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BUILDING BLOCKS OF
INFORMATION SYSTEM
By:
Akan Tanw
L Sar
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CONTENTS
•DATA AND INFORMATION
•INFORMATION SYSTEM AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
•FRONT AND BACK OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEM
•A FEDERATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
•A FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
•STAKEHOLDERS
•BUILDING BLOCKS
•KNOWLEDGE FOCUS
•PROCESS FOCUS
•INTERFACE FOCUS
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DATA AND INFORMATION
Data are raw facts ab!t t"e r#a$%&at%$ a$' %ts b!s%$ess tra$sact%$s(%te)s "a*e +%tt+e )ea$%$# a$' !se b, t"e)se+*es(
Information %s 'ata t"at "as bee$ ref%$e' a$' r#a$%&e' b, -rcess%$#
-!r-sef!+ %$te++%#e$ce(
Information Systems transform data into useful information.
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INFORMATION SYSTEM AND INFORMATECHNOLOGY
A$ information system .IS/ %s a$ arra$#e)e$t f -e-+e0 'ata0 -rcesc))!$%cat%$s0 a$' %$fr)at%$ tec"$+#, t"at %$teract t s!--rt a'a,1t1'a, -erat%$s %$ a b!s%$ess as we++ as s!--rt t"e -rb+e)1s+'ec%s%$ )a2%$# $ee's f )a$a#e)e$t a$' !sers(
Information technology %s a c$te)-rar, ter) t"at 'escr%bes t"e cc)-!ter tec"$+#, ."ar'ware a$' sftware/ w%t" te+ec))!$%cat%.'ata0 %)a#e0 a$' *%ce $etwr2s/(
Information technology has significantly expanded the power andmost information systems.
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FRONT AND BACK OFFICE INFORMATISYSTEM
Front-office information systems s!--rt b!s%$ess f!$ct%$s t"at c!st)ers .r c$st%t!e$ts/(
•Mar2et%$#
•Sa+es
•C!st)er )a$a#e)e$t
Back-office information systems s!--rt %$ter$a+ b!s%$ess -erat%$w%t" s!--+%ers .f )ater%a+s0 e3!%-)e$t0 s!--+%es0 a$' ser*%ces/(
•H!)a$ res!rces
•F%$a$c%a+ )a$a#e)e$t
•Ma$!fact!r%$#
• I$*e$tr, c$tr+
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A FEDERINFORM
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CLASSES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
Transaction processing systems are %$fr)at%$ s,ste) a--+%cat%a$' -rcess 'ata ab!t .r fr/ b!s%$ess tra$sact%$s( T"e, are s)et%)processing systems(
Management information system .MIS/ %s a$ %$fr)at%$ s,ste) -r*%'es fr )a$a#e)e$t1r%e$te' re-rt%$#0 !s!a++, %$ a -re'e
fr)at(
Decision support system .DSS/ %s a$ %$fr)at%$ s,ste) a--+%cat%
%ts !sers w%t" 'ec%s%$1r%e$te' %$fr)at%$ w"e$e*er a 'ec%s%$ )
ar%ses( W"e$ a--+%e' t e4ec!t%*e )a$a#ers0 t"ese s,ste)s are s
executie information systems(
!xpert system %s a$ %$fr)at%$ s,ste) a--+%cat%$ t"at ca-t!res t"e
e4-ert%se f a -rb+e) s+*er r 'ec%s%$ )a2er0 a$' t"e$ s%)!+ates t
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A FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMATION SYARCHITECTURE
A$ information systems architecture -r*%'es a !$%f,%$# fra)ewr2*ar%!s -e-+e w%t" '%ffere$t -ers-ect%*es ca$ r#a$%&e a$' *%ew t"e f b!%+'%$# b+c2s f %$fr)at%$ s,ste)s(
Sta2e"+'ers "a*e '%ffere$t *%ews f t"e s,ste) a$' eac" "as s)et"%$%$ 'eter)%$%$# t"e s!ccess f t"e s,ste)(
Sta2e"+'ers ca$ be bra'+, c+ass%f%e' %$t f!r #r!-s9
S,ste) Ow$ers
S,ste) Users
S,ste) Des%#$ers
S,ste) B!%+'ers
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STAKEHOLDERS
System owners -a, fr t"e s,ste) t be b!%+t a$' )a%$ta%$e'( System users !se t"e s,ste) t -erfr) r s!--rt t"e wr2 t be c)
System designers 'es%#$ t"e s,ste) t )eet t"e !sers6 re3!%re)e$ts(
System "uilders c$str!ct0 test0 a$' 'e+%*er t"e s,ste) %$t -erat%$(
Systems analysts fac%+%tate t"e 'e*e+-)e$t f %$fr)at%$ s,ste)s
a--+%cat%$s b, br%'#%$# t"e c))!$%cat%$s #a- t"at e4%sts betwee$s,ste) w$ers a$' !sers a$' tec"$%ca+ s,ste) 'es%#$ers a$' b!%+'ers(
IT endors and consultants se++ "ar'ware0 sftware0 a$' ser*%ces t %$cr-rat%$ %$t t"e%r %$fr)at%$ s,ste)s(
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PERSPECTI:E OF OWNERS AND USERS
System #wners and System $sers te$' t fc!s $ ; c))$ b!s%$ess #a$, IS91
1 T %)-r*e b!s%$ess 2$w+e'#e .K$w+e'#e %s -r'!ct f 'ata a$' %$fr
1 T %)-r*e b!s%$ess -rcesses a$' ser*%ces
1 T %)-r*e b!s%$ess c))!$%cat%$s a$' -e-+e c++abrat%$
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PERSPECTI:E OF DESIGNERS ANDBUILDERS
System designers and "uilders te$' t fc!s $ tec"$+#%es t"at )t"e IS t ac"%e*e b!s%$ess #a+s( T"e%r -ers-ect%*e te$' t fc!s $91
1 T"e Database tec"$+#%es t"at s!--rt b!s%$ess acc!)!+at%$ a$' !
2$w+e'#e
1 T"e sftware tec"$+#%es t"at a!t)ate a$' s!--rt b!s%$ess
ser*%ces
1 T"e %$terface tec"$+#%es t"at s!--rt b!s%$ess c))!$%cat%$c++abrat%$(
INFORMATIONSYSTEMS FRAMEWORK
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK
S
Y
S
T
E
M
A
N
A
L
Y
S
T
S
SYSTEM
BUILDERS
SYSTEM
DESIGNERS
SYSTEM
USERS
SYSTEM
OWNERS
Data
Technology
INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
(the actual, technical i!leentation o" the #y#te$
INFORMATION SYSTEM DESI%N
(&OW the #y#te 'ill e i!leente) u#ing technology$
INFORMATION SYSTEM RE*+IREMENTS
(W&AT the #y#te i# an) u#t )o in)e!en)ent o" technology$
INFORMATION SYSTEM SCOPE
(!u-!o#e an) .i#ion/ goal# an) o0ecti.e#/ co#t# an) ene"it#$
INFORMATION SYSTEM FOCUSES
Net'o-1ing
TechnologyInte-"ace
Technology
So"t'a-e
Technology
INFOSYSTPERS
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FOCUSES FOR INFORMATION SYSTEM
Data
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STAGES OF BUILDING BLOCKS
&t an !arly Stage0 a b!%+'%$# b+c2 ca$ s%)-+, c$s%st f af!$ct%$a+%t, s!c" as a c!st)er 'atabase a$' s)e retr%e*a+ t+s( B!
at t"%s f!$ct%$a+ +e*e+ f 'ef%$%t%$ are 'escr%be' as &rchitecture Bu
'&BBs(.
)ater on* rea+ -r'!cts r s-ec%f%c c!st) 'e*e+-)e$ts re-+ace 'ef%$%t%$s f f!$ct%$a+%t,0 a$' t"e b!%+'%$# b+c2s are t"e$ 'escr%be
Building Blocks 'SBBs(.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHITECTUREBUILDING BLOCK
•Def%$e w"at f!$ct%$a+%t, w%++ be %)-+e)e$te'
•Ca-t!re b!s%$ess a$' tec"$%ca+ re3!%re)e$ts
•Are tec"$+#, aware
•D%rect a$' #!%'e t"e 'e*e+-)e$t f Solution Building Blocks 'SBBs
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONBUILDING BLOCKS
•Def%$e w"at -r'!cts a$' c)-$e$ts w%++ %)-+e)e$t t"e f!$ct%$a+%t,
•Def%$e t"e %)-+e)e$tat%$
•F!+f%++ b!s%$ess re3!%re)e$ts
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BUILBLOC
THE KNOWLEDGE FOCUS
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THE KNOWLEDGE FOCUS
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THE KNOWLEDGE FOCUS
K$w+e'#e e$ab+es a c)-a$, t ac"%e*e %ts )%ss%$ a$' *%s%$( T"e f!$'a$, IS %s t %)-r*e b!s%$ess 2$w+e'#e
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THE KNOWLEDGE FOCUS9 SYSTEM OW
PERSPECTI:E
A'' *a+!e t t"e b!s%$ess 2$w+e'#e 11= t ta2e %$te++%#e$t 'ec%s%$s r#a$%&at%$6s )%ss%$0 b>ect%*es #a+s0 *%s%$ a$' )a%$ta%$%$# a c)-et%
Pr%)ar, r+e 11= 'ef%$e t"e sc-e a$' *%s%$ f t"e -r>ect(
%'e$t%f,%$# b!s%$ess e$t%t%es a$' b!s%$ess r!+es
"w t"e e$t%t%es %$teract(
'ef%$e -r>ect *%s%$ a$' e4-ectat%$s %$ ter)s f t"e%r %$s%#"ts --rt!$%t%es a$' c$stra%$ts
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THE KNOWLEDGE FOCUS9 SYSTEM
USERS6 PERSPECTI:E
T"e, are e4-erts ab!t t"e 'ata t"at 'escr%be t"e b!s%$ess s,ste)9 )re fa
O$+, see 'ata %$ "w %t %s c!rre$t+, %)-+e)e$te' r t"%$2 %t s"!+' be %)-
T"e, re+ate 'ata re3!%re)e$ts t s,ste)s a$a+,sts(
Data re3!%re)e$ts are a re-rese$tat%$ f !sers6 'ata %$ ter)s f e$t
re+at%$s"%-s0 a$' r!+es(
Data re3!%re)e$ts s"!+' be e4-resse' %$ a fr)at t"at %s %$'e-e$'e$t ft"at ca$ r w%++ be !se' t stre t"e 'ata(
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THE KNOWLEDGE FOCUS9 SYSTEM DESIGN
PERSPECTI:E
Tra$s+ate re3!%re)e$ts %$t c)-!ter f%+es a$' 'atabases(
Data str!ct!res0 Database sc"e)a0 f%e+'s0 %$'e4es a$' t"er tec"$+c)-$e$ts(
S,ste) 'es%#$ers6 *%ew f 'ata as s"w$ %$ t"e 'ata c+!)$ f t"e
'atabase sc"e)a
A 'atabase sc"e)a %s t"e tra$sfr)at%$ !r t"e 'ata )'e+ .s,ste) !seset f 'ata str!ct!res t"at ca$ be %)-+e)e$te' !s%$# t"e c"se$ 'atabase te
T"e 'es%#$ers? %$te$t %s t re-rese$t t"e 'es%#$ s!c" t"at9 .@/ %t f!
re3!%re)e$ts f t"e !sers a$' ./ %t -r*%'es s!ff%c%e$t 'eta%+ a$'
c))!$%cat%$# t"e 'atabase 'es%#$ t t"e s,ste) b!%+'ers(
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THE KNOWLEDGE FOCUS9 SYSTEM BUILDE
PERSPECTI:E
C+sest t t"e 'atabase tec"$+#, f!$'at%$(
Re-rese$t 'ata %$ *er, -rec%se a$' !$fr#%*%$# +a$#!a#es(
T"e )st c))$+, e$c!$tere' 'atabase c$str!ct%$ +a$#!a#e %s S
!er, La$#!a#e/
Database )a$a#e)e$t s,ste)
THE PROCESS FOCUS
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THE PROCESS FOCUS
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THE PROCESS FOCUS
PROCESSES 'e+%*er t"e f!$ct%$a+%t, f a$ %$fr)at%$ s,ste)( Prcesses -erfr) t"e wr2 %$ a s,ste)( T"e #a+ %s t a!t)ate a--r-r%ate -rcesses w%t" sftware tec"$+#,(
(((
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THE PROCESS FOCUS9 SYSTEM OWNERS6
PERSPECTI:E
B!s%$ess f!$ct%$s are $#%$# -rcesses t"at s!--rt t"e b!s%$ess
T,-%ca+ b!s%$ess f!$ct%$s %$c+!'e sa+es0 ser*%ce0 )a$!fact!r%$#0 s"%--
acc!$t%$#0 a$' s frt"(
Eac" f!$ct%$ %s $1#%$# t"at %s %t "as $ start%$# t%)e r st--%$# t%)e(
F!$ct%$s 11= s!b f!$ct%$s 11= -rcesses 11= tas2s
A crss1f!$ct%$a+ %$fr)at%$ s,ste) s!--rts re+e*a$t b!s%$ess -rcess
b!s%$ess f!$ct%$s w%t"!t re#ar' t tra'%t%$a+ r#a$%&at%$a+ b!$
'%*%s%$s0 'e-art)e$ts0 ce$ters0 a$' ff%ces(
H%str%ca++,0 )st ISs were f!$ct%$1ce$tere'( T"ere %s a$ %$creas%$# tre$'
f!$ct%$a+ ISs t e$s!re c)-+ete res-$se t c!st)er r'er re#ar
'e-art)e$ts are %$*+*e'(
(((
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THE PROCESS FOCUS 9 SYSTEM USERS6
PERSPECTI:ES
B!s%$ess -rcesses are act%*%t%es t"at res-$' t b!s%$ess e*e$ts(
B!s%$ess -rcesses are t"e 7wr28 -erfr)e' b, t"e s,ste)(
Re-rese$tat%$ f t"e !sers6 b!s%$ess -rcesses %$ ter)s f act%*%t%es0 'ata
f+w(
B!s%$ess -rcess re3!%re)e$ts 9 -+%c%es a$' -rce'!res(
A -+%c, %s a set f r!+es t"at #*er$ a b!s%$ess -rcess(
A -rce'!re %s a ste-1b,1ste- set f %$str!ct%$s a$' +#%c fr acc)-+%s
-rcess(
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THE PROCESS FOCUS9 SYSTEM DESIGNERS
PERSPECTI:ES
Is c$stra%$e' b, t"e +%)%tat%$s f s-ec%f%c tec"$+#,(C"%ce.s/ )a, be +%)%te' b, a sta$'ar'%&e' a--+%cat%$ arc"%tect!re t"at
sftware .a$' "ar'ware/ tec"$+#%es )!st be !se'(
T"e 'es%#$ers6 *%ew f -rcesses %s tec"$%ca+(
T"e 'es%#$er te$'s t fc!s $ a$ a--+%cat%$ sc"e)a(
A$ a--+%cat%$ sc"e)a %s a )'e+ t"at c))!$%cates "w se+ecte' b!s
are0 r w%++ be0 %)-+e)e$te' !s%$# t"e c)-!ter a$' -r#ra)s .sftware a
Sftware s-ec%f%cat%$s re-rese$t t"e tec"$%ca+ 'es%#$ f b!s%$ess -
a!t)ate' r s!--rte' b, c)-!ter -r#ra)s t be wr%tte$ b, s,ste) b!
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THE PROCESS FOCUS9 SYSTEM BUILDERS6
PERSPECTI:ES
S,ste) b!%+'ers re-rese$t PROCESSES !s%$# -rec%se c)-!ter -r#ra)t"at 'escr%be %$-!ts0 !t-!ts0 +#%c0 a$' c$tr+(
C)-!ter -r#ra))%$# +a$#!a#es are !se' t wr%te a--+%cat%$s -r#ra)A--+%cat%$s -r#ra)s are +a$#!a#e1base'0 )ac"%$e1rea'ab+e re-rese$tac)-!ter -rcess %s s!--se' t '0 r "w a c)-!ter -rcess acc)-+%s" %ts tas2(
S)e c)-!ter -r#ra))%$# +a$#!a#es -r*%'e a$ e4ce++e$t e$ -rtt,-%$# c)-!ter -rcess
THE INTERFACE FOCUS
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THE INTERFACE FOCUS
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THE INTERFACE FOCUS
Tw cr%t%ca+ %$terface #a+s fr a$ I$fr)at%$ S,ste) are91
•I$fr)at%$ S,ste) )!st -r*%'e effect%*e a$' eff%c%e$t c))!$%cat%$ %$terfa
!sers(
•T"ese %$terfaces s"!+' -r)te tea)wr2 a$' cr'%$at%$ f act%*%t%es(
I$fr)at%$ S,ste) )!st %$terface effect%*e+, a$' eff%c%e$t+, w%t" t"er ISs .w
a$' w%t" t"er b!s%$ess6 IS/Tec"$+#%es e4%st t 9
•%)-+e)e$t %$terfaces
•T e+%)%$ate "!)a$ errr r %$ter*e$t%$(
•fr s,ste) %$te#rat%$
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THE INTERFACE FOCUS9 SYSTEM OWNE
PERSPECTI:E
S,ste) w$ers are c$cer$e' w%t" csts a$' be$ef%ts f t"e %$terfac%$# s+!t%'e*e+-e'
T"e, $ee' t 'ef%$e %$ t"e ear+, sta#e f s,ste) 'e*e+-)e$t9
•W%t" w"%c" b!s%$ess !$%ts0 e)-+,ees0 c!st)ers a$' e4ter$a+ b!s%$esses t"e $
%$terface
•W%++ t"e s,ste) "as t %$terface w%t" t"er %$fr)at%$0 c)-!ters r a!t)ate' s
•Are t"ere a$, cr-rate r #*er$)e$ta+ re#!+at%$s r -+%c%es t"at )a, c$s
%$terfaces
S,ste) w$ers are %$tereste' %$ t"e b%# -%ct!re %$ t"%s case0 t"e *era++ c$te4t
re+ates t t"e b!s%$ess as a w"+e0 a$' t"er s,ste)s( T"e, are *%rt!a++, $e*er
'eta%+s
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THE INTERFACE FOCUS9 SYSTEM USER
PERSPECTI:ES
T"e !ser %$terface 'ef%$es "w t"e s,ste) !sers '%rect+, %$teract w%t" t"e %$fr
-r*%'e %$-!ts a$' 3!er%es0 a$' rece%*e !t-!ts a$' "e+-(
I$terface re3!%re)e$ts 9re-rese$tat%$ f t"e !sers6 %$-!ts a$' !t-!ts w"%c" r
-r-se' s,ste) w%++ %$teract w%t" !sers0 e)-+,ees0 b!s%$ess !$%ts0 c!st
b!s%$esses(
S,ste) !sers a+s $ee' t s-ec%f, t"e b!s%$ess 'ata re3!%re)e$ts fr %$terfacesa$' a--+%cat%$s(
Fr e4a)-+e0 %f a $ew -a,r++ s,ste) )!st %$terface w%t" a$ e4%st%$# -ers
s,ste)0 t"e %$-!ts a$' !t-!ts betwee$ t"se s,ste)s s"!+' be s-ec%f%e'
c$te$t a$' f+e4%b%+%t, .r %$f+e4%b%+%t,/( C"a$ces are t"at t"e e4%st%$# s,ste) w
c$stra%$ts $ t"e -r-se' s,ste) .t )%$%)%&e t"e $ee' t )'%f, t"e e4%st%$
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THE INTERFACE FOCUS9 SYSTEM DESIG
PERSPECTI:E
S,ste) 'es%#$ers )!st be c$cer$e' t"e 'eta%+s f bt" !ser a$' s,ste) %$
S,ste) 'es%#$ers are c$cer$e' w%t" c$s%ste$c,0 c)-+ete$ess0 a$' !s
!ser %$terfaces
User '%a+#!es .%$terface $a*%#at%$/ 'escr%be "w t"e !ser )*es fr
w%$'w0 %$teract%$# w%t" t"e a--+%cat%$ -r#ra)s t -erfr) !sef!+ wr2
S,ste) 'es%#$ers are c$cer$e' w%t" s,ste)1t1s,ste) %$terfaces(
S,ste) 'es%#$ers "a*e t 'es%#$ t"e s,ste)1t1s,ste) %$terfaces t"a
%$fr)at%$ s,ste) t tra$s-are$t+, %$ter-erate w%t" -re*%!s+, 'es%#$e'
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THE INTERFACE FOCUS9 SYSTEM BUILDERS
PERSPECTI:E
T"e, c$str!ct0 %$sta++0 test0 a$' %)-+e)e$t bt" !ser a$' s,ste)1t1ss+!t%$s !s%$# %$terface tec"$+#, (
Fr !ser %$terfaces0 t"e tec"$+#, %s !s!a++, e)be''e' %$t t"e -r#ra)
e$*%r$)e$ts !se' t c$str!ct t"e c)-!ter -rcesses(
S,ste) %$terfaces are c$s%'erab+, )re c)-+e4 t c$str!ct a$' )a,
%$terfac%$# tec"$+#%es s!c" as )%''+eware
M%''+eware %s a +a,er f !t%+%t, sftware t"at s%ts %$ betwee$ a--+%cat%$s,ste)s sftware t tra$s-are$t+, %$te#rate '%ffer%$# tec"$+#%es s t"at t
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