Case Study: The growth of the secondary sector in China -
Causes Unit Three The Human Environment Economic Change The
economic development of China is a recent phenomenon. In 1995, the
GNP per capita was $620 but by 2005 this had risen to $1,700,
nearly a threefold increase. Over the last 20 years it has become
the worlds fourth largest economy and second largest manufacturer
of goods. 1.Raw materials China has a great wealth of natural
resources having vast reserves of coal, oil and natural gas these
are being used to fuel the industrial development of the country.
2.Location Chinas position in the world is also beneficial for its
development as it has developing markets all around it in South
Korea, Taiwan and India. It is also on major trade routes.
1.Workforce There is a plentiful supply of workers with a steady
stream of people moving from rural areas to urban areas in search
of work (modernisation of agriculture meaning less people need to
be employed). It is estimated that 500,000 million people will
leave the Chinese countryside in search of work over the next two
decades. It is estimated that unemployment is currently 25% meaning
that workers are among the most poorly paid in the world earning
about 40p per hour if they demand more work, there are plenty of
people to take their jobs. Other Asian workers can earn ten times
as much. All this means that factory owners in China have lower
costs and can incest more in their business. Physical Factors Human
Factors 2.Government policy There has been a change in government
policies and laws which used to stop people investing in China have
been abolished and many companies from foreign countries have
invested in China. For example, in Xiamen City, the Taiwanese
company EUPA have a coffee machine factory which employs 23,000
workers. 3.Education Literacy levels have risen dramatically over
the last 20 years (now 90%). China has both large numbers of
unskilled workers willing to take on less appealing jobs and a
growing number of highly skilled workers. For example, China now
trains 60,000 engineers each year. 4.Private enterprise For many
years, all manufacturing in China was state owned; nowadays 20% are
privately owned and this figure is increasing. 5.Energy Since the
1990s China has been developing its energy base, with new
hydro-electric and nuclear power stations. 6.Infrastructure
improvements The government have built many new roads and allowed
the building of many new factories. 7.Globalisation The shrinking
of the world by the process known as globalisation has enabled
companies in HICs to have goods assembled in LICs at a fraction of
the price of the manufacturing process in the HIC. Goods can be
transported easily around the world from where they are produced to
where they are sold. China has a large workforce which can be
employed cheaply.
Slide 2
Case Study: The growth of the secondary sector in China -
Effects Unit Three The Human Environment Economic Change There have
been economic, social and environmental effects of the growth. Some
of these effects have been positive and others negative. Economic
There has been an unprecedented level of growth in the Chinese
economy over the past 20 years. Social There has been very little
spending on social infrastructure. For example, government spending
on health is lower now than in the 1980s although there has been
increased input into education. Although schools produce good
results, students are lectured at with one teacher to up to 80
students in one room. There are few laws to protect workers -
particularly the millions of migrant labourers. Despite recent
reforms, they are excluded from the health care / education
systems, live in appalling overcrowded conditions and are routinely
exposed to some of the most exploitative working conditions. They
are forced to work long periods of time, in hazardous conditions
for low pay. Many managers withhold pay for two to three months to
ensure that they hold on to their workforce which is in short
supply due to the amount of jobs which are available in the rapidly
industrialising country. Environmental Rapid industrial growth in
China has had a major impact on the environment locally, nationally
and globally. A major problem is that 75% of Chinas energy is still
produced from coal. According to a number of research projects, 16
of the worlds 20 most polluted cities are in China. The most
polluted city in the world is Linfen in Chinas inland Shanxi
province. The hills around Linfen are dotted with coal mines (legal
and illegal) and the air is filled with the smoke of burning coal.
Local residents do not bother to hang out coal because it turns
black before it is dry. There is also arsenic in the local water
supply. It is estimated that 3 million people are being affected by
the pollution. In China there are 760,000 recorded deaths a year
from air and water pollution. China already produces more carbon
dioxide than any other country and it is estimated that by 2025 it
will surpass the USA in the production of greenhouse gases
(although this would not be the case if the figure was calculated
per head of population in which case it would still be below
countries such as the USA and UK). 80% of rivers are below the
standard for fishing and 90% of underground water in urban areas is
polluted. The government does recognise the environmental issues
and is taking steps to address these setting targets to increase
renewable energy and reduce energy consumption and spending money
to cope with the problems.
Slide 3
Case Study: Factors influencing the location of different
industries Unit Three The Human Environment Economic Change Primary
Industry China clay extraction in Cornwall Secondary Industry Why
did Toyota locate at Burnaston near Derby? More than 120 million
tonnes of china clay has been extracted from the area and reserves
should last another 100 years. Kaolin (as china clay is also known)
is used to make porcelain and by many other industries including
the paper industry. The key factors that have made the industry
successful are: Kaolin is only found in the south-west of England.
The pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood based in Stoke-on-Trent
formed the Cornish Clay company and this meant that there was a
market for kaolin. By 1860, 65,000 tonnes was being mined each year
and much of it for the Wedgwood factory. It was possible to
transport the raw material to the factory where it was then made
into the finished product. China clay was moved by tramway and
trains to the ports of Charlestown, Pentewan and Par on the south
coast of Cornwall. Ships then took the raw material to Liverpool
where it was then transported by barge along the Trent and Mersey
canal to Winsford in Cheshire and then by packhorse the final 30
miles to Stoke-on-Trent to be made into porcelain. The length and
difficulty of the transport process underlines that access to raw
materials is the crucial factor for primary industries. By 1910 the
industry was producing 1 million tonnes a year and most of the
production was now for the paper industry which has continued to be
the case. The area has a tradition in car manufacturing and this
means that there are many suppliers or of component parts and
engineering components. The location on the edge of the city a
greenfield site with ample room for expansion and a large flat area
of land. An attractive village location for managerial workers to
live and the Peak District National Park nearby for leisure
activities. Excellent transport routes that allow easy
transportation of parts and the finished product throughout the UK.
Derbyshire County Council offered to buy a 20 million stake in the
company and also pledged to improve the transport infrastructure by
upgrading the A50 to dual carriageway. Tertiary Industry Why did
the David Lloyd Health Club locate on Hatfield Business Park?
Modern building design to attract health club clients and an
attractive landscape area to attract workers. Excellent transport
system including wide roads, bus route, cycle and pedestrian lanes.
Very close to junctions 3 and 4 of the A1(M) giving easy access to
large numbers of potential users. Nearby village of Salisbury with
lots of executive and middle class housing including modern flats
used by young, single people. Hertfordshire University within
walking distance. Lots of other large firms on the business park
including T-Mobile. Next to a large indoor shopping centre (The
Galleria). All of these factors would mean large numbers of
potential clients people living nearby or people able to visit
after work, after shopping, etc.
Slide 4
Case Study: Deindustrialisation in rural areas benefits and
costs Unit Three The Human Environment Economic Change Extraction
of coal in South Wales Left the area with many waste heaps which
have left the land scarred and are potentially dangerous. This was
illustrated in 1966 with the Aberfan disaster when a landslide
occurred from a coal waste heap after heavy rainfall. Tonnes of
material fell onto the village school killing 144 people, 116 of
them children. After this disaster, coal waste heaps have been made
safer by regrading them and landscaping them. Many of them now
being used as agricultural land and visitors to the area would be
aware of its industrial past. Open cast mining in Northumberland In
1957 the National Coal Board bought Bays Leap Farm, Town House and
Heddon Mill in Northumberland so that they could start open cast
mining in the area. The 25 hectare site was excavated to a depth of
70m to extract 2.5 million tonnes of coal. The mining stopped in
1965 and the land was returned to farm land. Extraction of sand and
gravel around Reading in Berkshire Many dangerous water filled
quarries were created through this process and are now being used
in the following ways: Copthorne Hall next to a 10 acre lake with
many sporting facilities including water sports; Green Park which
is a science park covering 70 hectares and employing 7,000;
Madejski football stadium built on waste tip which was an old
gravel quarry and the site cost 1; watersports centre for use by
the general public and a former gravel quarry now agricultural
land. Eden Project at site of old china clay pit in Cornwall An old
china clay pit in Cornwall has been redeveloped after mineral
extraction and is now known as the Eden Project. The pit is 60m
deep and covers an area equivalent to 35 football pitches. The pit
has been totally transformed into a tourist attraction with
landscaped walks, a huge diversity of plants and two enormous pods.
The pods provide a very different experience: one is an Equatorial
rainforest which has a wide variety of plants from the Equatorial
biome and the other is the Mediterranean biome. The whole project
is run in a sustainable way and there are many information boards
that provide information about the project much of the energy for
the project is produced through sustainable means. There is a
building called The Core which teaches people in a user-friendly
way how to be more aware of the damage we are doing to the
planet.
Slide 5
Case Study: How has Durhams settlement function changed over
time. Unit Three The Human Environment Economic Change Monks
looking after St Cuthberts body arrived in Durham around 995 and
settled a church was built and his body was a magnet for visitors.
In 1072, the Normans built a castle in Durham to keep the natives
in order and in 1093 the cathedral began to be built it was
completed in 1133. In the Middle Ages the centre of Durham was the
peninsula where the cathedral and castle were to be found.
Industries included wool and leather. In the 14 th and 15 th
centuries, schools were established and although Henry VIIIs men
smashed Cuthberts shrine in 1538, the schools remained. The
industrial revolution in the 19 th century had little impact on
Durham, but the population rose significantly in the early part of
the 19 th century. Durham prison was built in 1820 and in 1832,
Durham University was established as the countrys third university.
In the 1920s, science laboratories were built and later in the
century, significant expansion of the university took place.
Administrative offices were established with the national savings
office in 1961, the new county hall built in 1963 and a magistrates
court in 1964. The castle and cathedral were declared a world
heritage site in 1987.
Slide 6
Case Study: Counter-urbanisation in North-East England Unit
Three The Human Environment Settlement Change The town of Hexham in
the south Tyne Valley.Newcastle Upon Tyne. People have moved out of
the urban area of Newcastle to locate in locations such as Hexham
and Morpeth where they feel there will be a better quality of life.
The advantages and disadvantages already described are evident in
this example.
Slide 7
Case Study: Rural Depopulation in Areas of The British Isles
Unit Three The Human Environment Settlement Change Specific effects
of rural depopulation on areas of The British Isles would be:
Scottish Highlands Ageing Population Decline in population between
the years of 1985 and 2005 for people aged 40 and under. South West
England Loss of Post Offices In 2001 there were 600,000 people
living in remote rural areas and 45% of these people did NOT live
within 4km of a Post Office. Many Post Offices are closing in rural
areas as they are not profitable. In Cornwall, 25% of Post Offices
are set to close with a figure of 22% in Devon. The figure for
expected closures across the UK is lower at 18%. South West England
Distance from Hospitals In Cornwall, the only major hospital is
situated in Plymouth which is actually in Devon! If you are a
patient suffering with cancer, you would have to travel up to 100
miles for treatment. Lake District School Closures The decline in
rural services has seen the closure of many primary schools such as
Satterthwaite and Rushland School and Lowick School, both near to
Ulverston in the Lake District. These schools closed in 2006.
Slide 8
Case Study: Effects of Deindustrialisation in Liverpool Unit
Three The Human Environment Settlement Change The urbanisation and
expansion of Liverpool were both largely brought about by the
city's status as a major port. By the 18th century, trade from the
West Indies, Ireland and mainland Europe coupled with close links
with the Atlantic Slave trade furthered the economic expansion of
Liverpool. By the early 19th century, 40% of the world's trade
passed through Liverpool's docks, contributing to Liverpool's rise
as a major city. The construction of major buildings reflected this
wealth. In 1830, Liverpool and Manchester became the first cities
to have an intercity rail link, through the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway.
Slide 9
Case Study: Effects of Deindustrialisation in Liverpool Unit
Three The Human Environment Settlement Change From the mid-1970s
onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries
went into sharp decline. The advent of new techniques for
transporting goods meant that the city's docks became largely
obsolete. By the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were
once again among the highest in the UK, standing at 17% by January
1982 - although this was just over half of the level of
unemployment that was affecting the city in an economic downturn 50
years previously. Extensive areas of the city centre reflected the
problems of deindustrialisation with empty factories, unused land,
etc.
Slide 10
Case Study: Effects of Deindustrialisation in Liverpool Unit
Three The Human Environment Settlement Change Tourism in Liverpool
Capitalising on the popularity of 1960s rock groups, such as The
Beatles, as well as the city's world-class art galleries, museums
and landmarks, tourism has also become a significant factor in
Liverpool's economy. In 2007, the city celebrated the 800th
anniversary of the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, for
which a number of events were planned. Liverpool was a joint
European Capital for Culture for 2008.
Slide 11
Case Study: Effects of Deindustrialisation in Liverpool Unit
Three The Human Environment Settlement Change Construction in
Liverpool In 2004, property developer Grosvenor started the
Paradise Project, a 920 m development centred on Paradise Street,
which involved the most significant changes to Liverpool's city
centre since the post-war reconstruction. Renamed 'Liverpool ONE',
the centre opened in May 2008 with many high value stores such as
the Apple Store. Spearheaded by the multi-billion Liverpool ONE
development, regeneration has continued on an unprecedented scale
through to the start of the early 2010s in Liverpool.
Slide 12
Case Study: Rapid urban growth in Cairo. Unit Three The Human
Environment Settlement Change Cairo is the largest city in Egypt as
well as its capital and home to more than 25% of the countrys
population. It is now one of the twenty most populated areas in the
world. The growth is a direct result of people migrating there from
rural areas and from increased life expectancy that went up from 41
years in 1960 to 70 years in 2010. Noise Pollution Noise pollution
from the millions of vehicles, loud speakers calling Muslims to
prayer and the noise of nightclubs on the River Nile cause many
problems for the residents of Cairo. The noise is well above
acceptable levels according to the World Health Organisation. It is
particularly bad in the Saraya al Gezira district where the
residents also have to cope with the nightclub boats on the river.
Their Nileside rooms have noise from the nightclubs and their front
rooms have the noise of the city. Air Pollution Air pollution is
caused by the transport and industry. It is predicted that because
of the poor air quality half a million of Cairos residents will
develop serious health problems which will result in premature
death. In the industrial quarter Shoubra el Kheima, where many of
the poor people live close to their work, 37% of the residents
suffer from lung problems. Children in Cairo are faced with these
specific problems: The suns rays are blocked by smog on the most
polluted days which mean that many duffer from a deficiency of
vitamin D. The lead concentrations in the air from the lead
smelters at Shoubra el Kheima cause a loss of intelligence, at an
average of 4 IQ points. The concentration of lead in the air has
also caused an 80% rise in tooth decay. A black cloud sometimes
covers Cairo in a haze. It first appeared in 1999 and is most
common in October and November. At this time of year straw is burnt
after rice has been harvested adding to the already polluted
air.
Slide 13
Case Study: Rapid urban growth in Cairo. Unit Three The Human
Environment Settlement Change Land Pollution There is also a
problem with land pollution. The huge population produces 10,000
tonnes of solid waster a day. Only 60% is collected; the rest is
left to rot in streets, canals, drains and neighbourhood dump
sites. Rats and other vermin live in plague populations on the
waste dumps. Diseases are carried by the rats and can easily affect
the inhabitants of Helwan. There are also large toxic stockpiles of
hazardous waste, as much as 50,000 tonne, from industry which has
accumulated in Helwan, Shoubra and Embaba. Water Pollution Water
pollution is caused by both domestic and industrial waste water.
Many small streams and old irrigation canals around Cairo are
filled with plastic bags full of solid waste and are used for
sewage disposal. 80% of industrial waste water is discharged
untreated into the Nile. The can be as much as 2.5 million litres a
day. The effect of this is that Egypt's coastal fishing and tourist
industry is being damaged. An example of this is the Shoubra el
Kheima district to the north of the city which discharges its waste
water straight into drains which are already heavily polluted and
which flow into the Mediterranean. It is estimated that 23% of the
population of Cairo does not have access to a fresh water supply
and 25% is not connected to the public sewage system. Only 15% of
raw sewage is treated properly; 60% is carried raw through open
canals to the Mediterranean. Housing Problems Due to the acute
shortage of housing approximately 60% of Cairos population live in
shanty type dwellings. The most famous of these is the City of the
Dead or Arafa (cemetery) as it is called by the local residents.
This is just one of the five cemeteries which used to be on the
outskirts of the city in the Moqattam Hills but because of rapid
urbanisation they are now part of the city. The four mile long
cemetery in eastern Cairo is where people live and work among their
dead ancestors. People live here illegally as it gives them shelter
and they have nowhere else to go. The government has provided some
electricity and water standpipes but there is no connection to the
sewage system. It is not known how many people live among the
gravestones here, but estimates range from 30,000 to 1 million. The
government has responded to the housing problem by building cities
on the edge of Cairo in the desert, 6 th of October and 10 th of
Ramadan, but many residents want to stay in Cairo where their jobs
are. One expert has estimated that all of the cities in the desert
built over the last 25 years are equivalent to meet the needs of
six months of natural growth for Cairo. Another effect of the
housing shortage is that young professional cannot marry because
strong social rules say that couples can not wed until the man can
provide a home.
Slide 14
Case Study: Population distribution in China. Unit Three The
Human Environment Population Change
Slide 15
Case Study: Population distribution in China. Unit Three The
Human Environment Population Change DESCRIPTION -Highest population
in eastern areas. - Very small pockets in the NW. - Coastal areas
densely populated. - Along rivers densely populated. - Sparsely
populated in the west (5,000m) = low densities elsewhere - High
rainfall in east (>50cm/year) - Low rainfall (precipitation =
snow) in mountainous areas HUMAN FACTORS - PORTS!!!! = areas of
trade and industry (=jobs) The sparsest populated areas are the
mountains over 2000m and the desert areas and these are all to be
found in the west of China. The most densely populated areas are
the coastal areas and fertile floodplains of the major rivers found
in the east. China has a diverse climate and the fact that the
large cities of Beijing and Shanghai do not get extreme climates is
one reason for their continued growth. There are no large
settlements in the arid desert areas of the very wet and cold
mountains. Human factors are important and the rich industrial
areas have higher population densities. These areas are accessible
with good communication links which has encouraged growth. The
level of economic development decreases as you go west. In the
1970s the Chinese Government introduced a strategy for coastal
development and this lead to rapid economic development along the
south-east coastal area.
Slide 16
Case Study: Population distribution in the UK Unit Three The
Human Environment Population Change Human Factors - High Aberdeen
due to North Sea oil industry. Newcastle / Middlesbrough ports.
South East including London magnet for modern industries which
attract workers. North West old industrial areas have maintained
high population after the industries have gone due to
well-established infrastructure. Physical Factors High Coastal
towns like Brighton and Bournemouth retired people attracted here
as they are warmer than elsewhere in UK! South Wales presence of
natural resources like coal, iron ore and limestone that led to
growth of manufacturing. Physical Factors Low Scottish highlands
Weather is cold, soil is infertile and transport links are poor.
East Anglia very fertile land which is needed for agriculture.
Central Wales cold, wet and hilly area which is remote meaning it
is difficult to transport goods.
Slide 17
Case Study: Methods used by China to decrease birth rate. Unit
Three The Human Environment Population Change Fertility Rate 1970:
Average = 5.8. 2008: Average = 2. Demographers = ideal BR 16.7 per
1,000 (or 1.7 children per family). One Chinese official said the
one-child policy has prevented 300 million births, the equivalent
of the population of Europe. The reduction of population has helped
pull people out of poverty and been a factor in Chinas phenomenal
economic growth. What has China done to reduce its birth rate (and
why)? In 1979 China had a quarter of the worlds population. Two
thirds of its population was under the age of 30 and the largest
cohort born in the 1950s and 1960s were entering their reproductive
years. The government felt action was needed! Incentives: Couples
with one child were given a one-child certificate entitling them
to: cash bonuses longer maternity leave free education free medical
care free child care preferential housing treatment Disincentives:
Couples who had more than one child lost privileges, could be
sacked and also received heavy fines. People were monitored by the
granny police women who made regular household visits to closely
monitor what was taking place (including contraceptive methods
being used!). Unmarried young people were encouraged to postpone
marriage and women with unauthorised pregnancies were encouraged to
have abortions! Recent Changes In rural areas, a second child is
generally allowed after five years if the first child was a girl!
For urban residents, the policy continues to be strictly enforced
with only one or two exceptions such as if the first child has a
disability.
Slide 18
INCENTIVESDISINCENTIVES One-child Glory Certificates given to
couples, which would make you eligible for: - Extra months salary
per year until 14 th birthday - Higher wages - Interest free loans
- Retirement funds - Cheap fertiliser -Better childcare - Preferred
housing - Priority in school enrolment Theoretically voluntary but
Government imposes punishments and fines on people not following
rules. Parents with extra children can be fined (depending on the
region) from $370 to $12,800 (many times the average annual income
for many ordinary Chinese). If the fine is not paid sometimes the
couples land is taken away, their house is destroyed, they lose
their jobs or the child is not allowed to attend school.
Advertising campaigns China Needs Family Planning Have Fewer,
Better Children to Create Prosperity for the Next Generation
Couples with more than one child forced to sterilise / have
abortions. Women who delay marriage until they are 25 receive
extended maternity leave when pregnant -Advertising campaigns in
rural areas (painted onto buildings) e.g. If You Give Birth To
Extra Children Your Family Will Be Ruined - banned in 2007 after
rural outrage. Couples closely monitored by health workers (sense
of pressure to only have one child). Some parents who broke the one
child policy have were required to pay their fine with grain: 200
kilograms of unmilled rice. Case Study: Methods used by China to
decrease birth rate. Unit Three The Human Environment Population
Change
Slide 19
Case Study: Methods used by Singapore to increase birth rate.
Unit Three The Human Environment Population Change The approach of
the Singapore government has been to introduce the incentives below
that link to a Three or More policy: A cash gift of $3,000 each for
first and second child. A cash gift of $6,000 each for third and
fourth child. The second to fourth child can have a special savings
account where any money saved is matched by the government. 3
months maternity leave for mothers. 3 days of paternity leave on
the birth of the first four children for fathers. 5 days of paid
childcare leave each year. With more children, parents are entitled
to upgrade to a bigger flat the more children, the bigger the flat
you can buy. Couples receive $95 for a maid if they have children
under 12.
Slide 20
Case Study: Benefits and problems of Japans ageing population.
Unit Three The Human Environment Population Change The advantages
and disadvantages of an ageing population in Japan. Japans
proportion of elderly is the highest in the world. In 2006, 20% of
Japans people were 65 or older this compares to 16% for the UK. The
birth rate hit a record low in 2005 and unless it rises
significantly, the population will shrink. Japans population is
ageing more rapidly than any other country. The % of economically
active people is falling. Japans pensioners are spending rapidly in
what has been called a grey boom. They are less anxious about the
future and are spending on a range of luxury goods. Social
attitudes have changed and they are less concerned about leaving
money for their children and all of this spending boosts the
economy. There has been a technological explosion there are an
array of gadgets for people worried about elderly relatives that
enable people to check up on elderly relatives to ensure they are
well.
Slide 21
Case Study: Benefits and problems of Japans ageing population.
Unit Three The Human Environment Population Change The advantages
and disadvantages of an ageing population in Japan. Workforce
Businesses already face difficulties in finding new recruits and
the labour force in the 15-24 bracket has shrunk rapidly. In 1990,
there were six people of working age for each pensioner and by 2025
it is projected it will be only two people of working age. One
solution to the shortage of workers is to bring in migrant
labourers there are now 2 million foreigners living in Japan and
200,000 of them illegally! The IT sector in particular has been
looking beyond Japan. Other solutions have been to ask men to work
beyond retirement and to increase the historically low number of
women working. Pensions Pension reforms were introduced by the
government in 2005 which included the age of retirement rising from
60 to 65 and higher pension contributions from the employees,
employers and the government. Health care Japan has a long
tradition of honouring the old. About 93% of people over 60 live at
home, but this is changing with more people living in nursing
homes. Paying for care for the elderly accounts for half of Japans
health budget and with an ageing population, costs will rise. In
2000, a tax on over 40s was introduced to pay for equipment such as
wheelchairs and to send carers to private homes. In 2006,
incentives were added to encourage more independent living at home.
Finally in 2008, a new health insurance scheme was launched for
over 75s that saw incentives for hospitals to limit patient stays
to less than 100 days it has caused a storm and been nicknamed the
hurry up and die scheme!
Slide 22
Case Study: Development of EU tourist resort linked to the
Butler model. Unit Three The Human Environment A Tourists World
Exploration 18 th Century Fashionable for rich people to have
holidays at the seaside bathing in sea to cure diseases.
Involvement 1846 Transport developments made Blackpool more
accessible and particularly the first railway branch line being
opened from Poulton to Blackpool in 1846. Development 1870s to WWI
Workers granted annual holidays and thousands went to Blackpool to
take advantage of the amenities created such as piers, amusement
arcades and Blackpool Tower. Consolidation 1918-1939 Laws improving
pay meant people had more money and they came to spend it in
Blackpool. Population reached 150,000 and it was one of Europe's
leading coastal resorts. Stagnation WWII to 1980s Package holidays
and cheaper air travel meant people could go overseas for sun.
Decline then Rejuvenation 1987 to Today Currently between decline
and rejuvenation. Visitor numbers / spend have declined, but new
development has taken place including the development of conference
facilities and casinos.
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Case Study: Benefits and problems of tourism in Malham,
Yorkshire Dales. Unit Three The Human Environment A Tourists World
Social Effects More demand for local services with the bus service
to Skipton more frequent in the summer months due to the fact that
tourists use it. Social Effects Visitors tend to park in narrow
streets causing congestion. Social Effects Appearance of village
harmed through lots of billboards to appeal to tourists linked to
this, some pubs have became themed and less authentic! Economic
Effects In 1991, 55% of houses in Malham were used for holidays.
Demand for second homes has led to dramatic rises in house prices.
Economic Effects - Tourism provides new job opportunities in an
area suffering from a loss of jobs in farming eg farmers opening
campsites on their land. Economic Effects Money from cafes and
shops this income is seasonal though! Environmental Effects In 1994
the creation of a new open access area and new footpaths means
locals and tourists have more rights to roam this causes some
problems with people not staying on the paths and dogs worrying the
sheep of farmers. Environmental Effects Malham is in the Yorkshire
Dales National Park and this means development is restricted and
has to be in keeping with the local environment building in stone.
Environmental Effects Erosion of footpaths due to between 75,000
and 100,000 visitors each year.
Slide 26
Case Study: Explain the benefits and problems of tourism for
Machu Picchu, Peru. Unit Three The Human Environment A Tourists
World Hotels such as the Sanctuary lodge at the entrance of Machu
Picchu are owned by overseas companies. The best paid jobs in
foreign owned hotels are often given to foreigners. Garbage is
thrown into rivers such as the Urubamba or left close to the trail.
500 tourists a day walk the Inca Trail and in 1998, 53,500 tourists
walked the trail that year. Tourists pick orchids which grow among
the ruins and along the side of the trail. Local villagers see
western visitors and wish to start to dress like them. Much of the
profit from tourism goes overseas. Damage to the environment. Loss
of local culture / identity.
Slide 27
Case Study: Explain the benefits and problems of tourism for
Machu Picchu, Peru. Unit Three The Human Environment A Tourists
World Tourists spend money and a handicraft market for tourists has
appeared at the local market in Pisac on a Sunday morning. Porters
on the Inca Trail are paid $10 a day and some companies also
request they are tipped. No plastic bottles are allowed on the
trail since 2000 only canteens. The number of tourists is now
limited to 500 people per day. Machu Picchu has been designated as
a World Heritage Site. Since 2000, porters have been limited to
carrying no more than 25kg (before this it would be up to 50kg).
Money generated for local economy. Avoid damage to the environment.
Ensure the welfare of local people.
Slide 28
Case Study: Eselenkei Conservation Area in Maasai Mara in
Kenya. Unit Three The Human Environment A Tourists World Porini
Ecotourism runs the conservation area and is a Kenyan company money
stays in Kenya. Tourist numbers limited to 8 per day less soil
erosion, impact on the environment, etc. Accommodation in camps no
damage to the view, less drain on water resources, etc. 50 km of
game viewing tracks no soil erosion and not going too near the
animals Employment 15 maintaining tracks and 10 uniformed rangers.
No poaching / snaring has taken place since the opening. 10% Maasai
tribal lands designated private reserve = Maasai receive rent for
land from tour operator + entry fee from each tourist = 2 new
school buildings, 2 new water holes for cattle.