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VIDEOGRAPHY
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CAMERA
Video camera captures light from the
object through the lens and focused it on a
pictures tube or semiconductor chips. Through thepicture tube or chips, light is converted intoelectronic signals. An electron beam scans thesesignals and a video signal is produced. This signal
can be sent to VCR.
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IMAGE SENSOR
The image sensor is a Silicon Semiconductor Design tocapture photon that is light and convert them in to electron.Electron once converted then must be transferred andconverted again to voltage which can be measured andturned into digital data.
There are two types of Image Sensor used in DigitalCamera
- Charge Coupled Device (CCD)
- Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS)High end Camera uses CCD Sensor for highquality and low noise images. It is better than theCMOS.
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Charge Coupled Device (CCD)
It contains many light sensitive diodes that convertlight into electrical charges. These diodes are calledPhotosites. Each photosites records the intensity orbrightness of the light falls on it. Therefore brighter the
light, higher the charge. This electrical charges are thenconverted into digital values by an Analog to Digitalconverter (ADC)
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CCD Vs CMOS
CCD Sensors have been used incameras for more than 20 years and presentmany advantageous qualities among them,better light sensitivity than CMOS Sensors. Thishigher light sensitivity translates into betterimages in low light conditions. CCD Sensors are,however, more expensive as they are made in anon-standard process and more complex toincorporate into a camera. In addition, when
there is a very bright object in the scene (Suchas a lamp or direct sunlight), the image mayburn.
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Recent advances in CMOS Sensors bring themcloser to CCD in terms of image quality, but CMOS
Sensors remain unsuitable for cameras where thehighest possible image quality is required. CMOSSensors provide a lower total cost for the camerassince they contain all the logics needed to build
cameras around them. They make it possible toproduce small sized cameras. A current limitationwith CMOS Sensor is their lower light sensitivitywhile this drawback is not an issue in bright
environment, in low light conditions it becomesvisible. The result is either a very dark or a verynoisy image.
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CMOS SENSOR
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Analog-to-digital converterAn analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC,
A/D or A to D) is an electronic circuit that converts
continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. Thereverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analogconverter (DAC).
Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that
converts an input analog voltage to a digital number. Thedigital output may be using different coding schemes,
such as binary and two's complement binary.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter8/2/2019 Camera, CCD & Types
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TYPES OF VIDEO CAMERA
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Studio Cameras
Studio Cameras are mounted on a dollypedestal so the camera operator may wheel it todifferent locations with relative ease during shotchanges. These cameras are usually too large andhave a large viewfinder, high quality lenses andcamera pick-up chips. The highest level cameras arereproducing high quality images under a full range of
lighting situations. Its focus and zoom controls areusually fixed to the panning handles.
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ENG CAMERA
Electronic News Gathering Camera
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The Electronic News Gathering Cameras areautomated and fully operational within a fewseconds after they are switched on. You canmake adjustments quickly and easily. These are
generally shoulder mounted with a small camera -light and microphone attached and powered bybatteries.
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EFP CAMERA
Electronic Field Production Camera
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The EFP system uses the same type of
compact, portable video equipment as the ENGsystem. However, the purpose of EFP is togenerate an entertainment program at differentlocations away from the studio. Two examples
would be a documentary program or aninterview at someones home.
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CONVERTIBLE CAMERA
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Convertible Camera can be converted to anENG Camera from a Studio Camera and vice -
versa. Therefore it can be used both in the studioand in the field. You can fit light weightattachments like instead of large viewfinder, smalleyepiece viewfinder.
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CAMCORDER
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Camcorder combines a camera and video cassette inone unit. The camcorder weight less than an ENGCamera. It may have its own inbuilt video cassetterecorder or a separate compact video cassette recorder. Itallows increased mobility in tight situations.
The earliest camcorders, developed by companiessuch as JVC, Sony, and Kodak, used analog videotape,but since the mid-1990s (and even before that inprofessional markets), camcorders recording digital video
have become the norm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVC8/2/2019 Camera, CCD & Types
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CONSUMEROR
SMALL FORMAT CAMERAS
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As the mainstream consumer market favors ease ofuse, portability, and price, consumer camcorders
emphasize these features more than raw technicalperformance. For example, good low-light capabilitiesrequire large capturing chips, which affects price and size.Thus, consumer camcorders are unable to shoot usefulfootage in dim light. Manual controls need space, either inmenus or as buttons and make the use more complicated,which goes against the requirement of ease of use. Forthe beginner, entry-level camcorders offer basic recordingand playback capability.
Hi8, S-VHS, miniDV, Digital8 and Hard driveCameras are small format cameras. These are nowincreasingly used for personal use, local programs etc.
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