ByBy
Prof. Lydia AyersProf. Lydia Ayers
Bowed Strings (huqin)Bowed Strings (huqin)Bowed Strings (huqin)Bowed Strings (huqin)• ErhuErhu
• 2 strings with a snake-skin 2 strings with a snake-skin sound boxsound box
• <3:16><3:16> Wong On Yuen, erhu, Wong On Yuen, erhu, performs Joshua Chan Kam performs Joshua Chan Kam Biu's Biu's Eternal LoveEternal Love
Wong On Yuen(gaohu)
Bowed Strings (huqin)Bowed Strings (huqin)Bowed Strings (huqin)Bowed Strings (huqin)
• GaohuGaohu• 2 strings with a snake-skin2 strings with a snake-skin sound sound
box; higher than erhubox; higher than erhu
• ZhonghuZhonghu• lower than erhu lower than erhu • The shape of the resonatorThe shape of the resonator
varies from circular to octagonal. varies from circular to octagonal.
Pythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean Tuning• in common use in Greek Antiquity and the in common use in Greek Antiquity and the
Middle Ages in western musicMiddle Ages in western music• still used in Chinese music and some Indian still used in Chinese music and some Indian
ragas todayragas today• Pythagorean spiral of fifthsPythagorean spiral of fifths
• based upon pure 3/2 fifthsbased upon pure 3/2 fifths
fifth3/2
Pythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean Tuning
Ling Lun's Tuning of the Lu
by Edward Wongpaixiao
• first discovered by Ling Lun, a court musician of first discovered by Ling Lun, a court musician of Emperor Huang-Ti, possibly as early as the 27th Emperor Huang-Ti, possibly as early as the 27th century B.C. century B.C. • used a length of bamboo called a "lu" — similar to used a length of bamboo called a "lu" — similar to
paixiaopaixiao
[i:57][i:57] Zheng Tuning Example Zheng Tuning Example[i:57][i:57] Zheng Tuning Example Zheng Tuning Example11 33 99 2727 8181
11 22 8 8 1616 64 64
Pythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean Tuning[i:58][i:58] Pentatonic (5-note) scale of Ling Lun's Tuning of the Lu
.Chinese: 1 2 3 5 6 1
Pythagorean Spiral of FifthsPythagorean Spiral of FifthsPythagorean Spiral of FifthsPythagorean Spiral of Fifths11
2716
C98
32
EA
DG
,DbAb
Eb
BbF
Gb/F# B12881 243
128
8164
3227
169
43
729512
256243 1024
729
11
94
32x
32=
32x =
98
12x =
Pythagorean 531441 Comma 524288
Pythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean Tuning
[i:59][i:59] Pythagorean Major Scale
[i:60][i:60] Comparing TuningComparing TuningSystems for the Major ScaleSystems for the Major Scale
[i:60][i:60] Comparing TuningComparing TuningSystems for the Major ScaleSystems for the Major Scale
Pythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean TuningPythagorean Tuning
[i:61][i:61] Pythagorean Major Chord
• major third is very sharp, so major chord major third is very sharp, so major chord is out of tune is out of tune
[i:65][i:65] Just Natural Minor ScaleJust Natural Minor Scale[i:65][i:65] Just Natural Minor ScaleJust Natural Minor Scale
Interval Flow ChartInterval Flow Chart(major intervals on top)(major intervals on top)Interval Flow ChartInterval Flow Chart(major intervals on top)(major intervals on top)
9/89/8 15/815/8
/ /\ / \/ /\ / \
/ / 10/910/9 5/45/4 5/35/3 \ \
/ / / \ / \ \/ / / \ / \ \
11 - - - - - - - - -- - -4/34/3 - - 3/23/2 - - - - - - - - - - 22
\ \ / \ / / /\ \ / \ / / /
\ \ 6/56/5 8/58/5 9/59/5 / /
\ / \ / /\ / \ / /
16/1516/15 16/916/9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
[i:66][i:66] Pythagorean Minor ScalePythagorean Minor Scale[i:66][i:66] Pythagorean Minor ScalePythagorean Minor Scale
[i:67][i:67] Comparing Tuning Systems for the Minor Scale
Minor ChordsMinor ChordsMinor ChordsMinor Chords• Pythagorean minor third is very flat, so Pythagorean minor third is very flat, so
chords are out of tune chords are out of tune
[i:68][i:68] Just Minor Triad
[i:69][i:69] Pythagorean Minor Triad
[i:70][i:70] Sometimes I feel Like a Motherless ChildSometimes I feel Like a Motherless Child (Black American Spiritual)(Black American Spiritual)
[i:70][i:70] Sometimes I feel Like a Motherless ChildSometimes I feel Like a Motherless Child (Black American Spiritual)(Black American Spiritual)
•A
Nat
ura
l Min
or
Sca
leA
Nat
ura
l Min
or
Sca
le
Leading ToneLeading ToneLeading ToneLeading Tone
• "leads" up to the tonic by a half step"leads" up to the tonic by a half step• seventhseventh scale degree from the major scale scale degree from the major scale
[i:71][i:71] Leading Tone in C Major Scale
[i:72][i:72] Harmonic Minor ScaleHarmonic Minor Scale[i:72][i:72] Harmonic Minor ScaleHarmonic Minor Scale• natural minor scale pattern natural minor scale pattern
with with seventhseventh scale degree scale degree borrowed from major scale borrowed from major scale to give a leading toneto give a leading tone
• modified by accidental, not modified by accidental, not by key signatureby key signature
Harmonic Minor Scale - Key of C
[i:73][i:73] Melodic Minor ScaleMelodic Minor Scale[i:73][i:73] Melodic Minor ScaleMelodic Minor Scale• natural minor scale pattern natural minor scale pattern
with raised tones going up with raised tones going up and lowered tones coming and lowered tones coming downdown
• closes gap between sixth and raised seventh closes gap between sixth and raised seventh scale degreesscale degrees
Melodic Minor Scale - Key of C Minor
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