To counter the Protestant Reformations, Catholics decided
to enact reforms This movement is known as the Catholic-Reformation The Catholic-Reformation eliminated abuses, clarified
Catholic theology, or religious beliefs, and re-established the pope’s authority over church members
Catholic Counter Reformation
Council of Trent Pope Paul III called a
council of bishops together
Council forbade selling of indulgences
Created seminaries, or religious schools to educate clergy
Clarified Church Teaching Salvation through faith
AND good works Church tradition = to the
Bible as source of truth Latin version of the Bible
only accepted version
Re-established Papal Authority
Re-established the Inquisition – to root out heretics
Introduced Censorship Index of Forbidden
Books
Arts The Catholic Church
used art to further the movement
Established baroque style that emphasized emotion, complexity, and exaggeration
(This is Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s “Apollo and Daphne”)
Began sending missionaries (Jesuit monks) to convert new
members (mainly to the Americas and China)
Spreading Catholicism
He was a Spanish noble Founded the Jesuits Jesuits wore robes like monks but did not
separate themselves from the world Went to different countries to try and convert
people to Catholicism Opened universities in many countries Became advisors to royal courts
St. Ignatius of Loyola
Spanish Nun Strict Catholic Encouraged religious devotion and founding of the
Carmelite order Made a saint when she died
Teresa of Avila
Rulers of the German States signed the Peace of
Augsburg which allowed each German prince to choose the Christian faith of his subjects (Protestant or Catholic)
Results in a division of Europe into a Protestant north and Catholic south…still an issue today
Led to war and religious prosecution
A Divided Europe
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24, 1572 3,000 Huguenots
(French Protestants) killed in France
1598 – Edict of Nantes
Religious wars between French Huguenots and Catholics
went on for another 17 years 1598 – Henry of Navarre becomes King of France
Protestant leader of Huguenot nobles Converts to Catholicism in order to become King Issues the Edict of Nantes
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France Huguenots had a right to worship in areas where they were
the majority Could hold public office Edict of Nantes is revoked (“taken back”) in 1685 by
Henry’s grandson, Louis XIV
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Protestant rulers saw a chance to increase power Took wealth and property of the Church New Christian denominations more favorable to business
practices Less domination by Italian-controlled Church
Protestant Support
The Thirty Year War
(1618-1648)
The Thirty Year War was a conflict over religion, territory, and for power among European ruling families.
2 Phases of the War
1. Hapsburg Family (Catholics) was winning The Hapsburgs were
a very wealthy ruling family. For years the head of the Hapsburg family became the German king and Holy Roman Emperor. They were Catholic.
2. Hapsburg Family (Catholics) was defeated
The French began to fear that the Hapsburgs were gaining too much power so the French got involved. Cardinal Richelieu, a French man, dominated the remaining years of the war. Richelieu was a Catholic, but he decided to help the Protestants and sent troops to help them.
**IMPORTANT**
Because Cardinal Richelieu went against his religion of Catholicism, he changed the war from a religious war (Protestant vs. Catholics) to a political war (Hapsburg ruling family vs. the French nobility)
Peace of Westphalia
Ended the 30 Year War Results:
4 million died, trade and agriculture was disrupted and Germany’s economy was ruined 1st: Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and
Austria 2nd: Strengthened France by awarding it German
territory 3rd: Ended Religious Wars in Europe
The Renaissance had been a “rebirth” in Europe of
learning, ideas, and beauty. The Protestant Reformation stemmed from the questioning
that humanism encouraged The Catholic Reformation was a response to the abuses
the Protestant Reformation brought to light In the end, Europe is religiously divided
In conclusion…
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