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In simple words Re-search mean Search Again
OR
It is a process of gathering information to answer a
question Albert Szent- Gyorgyi
What is Research ?
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What is Business Research ?
Business Research is a systematic and objective
process of gathering, recording and analyzing datafor making good business decisions
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What is the best strategy to promote a particular product? (Marketing)
What is the main reasons for employee turnover? (HRM)
What is the rate of return on particular investment? (finance)
Examples of Business Research
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WHY WE SHOULD STUDY RESEARCH METHOD?
The best reason for learning about research methods is that these methods are used
by the Managers to answer the questions regarding day to day business problems.
Following are some other implications of the research:
1- Management Is A Science: Management is a science togather and interpret information in order to make effective decisions.
2- Reduce Uncertainty:The prime managerial value of businessresearch is that it reduces uncertainty by providing required information
and improves the following four stages of decision making:
Identifying problems and opportunity.
Diagnosing and assessing problems or opportunities.
Selecting and implementing a course of action.
Evaluating the course of action.
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3- Conducting A Study: Research method course is very usefulfor you as you have to do your mastersthesis in order to complete
your degree requirement and it is also helpful to you at some time in
future because being a professional everyone wants to read and
understand the most recent research in order to be up date in his
profession.
4- Reading And Evaluating Other PeoplesStudy:Agrasp of research terminology will allow you to read and understand
research articles and critically evaluate it. Rather than reading a
summary of someone elses research in a magazine, news paper, or
textbook, you can read the original article your self and draw your
own conclusion.
5- Understanding Brief Description Of Studies:Aresearch method course will help you understanding abbreviated
description of studies given as evidence supporting some conclusion
or theory.
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7- Making Decisions In Our Daily Lives:Besides becoming a researcher, to be an effective, participating
member of 21stcentury one must understanding the research
process in order to evaluate and act on research results.
6- Thesis is based on Research :besides all thebusiness related benefits of the research studies, it is also useful for
your academic requirement of thesis as being compulsory for your
degree
8- Being A Better Thinker:The research methodology will also
improve your thinking as it is a logical and objective method offinding answer to a question which may apply to all aspects of life.
9- Secret Of Success: The secret of success is to knowsomething nobody else knows.
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PURPOSE OF THEORY
Prediction and understanding are the two purpose of theory.
LEVELS OF THEORY
1. Abstract level
At the abstract level. Concepts and propositions are the
elements of theory
2. Empirical levelAt the empirical level theory is concerned with variables and
testable hypothesis, the empirical counterparts of concepts and
propositions.
THEORYTheory is a standardized principle on which basis we can
explain the relationship between two or more concepts or
variables.
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Theory
Proposition Hypothesis
variableconcept
Abstract
level
Empirical
level
Motivation, thirst,
honesty,
satisfaction
Height, Weight,
Temperature,
Distance
Satisfaction & Motivation
hard work & thirst
Honesty and success
Temperature & Productivity
Height & Weight,
Distance & Speed
More Satisfaction increases the
Motivation level
Higher Temperature reduces the
Productivity
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THEORY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Theory
All rosebushes have thorns
Deduction Induction
Predicted Observation Actual Observation
If I check my neighbors rose bushes,
I should find that they all have thorns
I notice that the five rosebushes
in my backyard all have thorns
1. Induction process
2. Deduction process
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DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION
1. Theory
3. Data Collection
4. Findings
5. Hypothesis confirmed orrejected
2. Hypothesis
6. Revision of theory
2. Data Collection
3. Findings
4. Generation of Theory
1. General Research Questions
Deductio
n
In
duction
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Discussion on Short Case Study
Deductive and Inductive Research
Sadie decided to conduct the research
project on violence at work and its effects on
the stress levels of staff. She considered the
different ways she would approach the work
were she to adopt:
The Deductive approach
The Inductive approachProf.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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If she decided to adopt the deductive
approachto her work, she would have
to:
Start with the hypothesis,
Decide to research a population,
Administer a questionnaire to large sample
Be particularly careful about how she defined violence;
Standardize the stress responses
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On the other hand, if she decided to
adopt an inductive approachshe might
have: Decided to interview some staff,
Interested in their feelings about the
events that they had experienced, how they coped with problems they
experienced and,
Their views about the possible causes ofviolence.
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Either approach would have yielded
valuable data about this problem (indeed,
both may be used in this project, at
different stages). Neither approachshould be thought of as better than the
other. They are better at different things.
It depends where her research emphasislies.
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Application
Basic orPure
Research
AppliedResearch
Objective
Exploratoryresearch
Explanatoryresearch
Descriptiveresearch
TimeDimension
Cross-sectionalresearch
Longitudinalresearch
InquiryMode
Qualitativeresearch
Quantitativeresearch
MixedMethodsresearch
Classification of
Research
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Prepare discussion points on the importance ofresearch in professional, academic, and
personal life of a student.
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GuidelinesAccuracy of Document
Font Size(12)
Heading (14 + Bold)
Sub-Heading (12 + Bold)
Font Style(Times New Roman)Line Spacing(Single)
Alignment (Justified)
Spelling and GrammaticalAccuracy
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SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES 20
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In the name of Allah Kareem,Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,the Most Merciful !
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In the name of Allah Kareem,Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,the Most Merciful !
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Research Process
2.Literature review
3.Research design
4.Data Collection
5. Data Preparation
6.Data Analysis
7.Discussion and Conclusion
8.Report Writing
1.Select a Topic / Problem
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Id tifi ti f T i
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1
Chose Area for research
(Management Sciences)
2
Select field of research(Finance, HRM, Marketing)
3
Select topic of research(Advertising in Marketing)
4Refine topic of research
(Refining topic)
Identification of Topic
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SOURCES OF LITERATURE
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SOURCES OF LITERATURE
The literature sources available to help you to develop a good understanding of and
insight into previous research can be divided into three following categories:
ReportsThesesEmails
Conference reportsCompany reports
Unpublished
manuscriptsources
Newspapers
BooksJournalsInternet
Some government
publications
IndexesAbstracts
CataloguesEncyclopediaDictionnaires
Bibliographies
Citation indexesSearch Engines
Primary Sources Secondary Sources Tertiary sources
Adapted from research Methods for business Students by Mark Saunders (p.68)
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TERTIARY SOURCES
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TERTIARYSOURCES
Tertiary Resource available at Superior can be accessed via following address
http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.html
Through Superior website www.superior.edu.pkby clicking onDigital Librarylink
Or
Name Type Internet address
Google Search engine www.google.com
Google Scholar Search engine for
scholarly material
www.scholar.google.com
Yahoo Search engine www.yahoo.com
Ebscohost Database
Springer link Database http://www.springerlink.com
Blackwell synergy http://www.blackwell-synergy.com
Oxford press Publisher http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.
html
University Of ChicagoPress
Publisher http://www.journals.uchicago.edu
Adapted from research Methods for business Students by Mark Saunders (p.68)Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,Muhammad saeed Aas Meo
http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.htmlhttp://www.superior.edu.pk/http://www.google.com/http://www.scholar.google.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.springerlink.com/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.htmlhttp://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.htmlhttp://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.htmlhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/http://www.springerlink.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.scholar.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.superior.edu.pk/http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.html7/23/2019 Business Research Mathod
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READING THE LITERATURE
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READING THE LITERATURE
Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.53)
Read abstract of the article or preface andintroduction of book
Skim through the article/ book
Survey the main parts of the article/ book
Read in detail the selected important parts
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ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
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ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Analysisis the job of systematically breaking down something into itsconstituents parts and describing how they relate to each other it is not randomdissection but a methodological examination.
1. Systematic Analysis: Systematic Analysis is the kind of
analysis in which we systematically evaluate the literature
on the basis of key ideas, theories, concepts and
methodological assumptions and the overall structure
and format of the research work
2. Arguments Analysis: If a range of arguments is beinganalyzed, you will need to explicate the claim, data and
warrant for each argument. In this way, the identification
of the individual and similar elements in a range of items
can be compared and contrasted.
There are two types of analysis i.e. argument analysis and systematic analysis.
Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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1 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
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Systematic Analysis is the kind of analysis in which we systematically evaluate
the literature on the basis of key ideas, theories, concepts and methodological
assumptions and the overall structure and format of the research work. In
systematic analysis we can do the analysis of single research work but
preferably we should go for comparative analysis of two or more studies on the
same topic
1. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
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A common practice in the social sciences is to make comparisons between
the works and ideas of different authors. This usually involves finding
common points of interest between, definitions of main concepts, kinds of
data collected and the interpretations of findings. The practice can be
useful in identifying common areas of interest and differing positions onsimilar topic areas.
Following figure points out the levels of comparison and contrast. The
point to note, however, is that comparing theorists has inherent
difficulties, mainly to do with the selection of criteria or points of reference
that are valid and comparable
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
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COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
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COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
Ontology
EpistemologyMoralityPolitics
InterpretationData
MethodologyAxiologyRhetoric
Ontology
EpistemologyMoralityPolitics
InterpretationData
MethodologyAxiologyRhetoric
Points of reference formaking a comparison
between theorists
Theorist A Theorist B
Area ofsimilarity
Area ofdifference
Area ofdifference
Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.131)
Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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2 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS
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2. ARGUMENT ANALYSIS
An argument involves putting forward reasons to influence someonesbeliefthat you are proposing in the case (Hinderer, 1992). Whichever way someonemakes an argument they are attempting to convince others of the validity (orlogic) of how they see the world and convince us that we should see it the waythey do.
An argument has at least two components: a pointand a reason:
Making a point (or statement/ conclusion)
Providing sufficient reason (or evidence) for the point to be accepted byothers
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METHODS OF ANALYZING ARGUMENTS
1. Fishersmethod of critical reading
2. Toulminsmethod of argumentation analysis
There are basically two method to analyze and evaluate argumentsintelligently and fairly:
Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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Fishers Method of critical reading:
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Fisher s Method of critical reading:
Fisher (1993) provides a method for a systematic reading of texts. This initial readingtechnique enables the reader to systematically extracts the main elements (words) ofany arguments for the purposes of evaluation.
R = CR1 + R2 = (Therefore) C1 (Interim conclusion)C1 or R3 = (Therefore) C2 (Main conclusion)
SKIM THROUGH THE TEXT
CONSTRUCT AN ARGUMENTSDIAGRAM
UNDERLINE CONCLUSION ( C ) & PLACE REASONS ( R ) INBRACKETS < >
INDICATED BY WORDS LIKE BECAUSE, SINCE etc.
CIRCLE ANY INFERENCE INDICATORS (THUS,THEREFORE etc.)
Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.110)
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Toulmin developed an approach to argumentation analysis that was rooted inthe practice rather than the theory of logic.
He proposes that an argument can be broken up into a number of basicelements that are as follow
Claim an arguable statement
Evidence Data used to supports the claim
Warrant (or permit) an expectation that provides the linkbetween the evidence and claim
Backing Context and assumption used to support the validityor the warrant and evidence
Toulmins Method Of Argumentation Analysis:
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Example:
Following is an example from everyday life. In dry summers consumers are asked andexpected to save water through careful and limited use. This is normally taken to mean
water should only be used for essential things-watering lawns, filling swimming poolsand washing cars are prohibited. The argument for this could have the followingstructure
Data Claimso
WarrantSince
Backingbecause
Car washes can use upto
250,000 gallons of waterin the main summerweeks. This quantitydepletes water reservoirsby 20% during a seasonwhen there is heavy
water usage.
Car owners should
restrict washing theircars in areas of thecountry where there isa water shortage
(Restriction).
Water is essentialand people shouldnot waste it in
times of shortage
Water shortage cause inconvenience, are a danger topeople and can be costly to consumers.
Adopted from Doing a literature review by Chris Hart p.87)Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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Referencing
Referencing means systematically
showing what information or ideas you are
quoting or paraphrasing, and where theycome from.
Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
Muhammad saeed Aas Meo
http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTM7/23/2019 Business Research Mathod
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Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to
Authenticate your research with evidence from literature
Acknowledge the original author
to enable readers follow-up the source
avoid plagiarism,
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PLAGIARISM
This means using someone else's words,
ideas or information without referencing
them - in other words, presenting themas your own.
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence
and can result in penalties, includingdismissal from the Institute.
To avoid it, use quotations and
paraphrases with proper referencing.Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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There are number of soft wares availableto check plagiarism i.e.
Turnitin Plagiarism detector
Check for plagiarism
Superior University is currently using Check for
plagiarismsoftware for plagiarism checking
How do we check
plagiarism
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WHAT MUST I REFERENCE?
All work done by other researchers
Other writers' words
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WHAT DO I NOT NEED TO
REFERENCE?
1. General knowledge
2. common knowledge in your field
3. Ideas that are definitely your own
4. findings or insights from your own research.
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DIFFERENT REFERENCING
SYSTEMS
APA Referencing
Harvard Referencing
Oxford-Cambridge Referencing
MLA AMA
APA (American Psychological Association) Style:
This system is primarily used by those writing in the social sciences.
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Basic components of
Referencing
1) In text referencing (citation)
2) End list Referencing
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In text Reference
An in-text referenceto show that a piece
of information, idea, quotation, etc. It is
always designed to be short because it is
interrupting the text.
Example:
Much of this research has demonstrated that there is relationships betweenHR practices and firm profitability (Allen, 1996).
Author Name Year
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End list Referencing
An End list reference to show the
detailed information of source. It includesfollowing contents
Example: Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1996) Affective, continuance and normative commitment
and turnover,Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-87.
Contents Example
Author Name Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1996)
Year 1996
Title Affective, continuance and normativecommitment and turnover
Journal Academy of Management Journal
Volume no 37
Page no 670-87
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Examples
Source In-text Example End-List Example
Article Wharton (1996) Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity
centers. Journal of Adventure Education and outdoor
Leadership, 12(4), 8-9
Book Comfort (1997, p. 58) Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: MitchellBeazley.
Website Dawson & Smith, (2002) Dawson, J., Smith, L., (2002). Retrieved october 31,
2002, from
http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/
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QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING
A quotation is the use of your source's exact words in your work. A
quotation may be as short as one word but, if that word is significant, it mustbe put in quotation marks and referenced.
ORIGINAL"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered a
secondary activity, mechanical rather than creative, neither worthy of serious critical
attention nor of general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).
SHORTENED
"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered
a secondary activity . . . neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of
general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).
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Paraphrasing means putting an author's ideas or information
into your own words:
ORIGINAL
"This has led to the conclusion that, out of the US population
at large, 90% watch television to excess" (Wu, 1994).
PARAPHRASED "In contradiction to Suzukis claim, Wu (1994) argues that
90% of Americans watch too much television ".
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Referencing
Referencing means systematically
showing what information or ideas you are
quoting or paraphrasing, and where theycome from.
Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTM7/23/2019 Business Research Mathod
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Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to
Authenticate your research with evidence from literature
Acknowledge the original author
to enable readers follow-up the source
avoid plagiarism,
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PLAGIARISM
This means using someone else's words,
ideas or information without referencing
them - in other words, presenting themas your own.
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence
and can result in penalties, includingdismissal from the Institute.
To avoid it, use quotations and
paraphrases with proper referencing.Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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There are number of soft wares availableto check plagiarism i.e.
Turnitin Plagiarism detector
Check for plagiarism
Superior University is currently using Check for
plagiarismsoftware for plagiarism checking
How do we check
plagiarism
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WHAT MUST I REFERENCE?
All work done by other researchers
Other writers' words
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WHAT DO I NOT NEED TO
REFERENCE?
1. General knowledge
2. common knowledge in your field
3. Ideas that are definitely your own
4. findings or insights from your own research.
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DIFFERENT REFERENCING
SYSTEMS
APA Referencing
Harvard Referencing
Oxford-Cambridge Referencing
MLA
AMA
APA (American Psychological Association) Style:
This system is primarily used by those writing in the social sciences.
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Basic components of
Referencing
1) In text referencing (citation)
2) End list Referencing
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In text Reference
An in-text referenceto show that a pieceof information, idea, quotation, etc. It is
always designed to be short because it is
interrupting the text.
Example:
Much of this research has demonstrated that there is relationships betweenHR practices and firm profitability (Allen, 1996).
Author Name Year
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End list Referencing
An End list reference to show the
detailed information of source. It includesfollowing contents
Example: Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1996) Affective, continuance and normative commitment
and turnover,Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-87.
Contents Example
Author Name Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1996)
Year 1996
Title Affective, continuance and normativecommitment and turnover
Journal Academy of Management Journal
Volume no 37
Page no 670-87
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Examples
Source In-text Example End-List Example
Article Wharton (1996) Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity
centers. Journal of Adventure Education and outdoor
Leadership, 12(4), 8-9
Book Comfort (1997, p. 58) Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: MitchellBeazley.
Website Dawson & Smith, (2002) Dawson, J., Smith, L., (2002). Retrieved october 31,
2002, from
http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/
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QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING
A quotation is the use of your source's exact words in your work. A
quotation may be as short as one word but, if that word is significant, it mustbe put in quotation marks and referenced.
ORIGINAL"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered a
secondary activity, mechanical rather than creative, neither worthy of serious critical
attention nor of general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).
SHORTENED
"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered
a secondary activity . . . neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of
general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).
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Paraphrasing means putting an author's ideas or information
into your own words:
ORIGINAL
"This has led to the conclusion that, out of the US population
at large, 90% watch television to excess" (Wu, 1994).
PARAPHRASED "In contradiction to Suzukis claim, Wu (1994) argues that
90% of Americans watch too much television ".
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Please find out at least 15 to 20 articles related to yourselected topic, read those articles thoroughly, and write
down a literature review on the basis of selected
articles of at least 3000 words
Guidelines
Your literature review should contain:A comprehensive discussionincluding
Discussion on selected variables
Contextualization
Critical reviewHypotheses development
Effective organization of literature
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94Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,
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