Protocol

Examples are classless

Divide the network into area; they don’t propagate information

throughout the entire network – area are used instead

١خ

أ

ىح

ااعأ

أعاء

ب

إ

جىخ

ا

بو

زر

بد

ا

They are scalable

ل١ب١خ

Flat Routing Protocol



88 | P a g e

Examples are classful routing protocol

They are not scalable

١ذ

١ب١ل

اي

ا

What is the main difference between a classful routing protocol and a

classless routing protocol?

غاة

ا

A classful routing protocol does not send the subnet mask information

with routing updates. A classless routing protocol includes this

information.

٢ا

أب

ى

٠خ

ؾخ

ىورؤ١ث

جح

و

١عز

ا

باد

RIPv2

RIPv2 is a classless version of RIP (VLSM supported).it uses multicast

rather than broadcast to propagate routing information. However, the

hop count limitation is 15

EIGRP

A hybrid routing protocol ,EIGRP uses the same metric as IGRP by

multiplies it by 256 to allow for greater flexibility .EIGRP is a classless

(supported VLSM) .EIGRP uses the diffusing update algorithm(DUAL)

to maintain fast convergence

OSPF

OSPF is an extremely scalable link state routing protocol that also

features excellent convergence .OSPF uses a cost metric that is based on

bandwidth

Integrated IS-ISIntegrated IS-IS supports OSI and IP networks and can do

simultaneously. Simple area design presents advantages over OSPF

BGP

BGP is exterior routing protocol that is used to route on the internet .it



89 | P a g e

is a distance vector with many enchantments and allows administrator

to heavily influence routing decision to permit “strategic routing

policies”

اي

ا

Describe Variable Length Subnet Masking.

غاة

ا

Variable length subnet masking allows the administrator to assign

different subnet masks to different parts of the network. This allows for

more efficient use of available IP address space, and for more

hierarchical-based network designs. As a result, summarization can be

performed, and more efficient dynamic routing is achieved.

اي

ا

Which type of routing supports VSLM: classful or classless?

غاة

ا

Classless routing protocols support VLSM.

اي

ا

Which of the following routing protocols are classless routing protocols?

غاة

ا

- IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

- EIGRP

- RIP v1 (Routing Information Protocol)

- RIP v2 (Routing Information Protocol)

- OSPF

- BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)- IS-IS

EIGRP, RIP v2, OSPF, BGP and IS-IS are all classless routing

protocols.

اي

ا



90 | P a g e

Name at least two aspects/advantages of on-demand routing (ODR).

غاة

ا

On-demand routing has the following characteristics/advantages:

- Reduces dynamic routing traffic overhead

- Ideal for hub and spoke topologies

- No IP routing protocol on the stub networks is required

- ODR relies upon CDP

اي

ا

What is the metric, and what is the metric limit with RIP v2?

غاة

ا

RIP v2 uses hop count as a metric. The hop count limit is 15.

اي

ا

Name at least two advantages that RIP v2 has over its RIP v1counterpart.

غاة

ا

The following advantages exist:

- VLSM support

- Multicast, instead of broadcast

- Faster convergence

- Manual route summarization

- Authentication

اي

ا

Which dynamic routing protocol offers built-in support for routing IP

and OSI protocols?

غاة

ا

The IS-IS protocol can do both. It is called Integrated IS-IS when it isused for routing TCP/IP traffic.

اي

ا

When BGP is running between routers in a single autonomous system,

what is it called?

غا

ا



91 | P a g e

iBGP, or Interior BGP.

***

ش

بض

ا

ا

***

Securityــا

ا

بلأ١١

ا

Denial of Services Attack

Reconnaissance Attack

Traffic Attack

Network Security Practices

Physical Security

AAA

SAFE Blueprint

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the Internet Connectivity Module

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the E-Commerce Module

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the Remote Access and VPN Module

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the WAN Module



92 | P a g e

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the Network Management Module

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the Server Farm Module

Cisco Network Security is divided into:

إ

مر

ى١

بأ

أ

جىبد

:

Data Integrity

بخ

ب١ج

ا

Data Confidentially

بد

ب١ج

ا

٠خ

Data Availability

بر٠خ

ب١ج

ا

اي

ا

Network security aims to provide data integrity, data confidentiality,

and system availability. What is the meaning of data integrity?

غاة

ا

Data integrity means that the network data is valid and has not been

changed or tampered with in any way.

Major threats include the following:

زر

ز٠اد

ا

:

Integrity Violationزبن

ا

ا

Confidentially breaches

دبل

ا

Denial of Services Attack



93 | P a g e

بد

ا

غ

ا

Denial of Services (DoS) attacks compromise the availability of data.

They typically involve flooding a network system with bogus traffic

ب١ه

جىخ ا ب١ ز٠ بد

ب١ج

ا ر٠خ ب٠

ا آ١خ ركا زت

ا

خ

ا

ا

بد

ب١ج

ا

اي

ا

Many types of attacks involve sending a host a malformed message that

is known to cause an error, or overwhelming the host with massive

amounts of data. What are these types of attacks typically called?

غاة

ا

These types of attacks are typically called Denial of Service attacks.

Reconnaissance Attack

غزا

Under a Reconnaissance Attack, the network is being searched or

scanned for the potential targets

ااف اوزبف زا ز٠ ا ىج

ا ا ؾز

ا جؾذ

ا ث خ

زؾ

ا

اي

ا

Many attacks involve searching the network for addresses, possible

targets, and security gaps. What are these types of attacks typicallycalled?

غاة

ا

These attacks are typically called reconnaissance attacks.

Traffic attacks



94 | P a g e

These attacks occur when data flowing through a network is

compromised

جىخ

(

بث

ح

جىخ

بد

ب١ج

ا

رك

غبد

ا

١رؾس

ب

)

Network Security Practices

جىخ

ا

أ

ببد

Risk Assessment

Defines the potential threats that exist

زؾ

ا

ز٠اد

اع

Security Policy

١خ

ا

١ب١خ

ا

Defines how risks are managed

ز٠اد

ا

إاح

و١م١خ

Security Design

Implements the security policy

١خ

ا

١ب١خ

ا

رج١ك

٠مخ

Physical Security

أ١ب٠١

ا

بد

ب١ج

ا

بأ

-١١ج

ا

بء

صأ

ازب

٠غت

ز

ا

١بد

ز

ا

ب

ا

ا

رج١ك

:

Include Physical Access Control

بىا ىؾز

اىج

ا

Determine breaches physical access can effect other security consoles

ا

بد

ا

بأ

صر

ز

ا

لبد

ا

ؽبة

Be able to recover quickly from theft

غ

ا

ث

ج١خ

ا

ح

ا

Ensure that you protect communications over insecure networks that

you do not own

ؾب٠خ

ادبىج

اآ

١

ىر

ل

ز

ا

ه

خ

ز

ا

AAA

AAA should be used in a secure network

Authentication



95 | P a g e

زؾمك

ا

Verify the identity of the user who wants to access network resources

٠٠

ز

ا

ز

ا

٠خ

زؾمك

اىج

ا

ب

ي

ا

Authorization

٠ز

ا

What can the user do in the network

ب

ز

ا

مث

ز

ا

ؽ١بد

ا

جىب

ا

Accounting

الجخ

ا

Monitoring the access to the network

جىخ

ا

إ

ي

ا

الجخ

اي

ا

Provide at least two reasons why it so important to physically secure a

router or switch.

غاة

ا

It is important to physically secure these devices for the following

reasons:

- Console access allows an administrator to override any security that is

placed on the device

- Theft

- Installation of software directly

- Installation of new hardware directly

اي

ا

Provide at least two of the physical security guidelines recommended by

Cisco.

غاة

ا

Cisco recommends the following physical security guidelines:

- Deploy adequate physical access controls

- To the extent possible, ensure that physical access cannot comprise

other security measures

- Ensure that you can recover easily in the event of device theft



96 | P a g e

- Be sure to use cryptography for data that travels on equipment or

networks that are out of your control

اي

ا

What does the acronym AAA stand for? What does each word mean to

network security?

غاة

ا

AAA stands for

- Authentication: Verifying a network user's identity

- Authorization: Verifying that the user is permitted do what they are

trying to do

- Accounting: Auditing access of recourses for security and billing

purposes

اي

ا

Name at least five ways a user can authenticate himself on a computer

network.

غاة

ا

There are many ways for authentication to function. The following can

be used:

- Username/password

- PIN (personal identification number)

- Private cryptographic key

- Password token card

- Smartcard

- Hardware key

- Fingerprint

- Retina pattern

- Voice

- Face recognition

اي

ا

Name at least two authentication guidelines that are recommended by

Cisco.

غاة

ا

Cisco Systems recommends the following:



97 | P a g e

- Use strong authentication on users from external networks

- Use strongest authentication mechanism when the most valuable

resources are being accessed

- Make authentication mechanisms user-friendly

- Integrate authentication with existing user databases

اي

ا

Name at least one Cisco recommendation when for network

authorization.

غاة

ا

Cisco recommends the following when it comes to authorization on the

network:

- Use the principle of least privilege: Each user should use an account

the gives him just enough privileges to accomplish what he needs, and

no more.

- Use the principle of defense in depth for valuable resources: Each

security mechanism should back up others.

- Never trust client-supplied settings.

SAFE Blueprint

The Cisco security architecture for Enterprise (SAFE) blueprint

provides a modular approach to securing the network. It also provides

best practices for network designers and implementers

ض

٠مخ

مر

ى١

ا

أب

أ

٠ر

١خ

خم١ار

خ

ز

ث٠مخ

بد

ب

١ضر

ز١ب

ع

وأ

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the Internet Connectivity Module

Firewalls, routers and IDS should be used to prevent network mapping

attacks



98 | P a g e

غ

أ٠خ

ب٠خ

ا

غا

ا

عبد

ا

ؽب٠خ

٠غت

To ensure that the exposed hosts are not compromised, use firewall to

protect and IDS to detect

اغ

ا بزبث با ٠ ١ى

ا ١ز

ا ؤث وؤز

ا ا ؾب٠خ

ب٠خ

ا

ى

To stop hosts from being attacked by compromised use a DMZ,

firewalls, LAN Access Control and IDS for monitoring

ازا

ؾز٠

بز

بث

ل

ا

جل

اعاءاد

برا

١ؾز

ا

وح

ا

اعح

ؾب٠خ

ا

DoS attacks on links – QoS mechanism; IDS

ز

ا

اعاء

غ

ا

DoS attacks on hosts – host hardening and firewalls

ا

ز

ا

اعاء

غ

Introduction of malicious code-use application filtering

ز

ا

اعاء

غ

ا

ز١بجرا

اعت

ا

اعاء

ا

ا

أ

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the E-Commerce Module

Exposed hosts and applications, use a firewall, host hardening, secure

programming and IDS

Hosts attacked from other host, Host hardening, firewalls and ISD

DoS attacks at hosts, DMZ, firewalls, IDS and LAN Access Control

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the Remote Access and VPN Module

Risk of Identity spoofing-strong authentication

Confidentially and integrity-strong encryption

Compromised clients and remote sites-Firewall and viruses scanning



99 | P a g e

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the WAN Module

Confidentially and integrity-Strong encryption

WAN misconfiguration-WAN peer authentication

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the Network Management Module

Administrator impersonation-Authentication

Compromise of management protocols-secure protocol

Accidental/deliberate misconfiguration- Authorization

Responsibility avoidance – Auditing

Management host-separate management networks, firewalls and IDS

SAFE Guidelines for Securing the Server Farm Module

Compromise of exposed hosts-firewalls, host hardening, secure

applications and IDS

Compromise other hosts from compromised hosts-firewalls, IDS and

LAN access control

اي

ا

The Internet Connectivity Module often features a DMZ. What is a

DMZ?

غاة

ا

A demilitarized zone (DMZ) network contains a host that has been

compromised. A DMZ is typically created using two firewalls, and it

permits public access for select services.

اي

ا



100 | P a g e

What is spoofing in network security?

غاة

ا

Spoofing means that the client is falsifying its true identity. IP address

spoofing is a common method for gaining access to secured networks

ز

ثا

ا

ا

******

Voice

د

ا

Introduction

مخ

ا

PBX

ق

رب

ا

PSTN Switch

رب

ا

جىخ

Telephone Infrastructure

رب

زؾز١خ

ا

١خ

ج

ا

Telephony Signalingبرإبح

ا

ابي

Analog Signaling

١خ

صبز

ا

ابح



101 | P a g e

Coding and Compression Algorithm

١بد

١ز

اب

ب١ج

ا

Introduction

مخ

ا

ؽخ

ى١

ا جوخ

ا

١

بث

ىربلأ

أ

ربوث

ب

زا

جأ

خ

ب

ب

زج

ع

ب

ر١جى

ا

جىخ

ج

د

ا

١بد

مر

١ز

ا

ز

ىثرب

ا

ق

زؾس

بث

ح

ا

ي

أي

ززؼ

ب

PBX

ق

رب

ا

A PBX (private branch exchange) is a telephone system within an

enterprise that switches calls between enterprise users on local lines

while allowing all users to share a certain number of external phone

lines. The main purpose of a PBX is to save the cost of requiring a line

for each user to the telephone company's central office.

ز

ا

جىخ

١ث

ا

مخ

ؽ

جز٠

ز

ا

بع١خ

ا

رب

ا

ؤح

ا

١خ

ا

ا

ا

١ع

١ب

زؾىز٠١زبن

ا

ث

ا

م

ا

عب

ا

رب

ا

ب

ا

إ

ي

رب

ا

جىثجىخ

ا

ه

زث

بخ

ا

بد

ا

و

م٠

.



102 | P a g e

ث

ا

١خ

آ

ضر

برح

ا

جىبد

PSTN Switch

رب

ا

جىخ

Public Switched Telephone Network. The worldwide set of

interconnected switched voice telephone networks that deliver fixed

telephone services to the general public and are usually accessed by

telephones, key telephone systems, private branch exchange trunks, and

certain data arrangements, transmitting voice, other audio, video, and

data signals

وبخ

ثر

ز

ا

١خ

ا

بر١خ

ا

جىخ

ا

جبح

جث

ثب

رب

ا

جىبد

خ

ز

ا

رب

ا

أعح

ر

ز

ا

اخ

ا

خ

احعا

ه

ر

٠زث

مر

ز

ق

١ب

ثب

خ

ز

ا

بد

بثرب

ا

.

Error!



103 | P a g e

ا

جىبد

ث

١

ا

ب٠

ا

رب

ا

جىخ

أ

رؼ

ثح

ربجث

اي

ا

Name at least two differences between a PBX and a PSTN switch.



104 | P a g e

غاة

ا

There are several differences, including the following:

- PBXs are located in corporations, while PSTN switches are located in

the public sector

- PBXs do not feature the scalability of PSTN switches

- PBXs tend to use proprietary protocols versus PSTN switches' open

standards

- PBXs connect telephones and other PBXs

Telephone Infrastructure

رب

زؾز١خ

ا

١خ

ج

ا

١خ

ج

اب١خ

بد

ى

ا

ا

جىخ

زؾز١خ

ا

رب

:

Local Loop

Station Line

Tie Trunk

CO Trunk

PSTN Switch Trunk

Foreign exchange Trunk

اي

ا

There are several types of trunks in a traditional voice network. What is

the purpose of a tie trunk?

غاة

ا

Tie trunks are used to connect traditional PBXs in a traditional voice

network.

اي

ا

What is the purpose of a Foreign Exchange Station (FXS) interface?غاة

ا

An FXS interface typically terminates at an analog telephone or fax

machine.



105 | P a g e

Telephony Signaling

ابي

برإبح

ا

Subscriber Signaling

Trunk Signaling

Supervision Signaling

Aedeses Signaling

Call Process Signals

Network Management Signals

اح

رب

ا

إباد

ث

ا

ر١ؾ١خ

ز

اي

ا

What is QSIG?

غاة

ا

QSIG is a standards based protocol for use between PBXs. QSIG does

not place any restrictions on private numbering plans.

Analog Signaling

١خ

صبز

ا

ابح

Loop Start

Ground StartE&M

اي

ا



106 | P a g e

According to the open standard for converged networks, what are the

three independent layers of the packet-switching model?

غاة

ا

The three layers of the model are as follows:

- Packet Infrastructure layer

- Call Control layer

- Open Service Application Layer

اي

ا

Name at least three benefits of the H.323 protocol.

غاة

ا

The H.323 protocol features the following benefits:

- Establishes standards for compression and decompression

- Provides for interoperability

- Provides network independence

- Permits platform and application independence

- Permits bandwidth management

- Supports multicast

- Enhanced flexibility

اي

ا

Name at least three components of H.323?

غاة

ا

The possible components are:

- Terminals

- Gateways

- Gatekeepers

- MCUs

اي

ا

A key component of the Cisco IP telephony implementation is the

replacement of the traditional PBX (Private Branch Exchange). Which

Cisco component does this?

غاة

ا

Cisco CallManager



اي

ا

What mechanism allows you to associate destination phone numbers

with IP addresses?

غا

ا

Dial peers

Coding and Compression Algorithm

١بد

١ز

اب

ب١ج

ا

ثب

و

خ

ز

ا

١ز

ا

ا

أ

٠

ا

بن

PCM

ADPCM

LDCELP

CS-ACELPCELP

Voice Coding Standard

G.711

G.726

G.728

G.729

G.723.1

ز