Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Diseases in camels and equines
Generalized camel poxRabid camel
Trachea – camel poxGeneralized camel pox
Camel with nasal dischargeLung – camel pox
Probing samplingFMD – Tongue injection
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Melanesia lungLung Tb
Sarcoptes femaleMange in camels
Hydatid cystE. granulosus camel lung
AHS African Horse Sickness eye swelling
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
AHS lung oedemaAHS African Horse Sickness eye swelling
Farcy legs
Glanders noseFarcy face
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Glanders spleenGlanders lung
Babesia caballi in bloodBabesia equi in blood
African Horse SicknessAfrican Horse Sickness (AHS) is an acute or Subacute, often fatal, arthropod-borne viral
disease of horses and other equineHorses > Mules > Donkeys > Zebras
►Virus family: Reoviridae►Virus genus: Orb virus
►Number of types: 9Other members of genus:
•Bluetongue►Main Vector: Culicoides spp
►Incubation Period:3 days to 3 weeks►Duration of Illness:1 - 2 weeks
►Morbidity: Variable but can be high►Case Fatality Rate :
Horses: 70 to 95%Mules: approx. 50%
Donkeys: approx. 10%►Carriers:
(?)Dogs, Zebras, Elephants
Clinical Signs►High fever 40-41*c
►Depression►Discomfort and colic
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
►Bulging of supraorbital fossae►Sudden death
►Froth through nostrils after death
Respiratory distress + nasal dischargeBulging of supraorbital fossae +
conjunctivitis
Bulging of supraorbital fossaeconjunctivitis
Pulmonary odema that lead to respiratory distress+ nasal discharge + subcutaneous odema involve the whole head , neck &
brisket
Pulmonary odema that lead to respiratory distress+ nasal discharge
Post-Mortem Examination
القلبي الجلد : الشكل تحت أوديما وجودجيالتينية سوائل عن عبارة وهي العضالت وفي
subcutaneous odema (anasarca) involve the whole head , neck & brisket
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
القلبي جيالتينية : الشكل سوائل عن عبارة وهي العضالت وفي الجلد تحت أوديما وجود
Hydropericardium, endocardial hemorrhage + myocardial degeneration
الرئوي و :الشكل الرئة في سوائل وجوداإلبرة رأس بحجم نزيف مع الصدري التجويف
للقلب المغلفة األغشية في
: للمرض القلبي حرارة درجةالشكلتكون . 41- 39الخيول هنالك يكون مئوية درجة
, العين وجفون الصدغية فوق الحفرة في تورم . , يموت, األكتاف منطقة و الصدر الرقبة الوجه
. أسبوع خالل الحيوان
1.: الحاد التنفسي درجة الشكلتكون الحيوان درجة 41- 40حرارة
, , توسع, كحة التنفس في صعوبة مئويةسا خروج مع األنف رغوي ئلفتحتي
الموت, ويكون العين احمرار منهمامن أسبوع خالل األكسجين نقص من
. األعراض بدء
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Hemorrhage may be found on the mucosal surface of the intestine
►Control of importation of animals, particularly zebras ►Vector control programs ►Vaccination campaigns
Live multivalentKilled monovalent products
►condemnation of clinically affected animals
Contagious Equine MetritisContagious equine Metritis (CEM) is a venereal disease of horses characterized by
mucopurulent endometritis in the mare•Taylorella equigenitalis–Gram negative coccobacillus
Transmission
•Stallions can remain infected carriers for YEARS•Foals born to infected mares may themselves be infected and transmit it when they
become sexually mature
Clinical signs•In mares:
–10-14 days after breeding, mucopurulent vaginal discharge
–InfertilityThe lesions of contagious equine Metritis are not pathognomic. Lesions are most severe in the uterus, but salpingitis, cervicitis, and vaginitis also occur. The most severe lesions occur about 14
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
days postinfection and gradually decrease in severity over the next several weeks as the disease becomes chronic. The cervix is edematous and hyperemic, and covered with a mucopurulent exudates
EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS
Babesia spp. are transmitted by vector ticks Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne protozoal disease
characterized by an acute hemolytic anemia.
Babesia caballiBabesia equi
LIFE CYCLE
15 species of ticks will transmit
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Clinical signs•Acute cases - depression, anorexia, fever, pallor, icterus .
•hepatosplenomegaly and petechial hemorrhage in the mucous membranes•anemia
•Chronic cases – weight loss, reduced performance
•Horses with babesiosis develop normochromic normocytic
Chronic formsPallor, icterus
Enlarged spleenDark red-black kidneysTreatment
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
BerenilImizol
Control and Prevention•There are no vaccines
•Drug therapy•Tick control
•PREVENT ENTRY
Import Requirements – U.S.A•Testing at quarantine
•If positive for B. caballi, treatment until negative•If positive for B. equi, export back to country or condemnation
Dourine and Surra
DOURINEHost range Equines (horse, donkey, mule)
Clinical signs fever, anaemia, genital oedema,staggering movements, paralysis, death
Variations: host, environment...Transmission Sexual
Diagnosis Complement fixation test (CFT)
Treatment None
Clinical signs
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
“staggering” movementSwelling of genitaelia
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Parasitology–Difficult to find parasites
Wet blood filmSerology:Complement Fixation Test (CFT),
SURRAHost range horses, camel
Clinical signs fever, anaemia, ventral oedema,paralysis, deathvariations according to host,Environment.
Transmission Mechanical
Diagnosis parasite detection and serological
Treatment ( Cymelarsan.Diminazene بارد (زمبور
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Ventral oedemaScruffy furReduced hump
GlandersA contagious, acute or chronic disease Caused by (Pseudomonas mallei) .
Zoonotic diseaseGram negative, non-motile bacillus
Prolonged survival in contaminated environmentsKilled by most common disinfectants
HostDonkeys > mules > horses
►Herd infection usually related to introduction of asymptomatic animals►Poor condition animals more susceptible
Transmission►Ingestion
Nasal or cutaneous discharge from diseased or latently infected animals (contaminated feed or water)
►Inhalation Of agent- significant in humans,
►CutaneousPortal of Entry
►Skin►Respiratory
►Gastrointestinal tract►Incubation period: 1 to 8 weeks
►Duration of disease: Weeks to months
Morbidity
)generally low(
►Case fatality Rate :up to 95% in untreated cases
Clinical Signs►Fever
►Nasal discharge►Respiratory signs
►Septicemia
►Cutaneous –
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Nodules in skin, subcutaneous tissues ;Ulcers and purulent exudates.Lymphatics thickened, firm and cord-like
Nasal Nasal discharge, nodules and ulcers in nasal mucosa, regional lymph node involvement
Pulmonary Range from Inapparent infection to mild dyspnea to severe coughing. Caseous or calcified lung nodules.
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Mallein test•Intradermo-palpebral injection, or eye drop
•Swelling in 1-4 daysVaccines available
West Nile Virus Corrie Brown
West Nile virus is an arthropod—borne disease of humans, horses, birds, and some other animals, characterized by mild disease to severe encephalitis and death
CulexWest Nile virus, Genus Flavivirus
Transmission
Clinical Disease•Incubation period 3-12 days
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
•Most infections are asymptomatic!•20-40% of infected horses will develop clinical disease
•Very few animals become febrileSigns of encephalitis
paralysisWeaknessAtaxia
Postmortem findings•Not much to see
•Must do histology to see brain lesions
Control and PreventionMosquito eradication
Vaccination before mosquito season and then every 6-12 months
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE)GUMBORO(
•More important manifestation is a severe, prolonged immunosuppression because chickens get infected at an early age
virus, Family BirnaviridaeVirus is quite hardy, fairly resistant to heat and disinfectants. Can persist in the housing environment for 3-4 months. It is not transmitted through the eggBirnaviruses are unusual viruses – they have two segments of double-stranded RNA
2 kinds of diseases
•Chickens infected older than 6 weeks of age – bursal disease and illness – very virulent strains can cause 90-
100% mortality!
•Chickens infected less than 3 weeks old – disease is subclinical but bursa
is damaged.
•Why the age difference? It may be due to immune complex disease. After 3 weeks old, chickens can respond immunological, lots of antigen, lots of antibody, Arthur
reaction.
Clinical Disease•Incubation period SHORT
Disease is very contagious. Clinical signs usually start within 2-3 days of exposure. One of the earliest signs of infection in a flock is that chickens may peck at their own vents.
•Morbidity is 100%Soiled vent, diarrhea, depression, ruffled feathers, and trembling, dehydrated, death.
•Period of illness is 5-7 days
Bursa is target organ – LYMPHOCYTESOther organs affected – cecal tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow
Prevention and Control
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
Vaccination – TIMING is CRITICAL! -1•2 -Management – clean-up between
broods is very important
3 -Vaccination of chicks must be done at the time that maternal immunity wanes, and this is often
around 3-5 weeks.•4 -Be careful – some vaccines are “hot”
and can actually induce bursal atrophy.•5 -Killed vaccines can be used in breeder
flocks but they don’t really help the young growing chicken
NEWCASTLEDISEASE
A highly contagious disease of poultry caused by avian paramyxovirus-1 and resulting in significant mortality and visceral lesions.
NDV Terminology•Lentogen – embryos survive >90h•Mesogen – kills embryos 60-90h
•Velogen – kills embryos <60h
Incubation periodThe incubation period for ND after natural exposure varies from 2-15 days (average 5-6) .
Normal comp
Subcutaneous hemorrhage with cyanosis of comp
Birds are depressed and have ruffled feathers
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
conjunctival edema and reddening as the earliest prominent sign
Normal eyelid
Hemorrhage & Necrotic foci in preventriculus Normal preventriculus
Inflammation in larynx & trachea Normal neck
نكروزية نقط وعليه متضخم Normal spleenطحال
Bloody cloaca and dark colored skin Normal cloaca
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Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases
kidney showing acute nephritis Normal kidney
Turkeys are more refractory to infection with both viscerotropic and neurotropic viruses than are chickens
neurologic signs muscular tremors, paralysis of legs or
wings torticollis
Inflammation involvement cercal tonsils
Control of NDV•1-Vaccination with low virulence live or inactivated oil emulsion vaccines,
•can markedly reduce the losses from ND in poultry flocks .•2-Preventing introduction of the disease
•3-housing management •example controlling traffic, feed sources, manure and litter management, and fly and
rodent control .
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