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Reiner WassmannInternational Rice Research Institute
Carbon Crediting
in Rice ProductionRealistic Outlook oronly Wishful Thinking?
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Structure
Rice as a source of Greenhouse Gases
Technical Feasibility of Mitigation
Overview of different mechanismsof Carbon Crediting
Highlighting ongoing activities inrice production
Conclusion
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Methane emissions from rice fields
Rice field emissions: 100 500 kg CH4/ ha season=> 2.1 11.05 tCO2eq/ ha season
GlobalWarmingPotential
of CH4:21 CO2eq
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Energysupply, 25.9%
Transport,
13.1%Buildings,
7.9%Industry,19.4%
Forestry,17.4%
Waste andwastewater,2.8%
Agriculture,
13.5%
Global Sources of Greenhouse Gases
(IPCC 4th AR, 2007)
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Energysupply, 25.9%
Transport,
13.1%Buildings,
7.9%Industry,19.4%
Forestry,17.4%
Waste andwastewater,2.8%
Rice,
1.5%
Agriculture(w/o rice),
12.0%
(IPCC 4th AR, 2007)
Global Sources of Greenhouse Gases
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Energysupply, 25.9%
Buildings,7.9%
Industry,19.4%
Agriculture,13.5%
Forestry,17.4%
Waste andwastewater,2.8%
Transport
(w/o aviation),11.6%
Aviation,1.5%
(IPCC 4th AR, 2007)
Global Sources of Greenhouse Gases
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National Statistics in SE Asia
CountryEmissions from rice production(Mt CO2eq) Perc. of total
Cambodia 9.505 17.0 %
Indonesia 53.856 1.9 %
Lao PDR 2.308 5.1 %Myanmar 30.890 6.1 %
Malaysia 3.445 1.0 %
Philippines 21.706 16.0 %
Thailand 44.156 13.5 %Timor-Leste 0.225 26.1 %
Viet Nam 38.199 17.9 %
Data source: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php
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Structure
Rice as a source of Greenhouse Gases
Technical Feasibility of Mitigation
Overview of different mechanismsof Carbon Crediting
Highlighting ongoing activities inrice production
Conclusion
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Alternate-Wetting-and-Drying (AWD)
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
tCO
2
eq.
ha-1
aa
a
b
ab
b
c
N2O
CH4
Global Warming Potentialof CH4 and N2O under AWD
Urea 48-h
before irrig.
Urea 2-h
after irrig.
Urea 2-h
after irrig. +
flooding for
7 days
Continuously
floodedHosen,
pers. comm.
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Site-Specific Nutrient Management(SSNM)
Applying nutrients asand when needed
Adjusting nutrient
application to cropneeds in givenlocation and season
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Preventing Straw Burning
Technological options for using rice straw as renewableenergy:
controled combustion,
biogas technology (in combination with animalhusbandry),
conversion of rice straw to ethanol,
and bio-char technology.
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Short duration cultivar
0
100
200
300
400
500
Emission
rate(mgCH4
m-2d
-1) DodokanIR64Cisadane
02Dec
Wet season Dry season
Dodokan
IR64Cisadane
PLANTING H A R V E S T
02 Mar
08 Mar
06 Apr
PLANTING H A R V E S T
28May
Dodokan
IR64Cisadane
10 Aug
17 Aug
01 Sep
Field data from C. Java (Setyanto et al. 2000)
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Structure
Rice as a source of Greenhouse Gases
Technical Feasibility of Mitigation
Overview of different mechanismsof Carbon Crediting
Highlighting ongoing activities inrice production
Conclusion
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Mechanisms of Carbon Crediting
1. Clean Development Mechanism
2. New mechanisms under UNFCCC
umbrella
3. Voluntary emission reductions
4. Funding National Action Plans ofdeveloping countries
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Kyoto Protocol: CDM Concept
Greenhouse gas emissions
Projectfunding ($)
Carboncredits (CER)
Sellerin
Non Annex I
Buyerin
Annex I
Emissioncap
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Kyoto Protocol: CDM Concept
Greenhouse gas emissions
Projectfunding ($)
Carboncredits (CER)
Sellerin
Non Annex I
Buyerin
Annex I
Emissioncap
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CDM projects (in the pipeline)
http://cdmpipeline.org/cdm-projects-type.htm
CH4 reduction,
18.0%Renewables,
66.0%
Others, 6.0%
Energyefficiency,
10.0%
TOTAL:n=7532
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http://cdmpipeline.org/cdm-projects-type.htm
Energyefficiency,
10.0%
Others (w/oforest), 5.2%
Renewables,66.0%
CH4 reduction,
18.0%
Afforestation,
Reforestation,0.8% (n=62)
CDM projects (in the pipeline)
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http://cdmpipeline.org/cdm-projects-type.htm
Renewables
(w/o husk),63.6%
CH4 reduction,
18.0%
Energyefficiency,
10.0%
Others (w/oforest), 5.2%
Rice husk,
2.4% (n=184)
Afforestation,
Reforstation,0.8% (n=62)
Agriculture:0.0002% (n=2)
CDM projects (in the pipeline)
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ApprovedMethodoloy
CDM Pipeline
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SSM Small Scale MethodologyApproved in May 2011
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/4BTFS58C2AXGMPIVDOJEL3K1Y0UWRN
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Obstacles of CDM in rice production
Involvement of many stakeholders/transaction costs
Measurement/ Reporting/ Verification(MRV)
Possible leakages
Emission savings based on areaand not on grain production
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Mechanisms of Carbon Crediting
1. Clean Development Mechanism
2. New mechanisms under UNFCCC
umbrella3. Voluntary emission reductions
4. Funding National Action Plans ofdeveloping countries
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REDD = Reducing Emissions fromDeforestation and Forest Degradation
Only afforestation and reforestation projects areallowed as CDM project
The REDDconcept:
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World Bank, UNDP, UNEP and FAO have
set up several programmes for funding of
REDD activities
The Norwegian government launched the
International Forests and Climate Initiative
and provided 30 million USD in 2010, and
pledged up to 250 million USD until 2015
REDD Funding Mechanisms
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REDD
= Reducing Emissionsfrom All Land Uses
REALU
Expansion of the REDD concept?
?
Include aspects of biodiversity,sustainable management etc REDD+(+)
Include other land usesbeyond forests
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Mechanisms of Carbon Crediting
1. Clean Development Mechanism
2. New mechanisms under UNFCCC
umbrella3. Voluntary emission reductions
4. Funding National Action Plans ofdeveloping countries
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Alberta: 4-R N Stewardship Plan
Performance Level
Basic Intermediate Advanced
Right Source
Right Rate
Right Time
Right Place
ReductionModifier
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China: Panda Standard
Aimed at providing transparency and credibility in
the nascent Chinese carbon market
encouraging investment into Chinasrural economy
Panda Standard Registry is responsible for
the issuance and transfer of Panda StandardCredits
http://www.pandastandard.org/
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Mechanisms of Carbon Crediting
1. Clean Development Mechanism
2. New mechanisms under UNFCCC
umbrella3. Voluntary emission reductions
4. Funding National Action Plans ofdeveloping countries
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NAMA
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
NAMAs are voluntary countryengagement proposals
They are expected to become the mainvehicle for mitigation action in developingcountries in the future
Funding should come from the newlyestablished Green Fund (target:
100 bn USD by 2020)
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Structure
Rice as a source of Greenhouse Gases
Technical Feasibility of Mitigation
Overview of different mechanismsof Carbon Crediting
Highlighting ongoing activities inrice production
Conclusion
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Tabela Project of Bayer CropScience
Bayer Indonesia developedTabela-method for directseeding
Required water managementduring the first month inTabela is like AWD
Bayer funded emission measurements (conducted byIndonesian Agric. and Environm. Research Institute)
IRRI provided technical assistance on MRV issues(Measurem./ Report./ Verif.) and literature research
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ApprovedMethodoloy
CDM Pipeline
Validation
May 2011
Nov.2011
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Tabela CDM project in Java
Water regime Emission factor
[tCH4/ha yr]
[tCO2eq/ha yr]
Baseline:
Conventional
0.62
13.02
Project: TABELA 0.40 8.40
DIFFERENCE 0.22 4.62
@ 5 USD per tCO2eq => 23.1 USD/ ha yr
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Target area: 12,500 ha
Approved methodology requires emission
measurements in reference fields Training, demonstration and monitoringof crop management by Bayer field
teams
cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/G8XUOQ9W3FEMCT7Y46S15I02JVZDBL
Project Design Document
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Developed by
o Environmental Defense Fund
o California Rice Commission
o Two private companies
Voluntary Emission Reductions in Rice
New Methodology currently under review by
http://www.americancarbonregistry.org/
carbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systems
http://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/8/2/2019 Carbon crediting in rice production: realistic outlook or wishful thinking?
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Voluntary Emission Reductions in Rice
Approach:
Emission savings are quantified using a simulationmodel (DNDC = Denitrification Decomposition)
Modelling emissions using DNDC model
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Modelling emissions using DNDC model
(DeNitrification-DeComposition)
Li et al. 2000
InputsSOIL
Texture, pH,
C and N content
CLIMATE
Temp., rainfall
MANAGEMENT
N inputs, tillage,
irrigation etc.
CO2CH4N2O
NOxNH3
moisture...
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Voluntary Emission Reductions in Rice
Approach:
Emission savings are quantified using a simulationmodel (DNDC = Denitrification Decomposition)
Status of review:
The 1st version of the proposal was posted on the
web in June 2011 and received substantial criticism,in particular because of unclear model validationprocedures
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Structure
Rice as a source of Greenhouse Gases
Technical Feasibility of Mitigation
Overview of different mechanismsof Carbon Crediting
Highlighting ongoing activities in
rice production
Conclusion
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Conclusion in terms of adoption:
Wishful
thinking
Wide-spread implementation of
mitigation projects as part offarming routine
Realisticoutlook Individual mitigation projectswith limited geographic domain
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Conclusion in terms of economics:
Wishful
thinking
Significant impact on farmers
income and poverty alleviation
Realisticoutlook
Attaining additional funds forrural development (irrigationfacilities, improved technol.)
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Conclusion in terms of policy:
Wishful
thinking
Establishment of a global fund
for mitigation in agriculture(matching the set-up for forests)
Realisticoutlook More interest and hopefullymore recognition of the specificrole of food production
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Thank you
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