Sponsored by:
Business Process Modeling Across the Life Cycle
Howard Podeswa
Principal Consultant, Process Impact
www.nobleinc.ca
2
Sponsor: BonitaSoft
The leader in Open Source
Business Process Management
1,600,000 DOWNLOADS
40,000 COMMUNITY MEMBERS
500+ CUSTOMERS
100 EMPLOYEES
90 TECH & SI PARTNERS
Bonita Studio Drag-n-drop process
application development BPMN 2.0 compliant
Simulate process execution Connect with other outside
databases and applications
Phone #:
E-mail:
3
Blog:
Featured Speaker
Howard Podeswa
CEO, Noble Inc.
(416) 532-2205
www.nobleinc.ca
Since 1998, Noble Inc. has been providing Business Analysis training and consulting services to clients across the globe in a broad range of sectors including finance, government, insurance, new technology, resources, telecom, health and media with an illustrious client list that includes the International Standards Organization (ISO), the Mayo Clinic, Bell Nexia and Thomson Reuters.
Sponsored By
4
Business Process Modeling Across the Life Cycle
© 2012 by Noble Inc. All rights reserved.
www.nobleinc.ca
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
All rights reserved. The material contained in this presentation is
protected under the copyright laws of Canada and the United States.
This material may not be reproduced in any form or by any means
without the written permission of Noble Inc. Any infringement of these
copyrights or trademarks will be prosecuted to the full extent of the
law.
Sponsored By
5
Session Objectives
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Understand what Business Process Modeling
(BPM) is and the rationale for doing it.
Understand how BPM is applied across the project
lifecycle.
Sponsored By
6
Business Process Modeling Across the Life Cycle
Part 1
The Business Case for BPM
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
7
Business Process Modeling What?
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
The representation of current ("as is") and proposed ("to be") enterprise processes, so that they may be compared and contrasted.
Used for:
- Business process improvement
- Business impact analysis in preparation for an IT project.
Standards used in this context include:
- BPMN
- UML
- Use Cases
Sponsored By
8
Evolution of BPM
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
1960’s
– Business process automation drove the need for
understanding how a system would implement a
business process
• Flowcharts
1970’s, 1980’s, 1990’s
– Increasing complexity of business process
automation demanded new tools and techniques
• IDEF models, data flow diagrams, …
• Statechart diagrams
Sponsored By
9
Evolution
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
1989: OMG (Object Management Group) founded
– Owns the UML (Unified Modeling Language) standard for OO (Object Oriented) systems.
1990’s: OO Analysis and Design matures • Unified Modeling Language standard gains wide acceptance. Includes
activity diagrams and state-machine diagrams for modeling sequencing rules
2005
– BPMI (Business Process Management Initiative) and OMG merge business process management activities.
– OMG becomes owner of BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation), an alternative to UML activity diagram for modeling workflow
Sponsored By
10
More than a Diagram
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Any business process model is usually
expressed as:
– One or more diagrams
• Different processes, different perspectives, different
levels of detail
– Supporting text
• Definitions
• Explanations
– Decisions, algorithms, detailed business rules
Sponsored By
11
Business Process Workflow Model
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
A business process workflow model depicts
– Activities and their sequence
– Transitions
– Decisions
– How it begins and ends
– Optionally:
– Who does what
– Business objects created, altered or required at each step
Sponsored By
12
Business Process Modeling Why?
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
By comparing and contrasting current and proposed enterprise processes, business analysts and managers can identify specific process transformations that can result in quantifiable improvements to their businesses.
Sponsored By
13
So why bother with the picture?
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Better than text for depicting complex workflows.
Well-suited for comparison of alternatives, scope definition and gap analysis.
Enables BA to consolidate partial stakeholder views of a process into one end-to-end picture.
‘Straw man’ to stimulate discussion.
Aids identification of bottlenecks.
Enables standardization of processes across the organization.
Visual training aid for new process workers.
End-to-end models used to design integration tests.
May be used to run simulations and to generate code
Modeling is simpler, faster and cheaper than building the real thing
Sponsored By
14
Business Process Modeling Contexts for BPM
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Business merger or takeover Introduction of new products or services Other transformational change:
– Elimination of redundant processes – Automation of services and processes (reduce manual elements) – Centralization of common business processes – Change to underlying software systems or how they are used; system
migration Process improvement:
– Identify and remove bottlenecks – Reduce double entry – Role changes
IT change: — To ensure impact on end-to-end business process is taken into consideration
Exit interviews Operations training
Sponsored By
15
Important step in ensuring IT development supports the business process.
Provides clear path from business needs to IT requirements: • Business process is decomposed using BPM.
• Process models are used to identify and define IT tasks (system use cases) required to support the business process
Business Process Modeling Relevance for IT projects
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
16
Initiation: To model As-Is and To-Be business
processes.
Discovery: To model user tasks and the
corresponding interactions with the IT system.
Construction: Developers use BA models as
input to interface and software design.
Final V & V: QA uses BA models as input to
integration test design.
Overview of BPM Across the SDLC
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
17
Business Process Modeling
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Case Studies
Sponsored By
18
A state-level government client has decided to
centralize the delivery of services.
MyFile is to be a single point of entry for all
services offered by the government:
- Automobile licences, grants, fines, etc.
Noble is currently working with this client on
analyzing the As-Is and To-Be workflow for
affected processes.
BPM to Centralize Processes
Case
Study:
MyFile
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
19
BPM to Reduce Inefficiencies
Case Study:
CRM
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Noble worked with one of the Big Four financial services
companies on a project to change their Customer
Relations Management (CRM) processes.
As-Is:
- Uses 2 systems – one for prospects; another for ‘wins’.
- Requires wasteful double entry
To-Be:
- One of the current systems to be expanded to handle
full cycle.
Sponsored By
20
BPM to Decrease Turnaround
Case Study:
Insurance
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
International insurance company has launched a
transformational change initiative.
Has determined that most insurance applications could be
fast-tracked.
As-Is:
- Applications filled out and adjudicated manually
To-Be
- Automated end-to-end processing for most insurance
applications
Sponsored By
21
Business Process Modeling Across the Life Cycle
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Part 2
Business Process Modeling Toolkit
Sponsored By
22
BPMN
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
What? - Business Process Modeling Notation - Popular standard for Business Process Modeling (BPM) - Overseen by the Object Management Group (OMG)
- URL: www.omg.org
- External process view modeled as public process - Internal workflow modeled as private process
Why? - Widely used and understood within BPM community - Well-supported by model-driven process modeling,
simulation and automation tools - Nuanced symbols allow for accurate modeling of
workflow subtleties
Toolbox
Sponsored By
23
Public Business Process (BPMN)
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Public
Process:
Manage
claim
As-Is To-Be
Sponsored By
24
Private Business Process (BPMN)
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Private
Process:
Manage
claim
As-Is To-Be
Sponsored By
25
Activity Diagram
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
What? - UML alternative for depicting workflow
Why? - UML-compliance - Much can be conveyed using a basic set of intuitive
symbols - Easy to learn and interpret
When? - Initiation: May be used to model business processes
instead of BPMN for UML compliance - Discovery: Appendix to system use cases to model
complex flows
Toolbox
Sponsored By
26
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Example of Business Process using an Activity Diagram with Swimlanes (UML)
National Client
Acceptance
Pursuit TeamLocal OfficeMarketing
Identify Target Client Select Pursuit Team
Enter Opportunities & Contacts
Create Pursuit Plan Validate Pursuit Plan
Record Pursuit Evaluation
Launch Pursuit
[Accepted]
[Rejected]
Plan Pursuit
Abandon Pursuit
Toolbox
Sponsored By
27
Functional Decomposition Diagram
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
What?
- Indicates decomposition of business functions into processes, activities and low-level tasks
- Does not indicate sequencing
Why?
- Useful first step in creating new functions and processes:
- Focuses on what must be done without worrying about sequencing
- Helps navigate through more detailed models:
- Workflow models: FDD provides overview of decomposition of processes and activities appearing in the workflow models
- Data Flow Diagrams: FDD summarizes decomposition of processes across DFD levels
Toolbox
Sponsored By
28
Functional Decomposition Diagram Format
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Function
Process 1
Activity 1.1
Activity 1.2
Process 2
Activity 2.1
Activity 2.2
Sponsored By
29
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Example of FDD to describe a
business area Toolbox
(Source, The Business Analyst’s Handbook – Chapter 4, Page 178)
Sponsored By
30
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Context Diagram Toolbox
What?
- High-level model describing how the entity under discussion (business area or IT system) interacts with its environment.
- Defines the border between what is in the system and what is outside of it—its scope.
- Does not indicate sequencing
Why?
- Focuses on big picture:
• What business areas or IT systems are inside and outside of scope?
• What stakeholders and/or external systems are impacted by the initiative?
• What is the nature of the communication between the area under discussion and external players and systems
Sponsored By
31
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Context Diagram
Looks at business/system in context of its environment
Sponsored By
32
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Data Flow Diagram
What is a DFD model? - Set of leveled diagrams that describe the way that data
moves through a system. - Level 0 DFD is context diagram; Level 1 DFD depicts the main
processes; Further levels provide successively increasing degrees of detail.
- May be business or system; logical or physical
Why? - Often used in legacy documentation. - Enables top-down analysis - Effective means for analyzing the informational needs
of processes. - Effective in checking for completeness: Formal standard
violations often point to missing requirements.
Toolbox
Sponsored By
33
DFD Levels
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
34
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
State Diagram What?
Used to model the rules that govern how an object passes from state (status) to state over its lifecycle
Included as part of the UML standard
May be used to model lifecycles of wide array of business objects, such as:
- Application (for Credit, Insurance, etc.)
- Change Request
- Incident Report
- Insurance Claim
Toolbox
Sponsored By
35
Provides an overview of the life cycle of business objects across business processes and user requirements
Helps identify ‘holes’ in business processes
- Enables a visual check that the object transitions from status to status as required by the business
Helps identify bottlenecks
- E.g., metrics can be gathered for each state to determine where a business object is getting “stuck.”
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
State Diagram Why?
Sponsored By
36
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
The State-Machine Diagram: Lifecycle of a Purchase
transition
state
guard
event
Initial
Paid Payment Pending
Royalties applied
[successful] [payment denied]
Customer makes alternative payment
Make purchase
Apply royalties
Created
choice
Final
Sponsored By
37
Business Use Case
What? • An interaction with a business area that provides
value to those outside the business area (a customer, a vendor, another sector, an external system…)
Why? - Provides a basis for discussion about the scope
of the business improvement project.
- Identifies which stakeholders will be impacted by current and subsequent changes.
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Toolbox
Sponsored By
38
Business Use-Case Diagram
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Customer
Manage claim
Finance
Policy
Management
Customer Service Rep
Manager Customer Services Adjuster
As-Is To-Be
Toolbox
Sponsored By
39
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
System Use Case What?
Definition: - Use Case: “The specification of a sequence of
actions, including variants, that a system (or other entity) can perform, interacting with actors of the system.” (UML 2)
- System Use Case: a use case for which the system is an IT system
Describes all of the ways that the interaction could possibly play out.
Toolbox
Sponsored By
40
System Use Case Why?
Focuses on user’s experience
Separates true user needs from implementation
considerations by excluding design issues
Narrative style and short length makes it suitable for
verification by business stakeholders
Separation into flows eases identification of test cases
Style well-suited for deriving test scripts
Well-suited for planning what functionality
increments to include in each iteration of an
iterative/agile project
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
41
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
(System) Use Case Diagram
Customer Transfer funds
Verify funds Pay bills
<<include>>
<<include>>
Manager
Add Payee
Customer
Sponsored By
42
Part 3
BPM Over the Course of a Project
Business Process Modeling Across the Life Cycle
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
43
Case Study
The following case study pulls together some of
the tools and guidelines used by the BA over the
course of a project:
– An insurance company is proposing changes to the way
Insurance Claims are managed.
– The BA has been brought in to facilitate the business
process improvement initiative and see it through IT
system requirements analysis.
– Here is how the tools and standards are used as the
project progresses:
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
44
Initiation
During Initiation:
– High Level Requirements Documentation
is created.
– It provides the business context for the
initiative and enough detail to estimate
the size of the IT effort.
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Sponsored By
45
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
High Level Requirements Documentation
Documentation contains the following
elements:
– Business use-case diagram
– Public Business Process Models (Facades)
– Private Business Processes (Cross-functional
workflow)
– System Use-Case Diagrams
Sponsored By
46
Business use-case diagram
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Customer
Manage claim
Finance
Policy
Management
Customer Service Rep
Manager Customer Services Adjuster
As-Is To-Be
Sponsored By
47
Public Business Process (Business Use-Case Specification)
As-Is To-Be
Public
Process:
Manage
claim
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
48 Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Business Use Case: Manage a Claim
Description
Process a claim against an insurance policy.
Actors Business actors: Customer, Policy Management, Finance
Post-conditions
Metrics Claims per day
% errors
Repeatability
Claim Resolution sent to Customer.
Successful Claims result in Payment request sent to Finance.
As-Is To-Be
Business Use-Case Description (Specification)
more …
Sponsored By
49
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Business Use-Case Description (Specification)
Business Use Case: Manage a Claim
Basic Flow
1. Customer submits claim.
2. Claims receives the claim.
3. Claims verifies policy coverage.
1. Claims sends ‘Check coverage’ message (request) to Policy Management and waits for a response.
4. Claims approves the claim.
1. Claims sends ‘issue payment’ message to Finance.
2. Claims sends ‘approved’ message (claim resolution) to Customer.
The use case ends.
As-Is To-Be
Alternate Flows
4a) Claim denied:
.1 Claims sends ‘denied no coverage’ message (claim resolution) to Customer.
The use case ends.
Open issues: 1. What happens if claim is denied at later stage?
Sponsored By
50
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Private Business Process (Business Use-Case Realization)
Private
Process:
Manage
claim
As-Is To-Be
Sponsored By
51
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
From Business to IT System Requirements
As-Is To-Be
Circled
activities
represent
IT tasks
Sponsored By
52
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
System Use-Case Diagram
As-Is To-Be
Sponsored By
53
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Detailed Requirements Specification
System use cases are detailed according to
the level of risk associated with each one:
– Low-risk use cases require a brief description
only.
– Medium risk use case require a description of the
Basic (Normal) Flow and a list of Alternate
Flows (scenarios) and how they are to be dealt
with.
– High-risk use cases require full documentation.
54 Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
System Use Case: Resolve a Claim
Description
Make final resolution on claim.
Actors Manager Customer Services
Customer
Finance
Pre-conditions
Post-conditions
Metrics 50 claim resolutions per day
80% claims approved with no changes
10% claims approved with changes
10% claims denied
Adjuster’s Report has been submitted.
An authorized Manager Customer Services user has been identified.
Claim Resolution sent to Customer.
Successful Claims result in Payment request sent to Finance.
As-Is To-Be
System Use-Case Description (Specification)
more …
Sponsored By
55
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
System Use-Case Description (Specification)
System Use Case: Resolve a Claim
Basic Flow: Approve claim with no changes 1. System displays claims awaiting final approval.
2. User selects claim.
3. System displays adjuster’s report.
4. User approves report with no changes.
5. System sends message to Finance to Issue payment.
6. System sends Claim Resolution (approved) to Customer.
The use case ends.
As-Is To-Be
Alternate Flows
4a) Override selected:
.1 User changes adjustment amount.
Continue at step 5.
4b) Claim denied:
.1 System sends Claim Resolution (denied) to Customer
The use case ends.
Sponsored By
56
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
System Use-Case Appendix: Activity Diagram
As-Is To-Be
Sponsored By
57
57 Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Part 4
Guidelines for BPM
Business Process Modeling Across the Life Cycle
Sponsored By
58
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Guidelines and best practices Don’t over-analyze
Be only as formal as necessary
– Hand-drawn diagrams are sufficient for agile life cycles
Perform BPM regardless of formality of the SDLC and documentation
Diagrams for stakeholders use should be as simple as possible
– Stick to basic set of symbols
– Use notes instead of complex flows for hard-to-model sequencing rules
Sponsored By
59
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Guidelines and best practices
Keep # activities on a diagram down by rolling up smaller activities into higher-level activities
Don’t expect to get it right the first time; develop models iteratively
– Begin with a ‘best guess’
– Refine through stakeholder feedback
Sponsored By
60
Both stakeholders and developers are in the room as model is developed
– BA is facilitator of communication, not an intermediary between both sides
BA role is not likely to be played by a dedicated
individual
Just-in-time analysis (vs. all upfront)
More frequent feedback
Less formal documentation
Estimation performed at lowest level available at the
time; refined as project proceeds
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Adapting BPM for agile life cycles
Sponsored By
61
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Top-Down Approach to Requirements Analysis
As-Is To-Be
Adjust inventory
Receive productReceiver
Sell productSales
<<include>>
<<include>>
Business Goals
User Goals
Detailed User Req’s
Detailed Specifications
1. Customer inserts card
2. Customer enters PIN
[ invalid PIN ]
[ up to 4 attempts ]
A1.1 System destroys card
[ 4th attempt ]
4. Customer enters transactions details
[ else ]
Basic Flow
Alternate Flow: A1
Alternate Flow: A2
3. System verifies PIN
5. System verifies transaction
A2.1 System displays funds available
[ insufficient funds in account ]
6. System ejects ATM Card
7. System dispenses funds
8. System debits source account
System use case: Withdraw Funds [ Basic Flow 1. The customer inserts a card. 2. The customer enters a PIN. 3. The system verifies the PIN. (A1) 4. The customer enters transactions details. 5. The system verifies the transaction. (A2) Alternate Flows A1 Invalid PIN: A1.1 The system gives the customer 3 chances to supply a correct PIN,
after which the system destroys the card. A2 Insufficient funds in account: A2.1 The system displays the funds available for withdrawal. Continue at Step 4.
Alistair Cockburn, 2000
Sponsored By
62
End-to-end business processes entered into the Product Backlog as epic user stories by Chief Product Owner (CPO)/ Portfolio Manager.
BPM models created for high to medium priority/risk epic user stories modeled to derive small user stories (system use case scenarios)
User stories entered into Product Backlog; divided amongst teams
Lower-level models are created as development nears
“Integration/Gap” Team focuses on interfaces between Teams
– Dedicated members or virtual team
– Looks for requirements that have fallen between teams
– Responsible for integration testing
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Adapting BPM for large scrum projects
63
Sponsor: BonitaSoft
A Complete Open Source Business Process Management Suite:
Bonita Studio for process modeling
Bonita User Experience for user and stakeholder access
Bonita Execution Engine runtime environment
Free
Download of
Bonita Open
Solution
Sponsored By
64
Noble Inc. Official Curriculum
Any questions?
Interest in Noble Courses?
For more information, please
contact Noble Inc. at:
Or visit our Web-site at
www.nobleinc.ca
The Leader in Open Source
Business Process Management
Mac McConnell
Bonitasoft.com https://twitter.com/bonitasoft
https://www.facebook.com/bonitasoftbpm
http://www.linkedin.com/company/bonitasoft
Top Related