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Early Chinese Civilization 2000 221 B.C.E.
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Cultural Hearth
Huang He River[Hwahng-Huh] (Yellow River)Like earlier river civilizations, the river was relied upon for
irrigation to support the growing of crops.
Winds blowing from central China deposit a yellow-brown dust
called loess (less) that gives it the name Yellow River.
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Isolated by mountains and
deserts
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China the land
10% is suitable for
farming (U.S.=19%) Much is desert and
mountains
Himalaya Mountain range
on the southwest
Geographic barriers
isolate China from the
rest of Asia
Rice grew plentifully, but required
tremendous amounts of labor.
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Shang Period, 1750-1045 B.C.E.
Grew millet, raised pigs & chicken, and used stone tools.
Production ofsilk cloth
Built walls of pounded earth by hammering the soilinside temporary wooden frames
Written documents only appear at the end of their rule
Oracle bones, the shoulder bones of cattle and thebottom shells of turtles employed by Shang rulers toobtain information from spirits and gods.
Shang writing system is the ancestor of Chinas currentsystem, based upon characters
Believed that their ruler was a crucial link betweenheaven and earth.
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Zhou (Joe) Period, 1045 221 B.C.E.
Overthrew the Shang
Created the concept ofthe Mandate ofHeaven to justify theirrule.
Remembered as a timeof prosperity andbenevolent rule.
Zhou line of kings wasthe longest lastingand most revered of alldynasties in Chinese
history.
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Mandate of Heaven Chinese
religious & political ideology
Justified overthrow of theShang, claiming that the lastruler was depraved andtyrannical, neglecting to honorthe gods and ancestors.
Declared that Heaven grantedauthority and legitimacy to asruleras long as he looked outfor the welfare of his subjects
A prosperous ruler was
justified in keeping his power,but one who was not should beover thrown.
Zhou Dynasty splintered andlater fell after a long time period
of warring territories developed.
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Cycle Broken by Dao
Dao = Way orPathThe King was expected
rule according to theproper Way orDao. It
was his duty to pleasethe gods. In turn thegods would protect thepeople from natural
disaster or bad harvests.If King fails his Dao, he
will be overthrown.
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DYNASTIC CYCLE Strong, had mandate = peace/prosperity
Corruption, taxes increased = power weak
Disasters/Invasions occur
Mandate Lost = rebellion possible
Rebellion = bloodshed
New dynasty gains power = has mandate
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Sunzis Art of War(soon-zuh)
Sunzi approached war like
a chess match Deception & psychological
manipulation of the
opponent is celebrated.
The best victories are
those won without fighting
so that one could use the
resulting resourceswithout any disadvantage.
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Confucianism, Daoism, and ChineseSociety
Confucius Western name for theChinese philosopher Kongzi (551-
479B.C.E.)
His doctrine of duty and publicservice had a great influence onsubsequent Chinese thought and
served as a code of conduct forgovernment officials.
His sayings were handed downorally for several generations until
they were finally written down inThe Analects
Placed an importance on rituals orforms of behavior that guide
people through daily interactions
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Chinese Philosophy/Religion
Particular emphasis was paid
to the family unit inConfucianism
Ren (ruhn) was translated as
humaneness, which meant
feelings between familymembers. This was expanded
to all of society and it was
hoped a feeling of compassion
would pervade every activity
Confucius felt that gods were
un-knowable, but had
reverence to them
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Confucius died in 479 B.C.
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Daoism Chinese school of thought,originating in the Warring StatesPeriod with Laozi.
Daoism offered an alternative to
the Confucian emphasis onhierarchy and duty.
Foundational text Classic of theWay of Virtue.
It raises questions about the
material world (is it real or just adream that blocks us fromperceiving a higher reality?).
Believed that civilization andknowledge had corrupted abetter more blessed distant past.
Daoist sage strives to lead a lifefree of stress and obligations.
Avoids struggles.
Death is not feared. All thatmatters is a commitment to the
Dao or path of nature.
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Warring States Period, 481 221 B.C.E.
2nd half of the EasternZhou era
Scale and intensity ofrivalry and warfareaccelerated
Building ofwalls to protectborders of states begins
Military organization,tactics, and technologyimprove.
Most innovative of thewarring states was the Qin
(chin)
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How did the Qin Rule?
221 206B.C.
Legalism guiding principle
that dismissed Confucius
principles that explained the
past ways were better Political power was
centralized and more
bureaucratic
Peoples freedoms took a backseat to the security of the
nation
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Nubia 3100 B.C.E 350 C.E.Nubia thousand mile stretch of the Nile Valley between Aswan and Khartoum
Served as a corridor of trade between tropical Africa and the Mediterranean
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Nubia shares its central geographical
influence with Egypt The Nile.
Six cataracts made travel more difficult on the
Nile in UpperNubia in the south.
During the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, Egypt
was very aggressive towards its southern
neighbors Nubia.
Kush was the Egyptian name given to thekingdom that arose at Kerma.
During Egypts New Kingdom era, it
destroyed Kush and took over territory much
further south.
500 years of Egyptian domination devastated
Nubia (Kush) as it was enslaved and local
gold mined from the very mountain the Kush
had come to see as a religious symbol.
Nubia later assimilated to the Egyptian
way.
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The Kingdom of Meroe, 800B.C.E. 350 C.E.
Egypts weakness after1200B.C.E.led to the collapse of its authority overNubia.
In 8th century B.C.E. a new nativekingdom emerged in southern Nubiaand latergained control of all ofEgypt during the 25th Dynasty.
Rulers of Meroe were quite Egyptianin their ways and methods by thistime.
In 701B.C.E. The Nubians offered tohelp their neighbors in Palestine
during an Assyrian invasion and paida heavy price.
Assyrians drove the Nubians backto their southern domain and out ofEgyptian territory.
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Nubian women had a stronginfluence during theMeroitic period
This was due to influencesfrom sub-Saharan Africanand the prominent role ofqueens.
The city of Meroe was
large and impressive, withmonumental palaces,temples, and boulevards. Itcontrolled agriculture andtrade and was the center
of metallurgy. Nubias collapse in the
early 4th century C.E. wasdue to shifting trade routesand attacks by desertnomads.
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Celtic Europe, 1000 50 B.C.E.
Comprised Continental
Europe (including themodern nations ofFrance,Germany, Switzerland,
Austria, the Czech Republic,Slovakia, Hungary, Poland,
and Romania) Well suited to agriculture &
herding
Temperate climate withlarge supply of natural
resources Lack of any type of writing
system results in very littleevidence of human existencein Europe for many
thousands of years.
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Celts Peoples sharing commonlinguistic and cultural features that
originated in Central Europe in the 1st half
of the 1st millennium B.C.E.
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Greek and Romans were later struck by the
appearance of their Celtic northern neighbors.
Burly appearance, long red hair, shaggy
mustaches, and loud, deep voices.
Some Celts fought naked and used the heads of
their opponents into trophies when they defeatedthem.
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Druids The class ofreligious experts whoconducted rituals &
preserved sacred loreamong some ancientCeltic peoples.
Celts were skilled at
metallurgical skills, builtsturdy ships that bravedocean conditions, anddeveloped extensivetrade networks along
rivers.By the 1st century B.C.E.
some hill-forts wereevolving into urban
centers.
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The Dying Gaul, a Romanmarble copy of a Hellenistic
work of the late 3rd centuryB
CCapitoline Museums, Rome
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First Civilizations of the Americas:
The Olmec and the Chavin, 1200 250B.C.E.
New theories suggest that the process of
peopling the Americas may have beenmuch more complex than a simple landbridge connection.
Humans reached the Western Hemisphereas early as 35,000 to 14,000B.C.E.(much evidence is lost)
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Mesoamerican Olmec, 1200 400 B.C.E.
Mesoamerica great
geographic and climatic
diversity. Features earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions.
Amerindian people developed
specialized technologies thatexploited indigenous plants and
animals.
Staple of Mesoamerican diet
corn (maize), beans, andsquash had been domesticated.
(aka The 3 Sisters)
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Origins of Olmec Civilization
1st Mesoamerican civ.
Vibrant & included intensive
agriculture, wide-rangingtrade, ceremonial centers,and monumentalconstruction.
Located in what are nowMexican states of Veracruzand Tabasco.
Large platforms and mounds
packed with earth dominateOlmec urban centers.
Trade of products like salt,chocolate, clay and limestone
were prominent.
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Olmec Religion
Olmec were polytheistic with bothmale and female gods.
Human and animalcharacteristics were blended.The ability of humans totransform themselves intopowerful animals, such as
jaguars, crocodiles, snakes, andsharks, is a common motif.
Rulers were especially associatedwithjaguar.
Society was probably ruled by
kings, who were depicted bygiant stone heads. Olmecshamans communicated withthe spirit world, supervised thecalendar, and may have created
a system of writing.
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Altar 5 from La Venta. The inert were-jaguar baby held by the central figure is seen by some as an indication of
child sacrifice. In contrast, its sides show bas-reliefs of humans holding quite lively were-jaguar babies.
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Early South AmericanCivilization: Chavin, 900 250 B.C.E.
Regions diverse environments mountainous core, aridcoastal plain, and denseinterior jungles- challengedhuman populations.
Abundance offish and mollusksalong the coast ofPeruprovided a dependable foodsupply, while the introductionofcorn from Mesoamericaincreased supplies andallowed for ubanization.
Chavin was located 10,300 feetin the eastern range of the
Andes north of the moderncity of Lima.
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As Chavin grew, its trade linked
coastal economy with the
inland producers of quinoa (a
local grain), corn, and potatoes.Also began herding llamas in the
high mountain valleys.
Llama a hoofed animal
indigenous to the Andes
Mountains in South America. It
was the only domesticated beast
of burden in the Americas before
the arrival of Europeans.
Llamas were crucial to Chavinsdevelopment - provided meat
and wool and decreased the
labor needed to transport
goods.
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Why did civilizations in the Eastern
Hemisphere seem to advance at a
quicker rate?
Many historians believe environmental
differences account for the more advancedcultures in the Eastern Hemisphere.
East was home to a larger number of wild
plant and animal species suited todomestication.
The huge landmass of Europe-Asia allowed
for trade to develop at a faster rate.
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